Reynolds Consumer Products Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2024

Our management’s discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our results of operations and financial condition and is provided as an addition to, and should be read in connection with, our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Description of the Company and its Business Segments

We are a market-leading consumer products company with a presence in 95% of households across the United States. We produce and sell products across three broad categories: cooking products, waste and storage products and tableware. We sell our products under iconic brands such as Reynolds and Hefty and also under store brands that are strategically important to our retail partners. Overall, across both our branded and store brand offerings, we hold the #1 or #2 U.S. market share position in the majority of product categories in which we participate. Over 65% of our revenue comes from products that are #1 in their respective categories. We have developed our market-leading position by investing in our product categories and consistently developing innovative products that meet the evolving needs and preferences of the modern consumer.

Our mix of branded and store brand products is a key competitive advantage that aligns our goal of growing the overall product categories where we have offerings. Our retail partners also measure their success in category growth, which positions us as a trusted strategic partner.

We manage our operations in four operating and reportable segments: Reynolds Cooking & Baking, Hefty Waste & Storage, Hefty Tableware and Presto Products:

• Reynolds Cooking & Baking: Through our Reynolds Cooking & Baking segment, we sell both branded and store brand aluminum foil, disposable aluminum pans, parchment paper, freezer paper, wax paper, butcher paper, plastic wrap, baking cups, oven bags and slow cooker liners. Our branded products are sold under the Reynolds Wrap, Reynolds KITCHENS and EZ Foil brands in the United States and selected international markets, under the ALCAN brand in Canada and under the Diamond brand outside of North America. With our flagship Reynolds Wrap products, we hold the #1 market position in the U.S. consumer foil market measured by retail sales and volume. We also hold the #1 market position in the Canadian branded foil market under the ALCAN brand. We have no significant branded competitor in this market. Reynolds is one of the most recognized household brands in the United States and has been the top trusted brand in the consumer foil market for over 75 years, with greater than 50% market share in most of its categories.
• Hefty Waste & Storage: Through our Hefty Waste & Storage segment, we produce both branded and store brand trash and food storage bags. Hefty is a well-recognized leader in the trash bag and food storage bag categories and our private label products offer value to our retail partners. Our branded products are sold under the Hefty Ultra Strong and Hefty Strong brands for trash bags, and as the Hefty and Baggies brands for our food storage bags. We have the #1 branded market share in the U.S. large black trash bag and slider bag segments, and the #2 branded market share in the tall kitchen trash bag segment. Our robust product portfolio in this segment includes a full suite of products, including sustainable solutions such as blue and clear recycling bags, compostable bags, bags made from recycled materials and orange bags through the Hefty ReNew™ Program.
• Hefty Tableware: Through our Hefty Tableware segment, we sell both branded and store brand disposable and compostable plates, bowls, platters, cups and cutlery. Our Hefty branded products include dishes and party cups. Hefty branded party cups are the #1 party cup in America measured by market share. Our branded products use our Hefty brand to represent both quality and great value, and we bring this same quality and value promise to all of our store brands as well. We sell across a broad range of materials and price points in all retail channels, allowing our consumers to select the product that best suits their price, function and aesthetic needs. These materials include sustainable solutions, such as Hefty ECOSAVE™ and Hefty Compostable Printed Paper Plates.
• Presto Products: Through our Presto Products segment, we primarily sell store brand products in four main categories: food storage bags, trash bags, reusable storage containers and plastic wrap. Presto Products is a market leader in food storage bags and differentiates itself by providing access to category management, consumer insights, marketing, merchandising and research and development (“R&D”) resources. Presto Products was the first in the U.S. market to offer a store branded sandwich bag made with an approximately 20% proprietary blend of plant and ocean, renewable materials. Our Presto Products segment also includes our specialty business, which serves other consumer products companies by providing Fresh-Lock and Slide-Rite resealable closure systems.

Overview

Total net revenues decreased 3% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The revenue decrease was primarily due to lower volume.

Total net revenues decreased 3% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The revenue decrease was primarily due to lower volume.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, our net income increased by 10%, primarily driven by lower selling, general and administrative expenses, lower material and manufacturing costs and lower interest expense. These were partially offset by higher income tax expense as a result of higher pre-tax income.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our net income increased by 43%, primarily driven by lower material and manufacturing costs and lower interest expense. These were partially offset by higher income tax expense as a result of higher pre-tax income.

Non-GAAP Measures

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q we use the non-GAAP financial measure “Adjusted EBITDA”, which is a non- GAAP measure.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, plus the sum of income tax expense, net interest expense, depreciation and amortization and as may be further adjusted to exclude certain non-recurring items, if applicable.

We present Adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management team to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions. In addition, our chief operating decision maker uses Adjusted EBITDA of each reportable segment to evaluate the operating performance of such segments. Accordingly, we believe presenting this measure provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management team and board of directors.

Non-GAAP information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as or comparable to similar non-GAAP financial measures presented by other companies.

The following table presents a reconciliation of our net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA:

(in millions)

(in millions)

17

Results of Operations – Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Detailed comparisons of revenue and results are presented in the discussions of the operating segments, which follow our consolidated results discussion.

Certain discussions in this section provide a breakdown of net revenues between our retail and non-retail businesses. Our retail business net revenues consist of sales to grocery stores, mass merchants, warehouse clubs, discount chains, dollar stores, drug stores, home improvement stores, military outlets and eCommerce retailers. Our non-retail business net revenues consist of aluminum sales to food service customers, which are classified as related party revenues, and industrial customers.

Aggregation of Segment Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA

(in millions)

(1) The unallocated net revenues include elimination of intersegment revenues and other revenue adjustments. The unallocated Adjusted EBITDA represents the combination of corporate expenses which are not allocated to our segments and other unallocated revenue adjustments.

(2) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Measures” for details, including a reconciliation between net income and Adjusted EBITDA.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total Reynolds Consumer Products

(in millions, except for %)

NM - Percentage change is not meaningful.

(1) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Measures” for details, including a reconciliation between net income and Adjusted EBITDA.

Components of Change in Net Revenues for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total Net Revenues. Total net revenues decreased by $25 million, or 3%, to $910 million. The decrease was primarily driven by lower volume.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales decreased by $15 million, or 2%, to $671 million. The decrease was primarily driven by lower material and manufacturing costs, as well as lower volume.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $14 million, or 12%, to $101 million, primarily due to lower personnel costs.

Other Expense, Net. Other expense, net was zero in each of the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net decreased by $6 million, or 19%, to $25 million. The decrease was primarily due to a lower outstanding principal balance as a result of voluntary principal payments made on our term loan facility.

Income Tax Expense. We recognized income tax expense of $27 million on income before income taxes of $113 million (an effective tax rate of 24.1%) for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to income tax expense of $25 million on income before income taxes of $103 million (an effective tax rate of 24.5%) for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA increased by $6 million, or 4%, to $171 million. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to lower selling, general and administrative expenses as well as lower material and manufacturing costs, partially offset by lower volume.

Segment Information

Reynolds Cooking & Baking

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Reynolds Cooking & Baking total segment net revenues decreased by $7 million, or 2%, to $305 million. The decrease in net revenues was primarily due to lower retail volume.

Adjusted EBITDA. Reynolds Cooking & Baking Adjusted EBITDA was $51 million in each period. This was driven by lower material and manufacturing costs, offset by the impact of lower revenue.

Hefty Waste & Storage

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Hefty Waste & Storage total segment net revenues increased $4 million, or 2%, to $248 million. The increase in net revenues was primarily due to higher volume.

Adjusted EBITDA. Hefty Waste & Storage Adjusted EBITDA was $71 million in each period. This was driven by the benefit of increased revenue, offset by increased advertising costs.

Hefty Tableware

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Hefty Tableware total segment net revenues decreased by $16 million, or 7%, to $217 million. The decrease in net revenues was primarily due to lower foam volume and lower pricing, which was primarily related to the timing of promotional activities.

Adjusted EBITDA. Hefty Tableware Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $15 million, or 37%, to $26 million. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by the impact of lower revenue and higher material and manufacturing costs.

Presto Products

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Presto Products total segment net revenues decreased by $3 million, or 2%, to $149 million. The decrease in net revenues was primarily due to lower volume.

Adjusted EBITDA. Presto Products Adjusted EBITDA increased by $2 million, or 6%, to $33 million. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by product portfolio optimization.

Results of Operations – Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Detailed comparisons of revenue and results are presented in the discussions of the operating segments, which follow our consolidated results discussion.

Aggregation of Segment Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA

(in millions)

(1) The unallocated net revenues include elimination of intersegment revenues and other revenue adjustments. The unallocated Adjusted EBITDA represents the combination of corporate expenses which are not allocated to our segments and other unallocated revenue adjustments.

(2) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Measures” for details, including a reconciliation between net income and Adjusted EBITDA.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total Reynolds Consumer Products

(in millions, except for %)

NM - Percentage change is not meaningful.

(1) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Measures” for details, including a reconciliation between net income and Adjusted EBITDA.

Components of Change in Net Revenues for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total Net Revenues. Total net revenues decreased by $75 million, or 3%, to $2,675 million. The decrease was driven by lower volume in our retail and non-retail businesses.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales decreased by $140 million, or 7%, to $1,977 million. The decrease was driven by the impact of lower revenue as well as lower material and manufacturing costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $2 million, or 1%, to $329 million primarily due to higher advertising costs.

Other Expense, Net. Other expense, net was zero in each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net decreased by $15 million, or 16%, to $76 million. The decrease was primarily due to a lower outstanding principal balance on our external debt facilities as a result of principal payments made on our term loan facility throughout 2023 and in the first nine months of 2024.

Income Tax Expense. Our effective tax rate declined by 3.8%, from 24.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to 21.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the recognition of a discrete tax benefit for the remeasurement of deferred tax liabilities in the second quarter of 2024.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA increased by $67 million, or 17%, to $465 million. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily attributable to lower material and manufacturing costs, partially offset by the impact of lower revenue and higher advertising costs.

Segment Information

Reynolds Cooking & Baking

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Reynolds Cooking & Baking total segment net revenues decreased by $43 million, or 5%, to $873 million. The decrease in net revenues was primarily due to lower volume in the segment's non-retail and retail businesses.

Adjusted EBITDA. Reynolds Cooking & Baking Adjusted EBITDA increased by $46 million, or 49%, to $140 million. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by lower material and manufacturing costs.

Hefty Waste & Storage

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Hefty Waste & Storage total segment net revenues increased by $10 million, or 1%, to $715 million. The increase in net revenues was primarily driven by higher pricing due to the timing of trade promotional activities.

Adjusted EBITDA. Hefty Waste & Storage Adjusted EBITDA increased by $17 million, or 9%, to $205 million. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by lower material and manufacturing costs and the benefit of increased revenue.

Hefty Tableware

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Hefty Tableware total segment net revenues decreased by $41 million, or 6%, to $667 million. The decrease in net revenues was primarily driven by lower volume as well as lower pricing, primarily driven by the timing of trade promotional activities.

Adjusted EBITDA. Hefty Tableware Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $22 million, or 19%, to $95 million. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by the impact of lower revenue.

Presto Products

(in millions, except for %)

Total Segment Net Revenues. Presto Products total segment net revenues increased by $2 million, to $443 million. The increase in net revenues was primarily driven by higher pricing associated with the contractual pass through of commodity costs, partially offset by lower volume.

Adjusted EBITDA. Presto Products Adjusted EBITDA increased by $22 million, or 28%, to $100 million. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by lower material and manufacturing costs and the benefit of product portfolio optimization.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operating activities and available borrowings under the Revolving Facility.

The following table discloses our cash flows for the periods presented:

(in millions)

Cash provided by operating activities

Net cash from operating activities decreased by $116 million to $307 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by higher net investment in inventory during the current period and higher income tax payments due to higher taxable income, partially offset by higher net income, higher accounts payable due to working capital initiatives and lower interest payments.

Cash used in investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $2 million to $79 million. The increase was driven by an increase in cash outlays for capital expenditures.

Cash used in financing activities

Net cash used in financing activities decreased by $13 million to $247 million. The decrease was primarily attributable to $13 million of scheduled amortization payments made on our Term Loan Facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which did not repeat in the current year period as a result of our voluntary prepayments.

External Debt Facilities

In February 2020, we entered into the External Debt Facilities which consist of a $2,475 million Term Loan Facility and a Revolving Facility that provided for additional borrowing capacity of up to $250 million, reduced by amounts used for letters of credit. In February 2023, we amended the External Debt Facilities (“Amendment No.1”) which replaced the interest rate benchmark from LIBOR to the SOFR. Additionally, in November 2023, we further amended the External Debt Facilities (“Amendment No. 2”) to extend the maturity of the Revolving Facility by one year. Other than the foregoing, the material terms of the agreement remained unchanged.

As of September 30, 2024, the outstanding balance under the Term Loan Facility was $1,745 million. As of September 30, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility, and we had $6 million of letters of credit outstanding, which reduces the borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility.

The borrower under the Amended External Debt Facilities is Reynolds Consumer Products LLC (the “Borrower”). The Revolving Facility includes a sub-facility for letters of credit. In addition, the Amended External Debt Facilities provide that the Borrower has the right at any time, subject to customary conditions, to request incremental term loans or incremental revolving credit commitments in amounts and on terms set forth therein. The lenders under the Amended External Debt Facilities are not under any obligation to provide any such incremental loans or commitments, and any such addition of or increase in loans is subject to certain customary conditions precedent and other provisions.

Subsequent to September 30, 2024, we amended our Amended External Debt Facilities to replace the undrawn $250 million revolving facility maturing in February 2026 with an undrawn $700 million revolving facility maturing in October 2029. Our Term Loan Facility under the Credit Agreement continues to mature in February 2027.

Interest rate

Borrowings under the Amended External Debt Facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at our option, either a base rate plus an applicable margin of 0.75% or SOFR plus an applicable margin of 1.75%.

During 2020 and 2022, we entered into a series of interest rate swaps to fix the LIBOR of our External Debt Facilities. In February 2023, we amended our interest rate swaps to replace the interest rate benchmark from LIBOR to SOFR. Other than the foregoing, the material terms of the interest rate swap agreements remained unchanged, and our election to use practical expedients under ASUs 2020-04 and 2021-01 resulted in no material impacts on the condensed consolidated financial statements. The aggregate notional amount of the interest rate swaps still in effect as of September 30, 2024 was $1,150 million, and the SOFR is fixed at an annual rate of 0.40% to 3.40% (for an annual effective interest rate of 2.15% to 5.15%, including margin). These interest rate swaps hedge a portion of the interest rate exposure resulting from our Term Loan Facility for periods ranging from one to two years.

Prepayments

The Term Loan Facility contains customary mandatory prepayments, including with respect to excess cash flow, asset sale proceeds and proceeds from certain incurrences of indebtedness.

The Borrower may voluntarily repay outstanding loans under the Term Loan Facility at any time without premium or penalty, other than customary breakage costs with respect to SOFR based loans.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we made voluntary principal payments of $50 million and $100 million related to our Term Loan Facility, which was applied to the outstanding principal balance due at maturity. Subsequent to September 30, 2024, we made an additional voluntary principal payment of $50 million related to the Term Loan Facility.

Amortization and maturity

The Term Loan Facility matures in February 2027. The Term Loan Facility amortizes in equal quarterly installments of $6 million, which commenced in June 2020, with the balance payable on maturity. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made voluntary principal payments of $250 million related to our Term Loan Facility, which were first applied to pay the remaining quarterly amortization payments in full, with the residual balance applied to the outstanding principal balance due at maturity.

As amended effective October 17, 2024, the Revolving Facility matures in October 2029.

Guarantee and security

All obligations under the Amended External Debt Facilities and certain hedge agreements and cash management arrangements provided by any lender party to the Amended External Debt Facilities or any of its affiliates and certain other persons are unconditionally guaranteed by Reynolds Consumer Products Inc. (“RCPI”), the Borrower (with respect to hedge agreements and cash management arrangements not entered into by the Borrower) and certain of RCPI’s existing and subsequently acquired or organized direct or indirect material wholly-owned U.S. restricted subsidiaries, with customary exceptions including, among other things, where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract or would result in material adverse tax consequences.

All obligations under the Amended External Debt Facilities and certain hedge agreements and cash management arrangements provided by any lender party to the Amended External Debt Facilities or any of its affiliates and certain other persons, and the guarantees of such obligations, are secured, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions, by: (i) a perfected first-priority pledge of all the equity interests of each wholly-owned material restricted subsidiary of RCPI, the Borrower or a subsidiary guarantor, including the equity interests of the Borrower (limited to 65% of voting stock in the case of first-tier non-U.S. subsidiaries of RCPI, the Borrower or any subsidiary guarantor) and (ii) perfected first-priority security interests in substantially all tangible and intangible personal property of RCPI, the Borrower and the subsidiary guarantors (subject to certain other exclusions).

Certain covenants and events of default

The Amended External Debt Facilities contain a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability and the ability of the restricted subsidiaries of RCPI to:

• incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness;
• create or incur liens;
• engage in mergers or consolidations;
• sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;
• pay dividends and distributions or repurchase capital stock;
• prepay, redeem or repurchase certain indebtedness;
• make investments, loans and advances;
• enter into certain transactions with affiliates;
• enter into agreements which limit the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to incur restrictions on their ability to make distributions; and
• enter into amendments to certain indebtedness in a manner materially adverse to the lenders.

The Amended External Debt Facilities contain a springing financial covenant requiring compliance with a ratio of first lien net indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA, applicable solely to the Revolving Facility. The financial covenant is tested on the last day of any fiscal quarter only if the aggregate principal amount of borrowings under the Revolving Facility and drawn but unreimbursed letters of credit exceed 35% of the total amount of commitments under the Revolving Facility on such day.

If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the Amended External Debt Facilities are entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Amended External Debt Facilities and all actions permitted to be taken by secured creditors.

We are currently in compliance with the covenants contained in our Amended External Debt Facilities.

Accounts Receivable Factoring

We are party to a factoring agreement with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. to sell certain accounts receivable up to $95 million. We had no outstanding balance owed under the factoring arrangement as of September 30, 2024. Transactions under this agreement are accounted for as sales of accounts receivable, and the receivables sold are removed from the condensed consolidated balance sheet at the time of the sales transaction. We classify the proceeds received from the sales of accounts receivable as an operating cash flow in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. We record the discount as other expense, net in the condensed consolidated statement of income.

Supply Chain Financing

In March 2023, we initiated a voluntary Supply Chain Finance program (the “SCF”) with a global financial institution (the “SCF Bank”). Under the SCF, qualifying suppliers may elect to sell their receivables from us to the SCF Bank. These participating suppliers negotiate their receivables sales arrangements directly with the SCF Bank. We are not party to those agreements, nor do we provide any security or other forms of guarantees to the SCF Bank. The participation in the program is at the sole discretion of the supplier, we have no economic interest in a supplier’s decision to enter into the agreement and have no direct financial relationship with the SCF Bank, as it relates to the SCF. Once a qualifying supplier elects to participate in the SCF and reaches an agreement with the SCF Bank, they elect which individual invoices they sell to the SCF Bank.

The terms of our payment obligations are not impacted by a supplier’s participation in the SCF and as such, the SCF has no direct impact on our balance sheets, cash flows, or liquidity. Our payment terms with our suppliers for similar services and materials within individual markets are consistent between suppliers that elect to participate in the SCF and those that do not participate.

All outstanding amounts related to suppliers participating in the SCF are recorded within accounts payable in our condensed consolidated balance sheet and associated payments are included as an operating cash flow in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. As of September 30, 2024, the amount of obligations outstanding that we have confirmed as valid under the SCF was $8 million. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of obligations outstanding that we had confirmed as valid under the SCF was $19 million.

Dividends

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash dividends of $0.23 and $0.69 per share, respectively, were declared and paid. On October 24, 2024, a quarterly cash dividend of $0.23 per share was declared and is to be paid on November 29, 2024. We expect to continue paying cash dividends on a quarterly basis; however, future dividends are at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, contractual limitations (including under the Amended External Debt Facilities) and other factors.

We believe that our projected cash position, cash flows from operations, including proceeds from factored receivables, and available borrowings under the Revolving Facility are sufficient to meet debt service, capital expenditures and working capital needs for the foreseeable future. However, we cannot ensure that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available under our borrowing agreements in amounts sufficient to pay indebtedness or fund other liquidity needs. Actual results of operations will depend on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control as further discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Accounting policies and estimates are considered critical when they require management to make subjective and complex judgments, estimates and assumptions about matters that have a material impact on the presentation of our financial statements and accompanying notes. For a description of our critical accounting policies and estimates, see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

See “Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, there have been no material changes in our exposure to market risk.

a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

In connection with the preparation of this report, management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.