Vertiv Holdings Co: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Overview

Vertiv is a global leader in the design, manufacturing and servicing of critical digital infrastructure for data centers, communication networks, and commercial and industrial environments. Our customers operate in some of the world's most critical and growing industries, including cloud services, financial services, healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, energy, education, government, social media, and retail.

Driven by passion and innovation, Vertiv believes there is a better way to meet the world’s accelerating demand for data, including the impact of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. We collaborate with our customers to envision and build future-ready infrastructures. Our portfolio of hardware, software, analytics and services aim to enable our customers' vital applications to run continuously, perform optimally and scale with business needs.

Our Company

Our roots trace back to 1946 and the beginning of the information age, when Ralph Liebert founded the precursor to the Liebert Corporation, which was established in 1965 as the industry’s first manufacturer of computer room air conditioning. In 1987, Liebert was acquired by Emerson Electric Co, which later formed its Network Power business in 2000 to integrate critical infrastructure technologies, including Liebert and previously acquired ASCO, a provider of power transfer switches, under one brand. Over the next decade, Emerson Network Power expanded through acquisitions of Avansys, Marconi’s outside plant and power system, Knurr AG, a leading provider of enclosure systems, and Avocent, a leading provider of IT management software and keyboard, video and mouse (or "KVM") solutions. In 2016, Emerson Network Power was spun off as a standalone business and ultimately became Vertiv.

Vertiv became publicly-traded on February 7, 2020, with its shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE:VRT), through a business combination with GS Acquisition Holdings Corp (“GSAH”), a special purpose acquisition company later renamed Vertiv Holdings Co (the "Business Combination").

Our Business

Vertiv designs, manufactures, sells, installs, maintains, and services critical digital infrastructure technologies and rapidly deployable customized solutions to meet the specific business requirements and needs of a diverse group of customers. Our global footprint comprises engineering, manufacturing, operations, sales and service locations in more than 40 countries across the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe, Middle East & Africa. We provide the hardware, software and services to facilitate an increasingly interconnected marketplace of digital systems where large amounts of indispensable data need to be transmitted, analyzed, processed and stored. Whether this growing quantity of data is managed centrally in hyperscale/cloud locations, distributed at the edge of the network, processed in an enterprise location or managed via a hybrid platform, the underpinnings and operations of all those locations rely on our critical digital infrastructure and services.

Our broad range of offerings includes AC and DC power management products, switchgear and busbar products, thermal management products, integrated rack systems, modular solutions, and management systems for monitoring and controlling digital infrastructure. These comprehensive offerings are integral to the reliable operation of the technologies used for services, such as e-commerce, online banking, file sharing, video on-demand, energy storage, wireless communications, Internet of Things and online gaming. In addition, through our global services network, we provide lifecycle management services, predictive analytics and professional services for deploying, maintaining and optimizing these products and their related systems. Our most prominent brands include Vertiv, Liebert, NetSure, Geist, Energy Labs, ERS, Albér, and Avocent.

We manage our business across three reportable segments based on our main geographic regions—the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe, Middle East & Africa. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Vertiv’s net sales was $8,011.8, of which 56% was transacted in the Americas; 22% was transacted in Asia Pacific; and 22% was transacted in Europe, Middle East & Africa. This compares with net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $6,863.2, of which 56% was transacted in the Americas, 22% was transacted in Asia Pacific, and 22% in Europe, Middle East & Africa.

Backlog

Vertiv’s estimated combined order backlog was $7,178.8 and $5,526.7 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The backlog consists of product and services for which a customer purchase order or purchase commitment has been received and which has not yet been delivered. Orders may be subject to cancellation or rescheduling by the customer. The following table shows estimated backlog by business segment at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(Dollars in millions)

The majority of the combined backlog as of December 31, 2024 is considered firm and is expected to be shipped within one year. Expanding lead-times caused by continuing global supply chain challenges, combined with continued strong demand have contributed to an increase in customer orders being placed in advance of our ability to fulfill them, which has added $1.7 billion to our backlog since December 31, 2023. We do not believe that Vertiv’s backlog estimates as of any date are necessarily indicative of our net sales for any future period. Additionally, our current backlog estimates are subject to a number of risks, as further detailed in “Item 1A. Risk factors—Risks relating to our customers and our industry—We may not realize all of the sales expected from our backlog of orders and contracts.”

Strategic Priorities

Our businesses are focused on the following strategic priorities:

• Maintain Customer Focus
• Enhance the customer experience through best in-class tools, commercial, technical, delivery, and service execution.
• Nurture strong customer relationships.
• Create superior customer value enabling demand and margin expansion.
• Achieve Operational Excellence
• Continuous process improvement mindset to achieve speed, efficiency, efficacy, and scalability.
• Achieve pervasive and efficient development and deployment of advanced IT tools and automation.
• Adopt a rigorous management operating process and cadence.
• Build a High-Performance Culture
• Foster a culture of accountability, collaboration, and speed.
• Develop a widespread sense of urgency and reward performance.
• Deliver on commitments and execute agreed plans.
• Foster Innovation
• Be a market leader in our technology and service domains, and continue to differentiate through our new products.
• Develop and introduce processes with effectiveness and velocity.
• Develop system-level strength that leverages our unique product and services portfolio.
• Reinforce Financial Strength
• Achieve long- and short-term margin and profit expansion combined with fixed cost constant culture.
• Drive cash and balance sheet strength through rigorous resource allocation and management.
• Generate profitable growth and focus on continuous variable cost optimization and develop superior pricing capabilities.

Our Customers

Our customers operate in some of the world's most critical industries. We primarily serve customers across three main end markets: (1) data centers (including hyperscale/cloud, colocation, and enterprise), (2) communication networks and (3) commercial and industrial applications.

Data Centers: The primary purpose of a data center is to process, store and distribute data. There are a host of different sizes and types of data centers, but primarily they can be broken down into the following classifications:

• Cloud/Hyperscale: These facilities are massive in scale, can span multiple acres and are primarily used to support cloud applications. This portion of the industry is growing rapidly with drivers such as adoption of cloud based

data services and artificial intelligence workloads. Examples of companies in this space include Microsoft, Amazon Web Services, and Google Cloud.

• Colocation: These facilities range in size and offer clients a location where they can place their information technology (“IT”) equipment, while the building and critical digital infrastructure is owned by the colocation company. This portion of the industry is on a significant growth trajectory. Examples of companies in this space include Digital Realty, Equinix, Compass, and QTS.
• Enterprise: This classification refers to the “Fortune 1000” scale businesses that have their own on-premises data centers. Examples of companies in this space include Goldman Sachs, J.P. Morgan, Walmart and Allianz. The growth of the enterprise market, based on data centers and square footage, has generally been flat for the past three years.

Communication Networks: This space is comprised of wireline, wireless, and broadband companies. These companies create content and are ultimately responsible for distributing voice, video, and data to businesses and consumers. They deliver this data through an intricate network of wireline and wireless mediums. Additionally, some of these companies’ locations act as data centers where the data is delivered, processed and stored. This sector has a generally low single-digit growth profile and generally aligned with telecom capex investment and new mobile deployment cycles.

Commercial and Industrial: This space is comprised of commercial and industrial environments where our products keep critical systems running. Examples include transportation, manufacturing, and oil and gas. These applications are growing in their need for intelligent infrastructure and may be regulated or need to satisfy some level of compliance. The growth in this area generally aligns with changes in gross domestic product, and can be further driven by increased automation and digitalization in both light and heavy industrial application environments.

We engage these industries and end users through our global network of direct sales professionals, independent sales representatives, channel partners and original equipment manufacturers. Many of our installations are completed in collaboration with our customers and we work with them from the initial planning phase through delivery and servicing of the completed solution. This depth of interaction supports key customer relationships, sometimes spanning multiple decades.

Our Offerings

We design, manufacture and service critical digital infrastructure technology primarily for data centers, communication networks and commercial and industrial environments. Our principal offerings include:

Products

We identify delivery of products as performance obligations. Such products include AC and DC power management, thermal management, low/medium voltage switchgear, busbar, integrated modular solutions, racks, single phase UPS, rack power distribution, rack thermal systems, configurable integrated solutions, energy storage solutions, hardware, and software for managing I.T. equipment.

Services & spares

Global services include both pre-sale and after-sales services, for example, preventative maintenance, project management, acceptance testing, engineering and consulting, performance assessments, remote monitoring, training, spare parts, and critical digital infrastructure software. We provide consistent service delivery for critical facilities in all regions of the world with service provided by knowledgeable, local specialists. Regular service of critical equipment supports maximum uptime and often reduces total cost of ownership for customers. We provide full support of critical digital infrastructures when and where our customers need us. Vertiv services are used primarily in data centers, communications facilities, government agencies, utilities, and industrial plants. Across the globe, we operate over 300 service centers and deploy approximately 4,000 service engineers.

Competition

The majority of our competitors target a specific offering or a specific geographic location. Competition in our markets is primarily on the basis of reliability, quality, price, service and customer relationships. Across our three geographic segments, we encounter two principal types of competitors: niche players (e.g., Delta Electronics, Inc., Stulz GmbH, Johnson Controls International PLC, and Socomec Holding SA) and large-scale global competitors (e.g., Schneider Electric, S.E., Eaton Corporation Plc, Legrand SA, and Huawei Investment & Holding Co., Ltd.) We believe we differentiate ourselves through: (i) application expertise and customer collaboration to envision and build future-ready infrastructure; (ii) most complete portfolio and continual innovation; (iii) proven superior reliability and quality; (iv) truly global presence and ability to scale for our customers' operating flexibility and resilience; and (v) our industry-leading global service network to safeguard uptime and support.

Sales and Marketing

Our customers are located across the globe. We go to market through multiple channels to ensure that we map our coverage to our customers’ buying behaviors and preferences. Our primary selling method is direct sales, and we have approximately 3,000 salespeople located around the world. We also utilize a robust network of channel partners, distributors, I.T. resellers, and value-added retailers. This network helps extend our global reach to all corners of the world.

Customer Service and Support

We ensure continuous uptime of our customers’ operations so they can perform at their peak and maximize resources. There are five key characteristics that differentiates Vertiv’s customer service and support from competitors:

• Expertise: For over 50 years, Vertiv’s long-tenured service personnel have been trusted advisors to industry leaders and companies of all sizes.
• Reliability & Safety: We provide around the clock, direct access to approximately 4,000 field services engineers and approximately 300 technical support team members.
• Response Time: Vertiv boasts a first-time fix rate of more than 90% during site emergency visits, allowing customers to quickly gain assistance wherever and whenever.
• Global Coverage: We provide a standardized support approach across the globe with more than 300 service centers, keeping our customer sites connected.
• Broad Capabilities: Vertiv offers customers a complete lifecycle of capabilities such as project launch, remote monitoring, on-site project management, energy consumption management and preventive maintenance.

Engineering, Research and Development

We are committed to outpacing our competitors and being first to market with new product developments and improvements. In 2024, Vertiv spent $352.1 on engineering, research and development (“ER&D”). We focus our ER&D budget on engineering continuous improvement and new product innovation. Our global product leaders manage global product lines and engineering organizations with the goal to remain ahead of market trends by leveraging input from our regions, technology partners, and customers. These global groups are also supported by in-region product and engineering teams which are responsible for understanding and adapting our offerings to local market and customer requirements. These teams work closely with our sales and service network, enabling us to obtain and act upon customer feedback to continuously improve our offerings.

Facilities, Operations, and Supply Chain

Our ability to serve our customers on both a global and local level is a key success factor, and we have built, and continue to expand, our manufacturing and operations footprint and capacity with that principle in mind. We have significant manufacturing and operations facilities in the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe, Middle East & Africa. This well-diversified global network of facilities allows for improved service level cost, capacity to meet demand, and working capital optimization. Our manufacturing facilities are supported by regional engineering and configuration centers where, if our customers desire, we can tailor our products to the local market and to a given customer’s specific requirements.

We have established a robust supply chain that is complementary to our manufacturing and operations footprint. We have historically experienced some supply chain constraints as well as material, freight and labor cost increases. In addition to providing high quality service to our customers, we follow a diversification strategy to avoid over concentration or a significant dependence on a particular supplier or region. Despite this strategy, it is possible that we may from time to time experience critical part shortages which may drive the need for additional spot buys at increased costs, as well as increased costs associated with premium freight to meet customer commitments. Additionally, logistical issues may delay the receipt of materials and, in some cases, we may not be able to procure critical parts at any price, creating production and delivery challenges pressuring the top and bottom line. We continue to take action to enhance our supply chain, such as qualifying new suppliers, and advancing our pricing plan.

Vertiv Operating System

The Vertiv Operating System (“VOS”) leverages a proven foundational approach to operational excellence and executes it at scale to drive greater efficiency, quality, competitive advantage and superior customer experience. We believe VOS provides a clear operating model and a systemic way to run the business across the entire organization through rigorous operating cadences, leverages lean or continuous improvement techniques focused on waste and cycle-time reduction, streamlined processes, and promotes the dissemination of best practices. Our enterprise approach is articulated in four main pillars: the deployment of the operating system based on pervasive lean techniques propagation; the development of an accountable and lean organization aligned to Vertiv strategic objectives; the creation and maintenance of a simple yet robust global operating model; the empowerment of the organization run day-by-day continuous improvement and complex business process transformation. While continuous improvement relies heavily on each Vertiv employee adopting a “lean” mindset, dissemination of best practices and especially global process convergence require ownership and sponsorship to happen. As a consequence, for each of our seven main interconnected processes (opportunity-to-order, order-to-cash, procure-to-pay, sales inventory and operations planning, order-to-fulfillment, new product development and introduction, and multiple service processes), we have assigned clear business ownership at the global and regional level.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 31,000 full-time and part-time employees. Approximately 41% of our employees are in our manufacturing operations.

Our Culture

Our high-performance culture creates an environment where employees are empowered to collaborate, learn, and teach others through their experiences. We seek people with high integrity who put a premium on learning through experience and those who embrace our core principles, which include safety, integrity and respect, and we expect our employees to emulate and display our core behaviors, which include fostering a customer-first mindset, leading by example and driving continuous improvement.

Investing in our People

Our employees are critical to achieving our business objectives and investing in them is a key component to success. We offer leadership development programs for employees at the early career levels in finance, human resources, sales, services and engineering. We also offer customized programs for target populations to further develop their professional skills, and specialized partnership programs with local universities that lead to obtaining bachelor's and/or master's degrees in technology.

Our offerings include:

• Finance, Human Resources, Sales, Engineering, and Field Services Leadership Development Rotational Programs for early-career employees based in the Americas, Asia, India, or Europe, Middle-East, and Africa reporting units
• Specialized partnership programs with local universities in India for high-potential engineers to earn a post-secondary baccalaureate and/or a graduate degree
• Programs for identified high-potential leaders in early-, mid-, senior-, and leadership-ready positions across multiple functions globally that focus on training in the areas of operational and strategic thinking, offers the opportunity to participate and lead global projects, and obtain global networking & visibility to executive leadership
• Specialized training for employees based in our support hubs, located in the Philippines, India, and Romania, around key business skills including customer service, finance fundamentals and customer service mindset
• VOS training is delivered globally. This training, known as VOS Academy, is offered virtually for salaried employees and all hourly employees receive training at our global manufacturing sites

Our Strategy

We are committed to attracting, hiring and developing the best and brightest talent and focus significant resources on supporting and managing our global employee population. We believe that we offer our employees competitive pay packages and a broad range of company-paid benefits, and recognize that our success is based in large part on the talents and dedication of those we employ.

Vertiv Career Framework was launched in 2023. This framework is intended to highlight a simple and consistent way to organize, reward, and develop careers. Based on global principles with local application, we have created career tracks aligned to market competitive pay practices. Full implementation is intended to occur over the next several years and will highlight a pragmatic pay for performance approach that supports our high-performance culture.

To best facilitate our retention strategy, we have made significant investments in Total Rewards and Talent Acquisition (or "TA").

TA will continue to be a differentiator for Vertiv's high growth aspirations. Building on the renewed foundation from 2023, our TA team has successfully hired over 3,000 new salaried employees in 2024, with a special emphasis on Engineering, Services, and Operations. To better facilitate speed and simplicity, we are automating the hiring process through Oracle systems, resulting in reduced job requisition creation time and overall time to fill.

Attracting employees is only half our mission. For those new employees, once onboarded, and those employees with many years of dedicated service, the human resource team is focused on delivering a robust talent management system with pillars centered on engagement, development, and inclusion.

Employee Engagement

Fully engaged employees are a key driver of employee productivity and job satisfaction. We engage our employees across the organization through our quarterly enterprise-wide town halls, employee recognition programs, and company-sponsored volunteer events. "The CEO Award", an employee recognition award given several times throughout the year by CEO Giordano Albertazzi to recognize individuals who unlock value for our customers, who overcome challenges to solve problems, or who create meaningful, lasting results for our business, has recently completed year two. These individuals embody our core principals and behaviors and keep us on track to achieve our goals through their commitment to our strategic priorities. They understand their role in helping Vertiv achieve its full potential. At an enterprise level, Vertiv was recognized in our APAC region in two different forums. Greater China earned "2024 Best Employer Selection" by Forbes China, and Philippines was awarded as a "Great Place to Work" by UKG.

Employee Development

We also provide development and training programs for our employees, including evolved product training for our sales and services organizations, “Leading@Vertiv” for our management level employees, and “MyFirst90Days” for newly hired employees as key human capital measures and objectives. Additionally, our salaried and services employees participate in our comprehensive annual performance review process meant to encourage a direct conversation where candid feedback can be shared to help our employees develop, achieve their career goals, and drive our high-performance culture. That performance management cycle has been simplified and fully automated to Oracle systems, linking objective setting to employee feedback, annual performance ratings and compensation awards. A true pillar to drive a high-performance culture.

Inclusion

We believe that innovative solutions are often developed from having diverse viewpoints and perspectives at the table. We endeavor to foster a workplace that supports and promotes inclusion and cultivates respect. Since going public in 2020, Vertiv has continued to take actions to cultivate its inclusion processes and programs. One of the best success cases includes establishing employee-led, executive leadership team-sponsored, Employee Resource Groups open to all employees and that are intended to provide opportunities for personal and professional growth, networking, mentorship, and community outreach.

Employee Safety

A safe and healthy workplace is essential to flourish as a business, and accordingly, safety is one of Vertiv’s core principles. Vertiv prioritizes the health and safety of our global workforce and anyone who enters our facilities or interacts with our products. We believe we have an effective employee health and safety strategy, as evidenced by our strong safety record relative to certain peers, including our total recordable injury rate of 0.37 and our lost time injury rate of 0.19 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. In connection with our commitment to safety, we aim to provide the tools, training, and other resources needed to achieve our goal of reducing and controlling workplace risks. For example, we recently launched an effective safety engagement campaign called “We Lead with Safety”. The campaign is centered on further strengthening our interdependent culture, where everyone will speak up regarding safety, for themselves and others, whether at work or elsewhere. Reinforcing “why” we are committed to safety, documenting our procedures and engaging the appropriate local safety teams has positioned us well relative to our safety performance.

Intellectual Property

Our ability to create, obtain and protect intellectual property is important to the success of our business and our ability to compete. We create intellectual property (“IP”) in our operations globally, and we actively work to protect and enforce our IP rights. We consider our trademarks to be valuable assets, including well-known marks within the industry such as Vertiv, Liebert, NetSure, Geist, Energy Labs, ERS, Albér, and Avocent.

In addition, we integrate licensed third-party technology and IP into certain aspects of our products. Although certain third-party proprietary IP rights are important to our success, we do not believe that we are materially dependent on any particular third-party IP rights.

As of December 31, 2024 Vertiv had approximately 3,000 registered patents and approximately 1,200 pending, published or allowed patent applications, and approximately 1,800 registered trademarks and approximately 300 pending trademark applications.

Raw Materials

We obtain raw materials and supplies from a variety of sources and generally from more than one supplier. From time to time, we have experienced part shortages, supply chain constraints, and import or export restrictions or tariffs, in addition to logistical issues which have delayed receipt of materials, as well as increased the costs of certain raw materials. We continue to address these challenges associated with our sources, supplies and costs of raw materials. Refer to the "Facilities, Operations, and Supply Chain" discussion above.

Environmental, Health and Safety and Responsible Business Practices

Meeting the growing demand for data and critical digital infrastructure while simultaneously mitigating environmental impacts from our operations and products, and governing and managing our business in a responsible manner, are at the heart of our approach to sustainability and responsible business matters.

Mitigating environmental impacts encompasses actions taken to minimize resource consumption and greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, manage materials and waste in our own operations, and provide customers with innovative products and solutions that help them minimize their own energy and water use, carbon footprint, and waste. We continue to work to shrink the carbon footprint of our operations, and we continue to minimize and, where possible, eliminate waste through source reduction and recycling. Throughout our global facilities we continue to implement processes, and to refine, procedures, and policies to track and mitigate environmental impacts. We also solicit local teams to identify action plans for the conservation of energy and water, and the reduction of GHG emissions.

Governing and managing our business in a responsible manner includes, but is not limited to, encouraging inclusion, respecting human rights, developing our employees, implementing data privacy and cybersecurity measures, establishing policies, procedures, and codes of conduct that spell out expectations for our own behavior and that of our suppliers, and working to protect the interests of our company, stockholders, and other stakeholders.

We are subject to a broad range of foreign and domestic environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and requirements, including those relating to the discharge of regulated materials into the environment, the generation and handling of hazardous substances and wastes, human health and safety and the content, composition and take back of our products. We maintain a robust environmental, health and safety compliance program, including policies and standards, dedicated staff, and periodic auditing and training. We also have a program for complying with the European Union Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directives, the China Restriction of Hazardous Substances law, the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals regulation, and similar requirements.

At sites which we own, lease or operate, or have previously owned, leased or operated, or where we have disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous materials, we could incur liability for any potential contamination, and could in the future be liable for additional contamination. Compliance with laws regulating contamination and the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.

Private Placement Warrants

Simultaneously with the closing of the initial public offering ("IPO") of GSAH in June 2018 (prior to the Business Combination in 2020), GSAH closed the private placement of an aggregate of 10,533,333 warrants, each exercisable to purchase one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Private Placement Warrants”), initially issued to GS DC Sponsor I LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

On February 24, 2023, 5,266,666 warrants were exercised on a cashless basis pursuant to the agreement governing the warrants, in exchange for which the Company issued 1,368,194 shares of Class A common stock. On December 6, 2024, 5,266,667 warrants were exercised on a cashless basis pursuant to the agreement governing the warrants, in exchange for which the Company issued 4,812,521 shares of Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2024, there are no outstanding Private Placement Warrants.

Related Agreements

Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement

On the closing date of the Business Combination, we entered into an amended and restated registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), with the initial stockholders of GSAH, VPE Holdings, LLC, an affiliate of Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC (the "Vertiv Stockholder"), and certain other investors, including entities affiliated with our Executive Chairman (collectively, the “RRA Parties”), pursuant to which the RRA Parties are entitled to registration rights in respect of certain shares of Vertiv’s Class A common stock and certain other of our equity securities that are held by the RRA Parties from time to time.

The Vertiv Stockholder and certain other RRA Parties, including an entity controlled by our Chairman (the "Cote Sponsor Member") is entitled to make up to two demand registrations in any 12 month period in connection with an underwritten shelf takedown offering, in each case subject to certain offering thresholds, applicable lock-up restrictions and certain other conditions. In addition, the RRA Parties have certain “piggy-back” registration rights. The Registration Rights Agreement includes customary indemnification and confidentiality provisions. We will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any registration statements filed pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement.

On February 7, 2020, we filed a registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (the “Registration Statement on Form S-1”), to meet our obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement. The Vertiv Stockholder sold shares of our Class A common stock in the following secondary offerings: (i) 26.0 million shares in August 2020; (ii) 18.0 million shares in November 2020; (iii) 23.1 million shares in November 2021; and (iv) 20.0 million shares in August 2023.

Stockholders Agreement

On the closing date of the Business Combination, the Company, the Cote Sponsor Member, the Vertiv Stockholder, and certain other members entered into a Stockholders Agreement (the “Stockholders Agreement”).

The Stockholders Agreement provides that so long as we have either of the Executive Chairman or the Chief Executive Officer as a named executive officer, we shall take certain actions to include such Executive Chairman or the Chief Executive Officer on the slate of nominees recommended by the Board of Directors for election. Following a sale of Class A common stock on February 27, 2024, the Vertiv Stockholder holds none of our outstanding Class A common stock.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 505 N. Cleveland Ave., Westerville, Ohio, 43082, and our telephone number is (614) 888-0246. Our website is www.vertiv.com (http://www.vertiv.com).

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, and we file or furnish reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information we file with the SEC are available free of charge at www.vertiv.com (http://www.vertiv.com) when such reports are available on the SEC’s website. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov). We periodically provide other information for investors on our corporate website, including press releases and other information about financial performance, information on corporate governance and details related to our annual meeting of stockholders. Our references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only. The information found on, or that can be accessed from or that is hyperlinked to, our website does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report.

This Annual Report contains some of our trademarks, service marks and trade names, including, among others, Vertiv, Liebert, NetSure, Geist, Energy Labs, ERS, Albér, and Avocent. Each one of these trademarks, service marks or trade names is either (1) our registered trademark, (2) a trademark for which we have a pending application, or (3) a trade name or service mark for which we claim common law rights. All other trademarks, trade names or service marks of any other company appearing in this Annual Report belong to their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report are presented without the TM, SM and ® symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our respective rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

Upon the written request of any record holder or beneficial owner of Common Stock entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting, we will, without charge, provide a copy of our Annual Report, including the financial statements and the financial statement schedules, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC. Requests should be directed to ir@vertiv.com (mailto:ir@vertiv.com).

An investment in our securities involves risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the following risks as well as the other information included in this Annual Report, including “Cautionary Statement About Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Risk Factor Summary,” “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report, before investing in our securities. We operate in a changing environment that involves numerous known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our operations. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. However, the selected risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. In such a case, the trading price of our securities could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment in us. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this subsection to the “Company,” “Vertiv,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Vertiv Holdings Co and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Business Combination, other than certain historical information which refers to the business of Vertiv prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

Risks Related to Our Customers and Our Industry

We rely on the continued growth of our customers’ networks, in particular data center and communication networks, to grow our business, operations and revenue, and any decreases in demand in these networks could lead to a decrease in our product offerings.

A substantial portion of our business depends on the continued growth of our current and potential customers’ data centers and communication networks. If these networks do not continue to grow, whether as a result of changes in the economy, capital spending, building capacity in excess of demand, delays in receiving required permits and approvals, or for any other reason, overall demand could decrease for our product offerings, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The long sales cycles for certain Vertiv products and solutions offerings, as well as unpredictable placing or canceling of customer orders, particularly large orders, may cause our revenues and operating results to vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter, which could make our future operational results less predictable.

A customer’s decision to purchase certain of our products or solutions, particularly products new to the market or long-term end-to-end solutions, may involve a lengthy contracting, design and qualification process. In particular, customers deciding on the design and implementation of large deployments may have lengthy and unpredictable procurement processes that may delay or impact expected future orders, including customers canceling orders based on changes to their businesses. As a result, the order booking and sales recognition process is often uncertain and unpredictable, with some customers placing large orders with short lead times on little advance notice and others requiring lengthy, open-ended processes that may change depending on global or regional economic weakness. This unpredictability may cause our revenues and operating results to vary unexpectedly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, making our future operational results less predictable.

We may not realize all of the sales expected from our backlog of orders and contracts.

Our backlog consists of the value of product and service orders for which we have received a customer purchase order or purchase commitment and which have not yet been delivered. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Vertiv’s estimated combined order backlog was $7.2 billion and $5.5 billion, respectively. The majority of our combined backlog is considered firm and expected to be delivered within one year. Our customers have the right in some circumstances, usually with penalties or other termination consequences, to reduce or defer firm orders in backlog. If customers terminate, reduce or defer firm orders, the revenue we expect to generate from our backlog may not be fully realized. Additionally, because of our significant backlog, there may be significant delays between the time that we alter the prices we charge customers for our offerings and new orders and the time such price changes are reflected in our financial results.

Any disruption or consolidation of our customers’ markets or reduction in customer spending on technology could result in declines in the sales volume and prices of our products.

The disruption of our customers’ markets could occur due to a number of factors, including government policy changes, industry consolidations or the shifting of market size and power among customers. Such consolidations or other disruptions may result in certain parties gaining additional purchasing leverage and, consequently, increasing the product pricing pressures facing our business. Such changes could impact spending as customers evolve their strategies or integrate acquired operations. For example, if industry consolidation results in there being fewer customers, the loss of any one customer could have a material impact on results not anticipated in a customer marketplace composed of more numerous participants. Any reduction in customer spending on technological development as a result of these and other factors could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Large companies, such as communication network and cloud/hyperscale and colocation data center providers, often require more favorable terms and conditions in our contracts, which could result in downward pricing pressures on our business.

Large companies, such as communication network and cloud/hyperscale and colocation data center providers, comprise a material portion of our customer base and generally have greater purchasing power than smaller entities. Accordingly, these customers often have enhanced leverage that allow them to require more favorable terms and conditions in their contracts with us. Consolidation among such large customers could further increase their buying power and ability to require more onerous terms. In addition, these customers may impose substantial penalties for any product or service failures caused by us or the failure by us to timely deliver products ordered by those customers. As we seek to sell more products to such customers, we may be required to agree to such terms and conditions more frequently, which may include terms that affect the timing of our cash flows and ability to recognize revenue, and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our contracts with governmental customers are subject to increased pressures to reduce expenses, may contain additional or more onerous terms and conditions that are not common among commercial customers, and may subject us to increased risk of audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties by such governmental parties, which could result in various civil and criminal penalties, administrative sanctions, and fines and suspensions.

We derive a portion of our revenue from contracts with governmental customers, including the U.S. federal, state and local governments. There is pressure on such governmental customers and their respective agencies to reduce spending and some of our contracts at the state and local levels are subject to government funding authorizations. These factors combine to potentially limit the revenue we derive from such contracts.

Additionally, government contracts are generally subject to audits and investigations which could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refund of a portion of fees received, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from future government business. Such contracts are also subject to various laws and regulations that apply to doing business with governmental entities, such as country-specific sourcing requirements. The laws relating to government contracts may differ from other commercial contracting laws and our government contracts may contain pricing and other terms and conditions that are less favorable to the Company than those in commercial contracts.

We have long-term, fixed-price contracts (including long-term, turnkey projects). Our failure to mitigate certain risks associated with fulfillment of such contracts may result in excess costs and penalties.

Long-term, fixed-price contracts (including but not limited to turnkey projects) may have a duration greater than twelve months that involve substantial risks, which may result in excess costs and penalties. These fulfillment risks include but are not limited to:

• unanticipated technical problems with equipment, requiring us to incur added expenses to remedy such problems;
• changes in costs or shortages of components, materials, labor or construction equipment;
• recognition of revenues over the term of the contract;
• project modifications and changes to the scope of work resulting in unanticipated costs;
• delays caused by local weather or other conditions beyond our control;
• changes in regulations, permits or government policy;
• the failure of suppliers, subcontractors or consortium partners to perform; and
• penalties, if we cannot complete all or portions of the project within contracted time limits and performance levels.

Our failure to mitigate these risks may result in excess costs and penalties and may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The areas in which we provide our product and solution offerings are highly competitive, and we experience competitive pressures from numerous and varied competitors.

We encounter competition from numerous and varied competitors targeting all areas of our business on a global and regional basis. We compete with other providers primarily on the basis of our technology, reliability, quality, price, service and customer relationships. A significant element of our competitive strategy is focused on delivering reliable, high-quality products and solutions at the best relative global cost. If our products, services, and cost structure do not enable us to compete successfully based on any of those criteria, we may experience a decline in product sales and a corresponding loss of customers.

Our competitors, any of which could introduce new technologies or business models that disrupt significant portions of our markets and cause our customers to move a material portion of their business away from us to such competitors, primarily include:

• Large-scale, global competitors with broad product portfolios and service offerings. These competitors may have greater financial, technical and marketing resources available to them compared to the resources allocated to our products and services that compete against their products and services. Competitors within this category include Schneider Electric, S.E., Eaton Corporation Plc, Legrand SA, and Huawei Investment & Holding Co., Ltd, each of which have a large, global presence and compete directly in the markets in which we operate. Industry consolidation may also impact the competitive landscape by creating larger, more homogeneous and potentially stronger competitors in the markets in which we operate.
• Offering-specific competitors with products and services that compete globally but with a limited set of product offerings. These competitors may be able to focus more closely on a particular segment of the market and apply targeted financial, technical and marketing resources in ways that we cannot, potentially leading to stronger brand recognition, technological advancement and more competitive pricing within that targeted segment.
• Regional or country-level competitors are competitors that compete with us in a limited geographic area.

Failure to obtain performance and other guarantees from financial institutions, may prevent us from bidding on or obtaining certain contracts, or cause our costs with respect to such contracts to be higher.

In accordance with industry practice, for certain project opportunities we are required to provide guarantees, including bid-bonds, advance payment and performance guarantees. Some customers require these guarantees to be issued by a financial institution, and historic global financial conditions have in the past, and may in the future, make it more difficult and expensive to obtain these guarantees. If we cannot obtain such guarantees on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we could be prevented from bidding on or obtaining such large project contracts, or our costs for such contracts could be higher and, in either case, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations

We are subject to various changes in costs of production, including some that are beyond our control, the impacts of which may be exacerbated if we fail to properly manage our supply chain and inventory.

Our operations, particularly our manufacturing and service operations, depend on the availability and prices of raw materials, components, products and services from third-party suppliers, and such suppliers’ ability to timely deliver the quantities and quality required at reasonable prices. Additionally, our operations depend on our ability to accurately anticipate these needs and prices. We have a large number of providers to support our global operations and breadth of offerings. In addition, certain of our suppliers are also competitors with us in one or more parts of our business and those suppliers may decide to discontinue business with us. As described in our prior filings, at times in the past we did not accurately anticipate the magnitude of inflationary increases in costs of our materials, freight and labor, as a result of which such cost increases were not immediately reflected in the prices for our offerings. Other supply chain issues that we historically have faced, and may face in the future include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Volatility in the supply or price of raw materials, freight and labor. Our products rely on a variety of raw materials and components, including steel, copper, aluminum and various electronic components. We may experience a shortage of, or a delay in receiving, such materials or components because of strong demand, supplier constraints or other operational disruptions. Moreover, prices for some of these materials and components have historically been volatile and unpredictable. We also rely upon labor and third-party freight services to produce and deliver our offerings to our customers. In the past few years, we experienced significant increases in material, freight and labor costs. If we are unable to secure necessary supplies at reasonable prices or acceptable quality, we may be unable to manufacture products, fulfill service orders or otherwise operate our business. We may also be unable to offset unexpected increases in material and component costs with our own price increases without suffering reduced volumes, revenues or operating income.
• Contractual terms. As a result of long-term price or purchase commitments in contracts with our suppliers, we may be obligated to purchase materials, components or services at prices higher than those available in the current market, which may put us at a disadvantage to competitors who have access to components or services at lower prices, impact our gross margin, and, if these issues impact demand, may result in additional charges for inventory obsolescence. In addition, to secure the supply of certain materials and components on favorable terms, we may make strategic purchases of materials and components in advance or enter into non-cancelable commitments. If we fail to anticipate demand properly, we may have an oversupply which could result in excess or obsolete materials or components.
• Contingent workers. In some locations, we rely on third-party suppliers for the provision of contingent workers, and our failure to manage such workers effectively could adversely impact our results of operations. We may also be subject to labor shortages, oversupply, or fixed contractual terms relating to the contingent workforce, and our ability to manage the size of, and costs for, such contingent workforce may be further constrained by local laws or future changes to such laws.
• Single-source suppliers. We obtain certain materials or components from single-source suppliers due to technology, availability, price, quality or other considerations. Replacing a single-source supplier could delay production of some products because replacement suppliers, if available, may be subject to capacity constraints or other output limitations.

Any of these risks could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, our operations depend upon disciplined inventory management, as we balance the need to maintain strategic inventory levels to ensure competitive lead times against the risk of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and customer requirements. Excess or obsolete inventory, whether procured pursuant to an inaccurate customer forecast or otherwise, would result in a write-off of such inventory, causing an increase in costs of goods sold and a decline in our gross margins.

If we fail to anticipate technology shifts, market needs and opportunities, and fail to develop appropriate products, product enhancements and services in a timely manner to meet those changes, we may not be able to compete effectively against our global competitors and, as a result, our ability to generate revenues will suffer.

We believe that our future success will depend in part upon our ability to anticipate technology shifts, such as the growth in artificial intelligence, and to enhance and develop new products and services that meet or anticipate such technology changes. Any such developments will require continued investment in engineering, capital equipment, marketing, customer service and technical support. For example, we will need to anticipate potential market shifts to more efficient products, alternative power architectures, cooling technologies (such as liquid cooling) and energy storage that could diminish the demand for our existing offerings or affect our margins.

Also, our primary global competitors are sophisticated companies with significant resources that may develop superior products and services or may adapt more quickly to new technologies and technology shifts, industry changes or evolving customer requirements. If we fail to anticipate technology changes, shifting market needs or keep pace with our competitors’ products, or if we fail to develop and introduce new products or enhancements in a timely manner, we may lose customers and experience decreased or delayed market acceptance and sales of present and future products and our ability to generate revenues will suffer.

Disruptions to the various information security systems upon which our operations and our products and our services rely, especially cyber-security incidents, including data security breaches, ransomware or computer viruses, could harm our business, reduce our revenue, increase our expenses, damage our reputation and adversely impact our performance.

We rely on our information systems and those of third parties for processing customer orders, shipping products, billing our customers, tracking inventory, supporting finance and accounting functions, financial statement preparation, payroll services, benefit administration and other general aspects of our business. These information systems, including sensitive data stored through cloud-based services that may be hosted by third parties and in data center infrastructure maintained by third parties, may be vulnerable to attack or breach. Any such attack or breach could compromise such information systems, resulting in fraud, ransom attack or theft of our, or our customers', proprietary or sensitive information which could be accessed, publicly disclosed, misused, stolen or lost. This could impede our sales, disrupt or prevent manufacturing, distribution or other critical functions or harm our customers, and the financial costs we could incur to eliminate or alleviate these security risks could be significant and may be difficult to anticipate or measure. Moreover, such a breach could cause reputational and financial harm and subject us to liability to our customers, suppliers, business partners or any affected individual.

As our business increasingly interfaces with employees, customers, vendors and suppliers using information technology systems and networks, we are subject to an increased risk to the secure operation of these systems and networks. Our evolution into smart products, Internet of Things, business-to-consumer, and e-commerce subjects us to increased cyber and technology risks. The secure operation of our information technology systems and networks and ensuring that we have skilled personnel to assist in ensuring continued security, is critical to our business operations and strategy. Information technology security threats from user error to attacks designed to gain unauthorized access to our systems, networks and data are increasing in frequency and sophistication.

In addition, the products we produce or elements of such products that we procure from third parties may contain defects, vulnerabilities, or weaknesses in design, architecture or manufacture, which could lead to system security vulnerabilities in our products and compromise the network security of our customers. If an actual or perceived breach of network security occurs, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to our products or services, the market perception of the effectiveness of our products or services could be harmed.

The manner in which a customer implements or operates the products they purchase from us may be contrary to information security or cybersecurity industry best practices or manuals regarding use. Such implementation or improper use may lead to a cybersecurity breach and, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to our products or services, the market perception of the effectiveness of our products or services could be harmed.

Implementations of new information systems and enhancements to our current systems may be costly and disruptive to our operations.

Our implementation of new information systems and enhancements to current systems, including those relating to our enterprise resource plan, human capital management and product lifecycle systems, are costly and have in the past and may in the future be disruptive to our operations. Problems, disruptions, delays or other issues in the design and implementation of these systems or enhancements have in the past and could in the future adversely impact our forecasting and planning abilities, and our ability to process customer orders, ship products, provide service and support to our customers, bill and collect in a timely manner from our customers, fulfill contractual obligations, accurately record and transfer information, recognize revenue, file securities, governance and compliance reports in a timely manner or otherwise run our business. If we are unable to successfully design and implement these new systems, enhancements, and processes as planned, if the length of time or costs are greater than anticipated, if they result in further disruptions, or if they do not operate as anticipated, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted. Additionally, the benefits of these new systems may not be realized until they are fully implemented and testing has been completed.

We may not realize the expected benefits from any rationalization, restructuring, and improvement efforts that we have taken or may take in the future.

We have and continue to undertake rationalization, restructuring, and realignment initiatives to reduce our overall cost base and improve efficiency. There can be no assurance that we will fully realize the benefits of such efforts as anticipated, and we may incur additional and/or unexpected costs to realize them. These actions could yield other unintended consequences, such as distraction of management and employees, business disruption, reduced employee morale and productivity, and unexpected employee attrition, including the inability to attract or retain key personnel. If we fail to achieve the expected benefits of any rationalization, restructuring, or realignment initiatives and improvement efforts, or if other unforeseen events occur in connection with such efforts, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

Disruption of, or consolidation or changes in, the markets or operating models of our independent sales representatives, distributors and original equipment manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We rely, in part, on independent sales representatives, distributors, resellers, and original equipment manufacturers for the distribution of our products and services, some of whom operate on an exclusive basis. If the financial condition or operations of these third parties weaken, including as a result of a shift away from the go-to-market operating model they currently follow, and they are unable to successfully market and sell our products, our revenue and gross margins could be adversely affected. In addition, if there are disruptions or consolidation in their markets, such parties may be able to improve their negotiating position and renegotiate historical terms and agreements for the distribution of our products or terminate relationships with us in favor of our competitors. Changes in the negotiating position of such third parties in future periods could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Unanticipated changes in domestic or global tax provisions, the adoption of new tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities could cause increased variability in our effective tax rate and impact our financial performance.

Variability in the mix and profitability of domestic and international activities, identification and resolution of various tax uncertainties, changes in tax laws and rates or other regulatory actions regarding taxes including the implementation of any global minimum tax for corporations, and the extent to which we are able to realize net operating loss and other carryforwards included in deferred tax assets and avoid potential adverse outcomes included in deferred tax liabilities, among other matters, may significantly impact our effective income tax rate in the future. Our effective tax rate in any given financial reporting period may be materially impacted by mix and level of earnings or losses by jurisdiction as well as the discrete recognition of taxable events and exposures. Changes in tax laws and rates or other regulatory actions may significantly impact the positions taken with regard to tax contingencies and we may be subject to audit and review by tax authorities, which may result in future taxes, interest and penalties. Additionally, final laws enacting the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's global minimum tax framework ("Pillar Two Laws") are effective beginning in 2024 in the European Union and other countries where we do business. The Company faces uncertainty related to the potential implementation of Pillar Two Laws in other countries where we operate. We are continuing to monitor the legislative process and evaluate the potential impact of implementation of Pillar Two Laws by other countries. We are regularly subject to audits by tax authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Economic and political pressures to increase tax revenue in various jurisdictions may make resolving tax disputes more difficult and may lead to unpredictability in our tax estimates. The results of an audit or litigation could adversely affect our financial statements in the period or periods for which that determination is made and may have negative impacts on future periods as well. Additionally, actions brought by such foreign taxing authorities could impact our licenses, permits, or certifications in that jurisdiction, which could affect our ability to operate in that jurisdiction. If we lost our ability to operate in jurisdictions, especially those where we have manufacturing facilities, our results of operations and financial performance could be materially impacted.

Any failure of our product offerings could subject us to substantial liability, including product liability claims, which could damage our reputation or the reputation of one or more of our brands.

The product offerings that we provide are complex, and our regular testing and quality control efforts may not be effective in controlling or detecting all quality issues or errors, particularly with respect to faulty components manufactured by third parties. Defects could expose us to product warranty claims, including substantial expense for the recall and repair or replacement of a product or component, and product liability claims, including liability for personal injury or property damage. We are not generally able to limit or exclude liability for personal injury or property damage to third parties under the laws of most jurisdictions in which we do business, and in the event of such incident, we could spend significant time, resources and money to resolve any such claim. We may be required to pay for losses or injuries purportedly caused by the design, manufacture, installation or operation of our products or by solutions performed by us or third parties.

An inability to cure a product defect could result in the failure of a product line, temporary or permanent withdrawal from a product or market, delays in customer payments or refusals by our customers to make such payments, increased inventory costs, product reengineering expenses and our customers’ inability to operate their enterprises. Such defects could also negatively impact customer satisfaction and sentiment, generate adverse publicity, reduce future sales opportunities and damage our reputation or the reputation of one or more of our brands. Any of these outcomes could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The global scope of our operations, especially in emerging markets, poses specific risks and challenges with respect to operations, compliance with laws and enforcement of consistent company-wide standards and procedures.

As of December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 31,000 people globally and had manufacturing facilities in the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe, Middle East & Africa. We generate substantial revenue outside of the US, including sales in emerging markets, and expect that foreign revenue will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues. In order to manage our day-to-day operations, we must overcome cultural and language barriers and assimilate different business practices. In addition, we are required to create compensation programs, employment policies and other administrative programs that comply with the laws of multiple countries, as well as, contractual labor requirements with unions in countries where we operate with local labor unions. We also must communicate and monitor company-wide standards and directives across our global network. Our failure to successfully manage our geographically diverse operations and our contractual and regulatory obligations could impair our ability to react quickly to changing business and market conditions and to enforce compliance with company-wide standards and procedures.

Serving a global customer base requires that we place more materials, production and service assets in emerging markets to capitalize on market opportunities and maintain our cost position. Newer geographic markets may be relatively less profitable due to the investments needed to enter such markets and local pricing pressures, and we may have difficulty establishing and maintaining the operating infrastructure necessary to support the high growth rates associated with some of those markets. Manufacturers in countries that have lower production costs, such as China and India, may become competitors in key emerging markets and could offer their products in established markets. These actions may have a negative effect on our pricing, market share and operating results in these markets. In addition, foreign governments may decide to implement tax and other policies that favor their domestic manufacturers at the expense of international manufacturers. Similarly, the recent imposition of additional tariffs by the U.S., and the tariffs being proposed , on various countries, as well as the potential imposition of retaliatory tariffs or additional tariffs by the U.S. on other countries or regions, could increase our cost of doing business internationally, perhaps significantly, and may lead to further challenges for us in the various foreign markets in which we operate.

Operations in emerging markets can also present risks that are not encountered in countries with well-established economic and political systems, including:

• changes or instability in a region’s economic or political conditions, including actual or anticipated military or political conflicts, could make it difficult for us to anticipate future business conditions, cause operational delays, complicate permitting and other regulatory matters and make our customers less willing to make cross-border investments;
• unpredictable or more frequent foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
• inadequate infrastructure, including lack of adequate power and water supplies, transportation, raw materials and parts;
• foreign state takeovers of our facilities, trade protectionism, state-initiated industry consolidation or other similar government actions or control;
• changes in and compliance with international, national or local regulatory and legal environments, including laws and policies affecting trade, economic sanctions, foreign investment, labor relations, foreign anti-bribery and anti-corruption;
• the difficulty of enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems;
• longer collection cycles and financial instability among customers;
• trade regulations, tariffs, boycotts and embargoes, which could impair our ability to obtain materials necessary to fulfill contracts, pursue business or establish operations in such countries;
• difficulty of obtaining adequate financing and/or insurance coverage;
• fluctuations in freight costs, limitations on shipping and receiving capacity, and other disruptions in the transportation and shipping infrastructure;
• political or social instability that may hinder our ability to send personnel abroad or cause us to move our operations to facilities in countries with higher costs and less efficiencies;
• difficulties associated with repatriating earnings generated or held abroad in a tax-efficient manner, changes in tax laws, or tax inefficiencies; and
• exposure to wage, price and capital controls, local labor conditions and regulations, including local labor disruptions and rising labor costs which we may be unable to recover in our pricing to customers.

Consequently, our exposure to these conditions which may exist in or otherwise impact the emerging markets that we enter may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any failure by us to identify, manage, integrate and complete acquisitions, divestitures and other significant transactions successfully could harm our financial results, business and prospects.

As part of our business strategy, we have in the past and may, from time to time in the future, acquire businesses or interests in businesses, including non-controlling interests, or form joint ventures or create strategic alliances. Whether we realize the anticipated benefits from such activities depends, in part, upon the successful integration between the businesses involved, the performance and development of the underlying products, capabilities or technologies, our correct assessment of assumed liabilities and the management of the operations. Accordingly, our financial results could be adversely affected by unanticipated performance and liability issues, our failure to achieve synergies and other benefits we expected to obtain, transaction-related charges, amortization related to intangibles, and charges for impairment of long-term assets.

Our ability to realize the expected synergies and benefits of an acquisition include, among other things, our ability to complete the timely integration of operations and systems, organizations, standards, controls, procedures, policies and technologies, difficulties in achieving anticipated cost savings, synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects from the combination; and difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a significantly larger and more complex combined business.

With any acquisition or divestiture, we may encounter unexpected integration or divestiture-related costs, fail to realize all the benefits anticipated or be subject to other factors that adversely affect preliminary estimates. In addition, even if the operations of the two businesses are integrated or divested successfully, the full benefits of the acquisition or divestiture may not be realized, including the synergies, cost savings or sales or growth opportunities that we expect. The occurrence of any of these events, individually or in combination, could have a material adverse effect on the combined or remaining business’s financial condition and operating results.

Additionally, achieving benefits of any acquisition or divestiture may require certain related one-time costs, charges and expenses, which may be material and have not yet been quantified. We expect to incur significant, non-recurring costs in connection with consummating acquisitions or divestitures, combining the operations of target companies or separating the operations of divested businesses, and achieving desired synergies and cost savings. These fees and costs may be substantial. No assurances can be made that the costs of achieving the anticipated cost synergies will not rise materially, or that synergies will be realized in the amounts expected, in the timeframes we currently anticipate, or at all. We can provide no assurance that we will be successful in generating growth, maintaining or increasing our cash flows or profitability or achieving cost savings and revenue enhancements in connection with the items reflected by these adjustments, and our inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, results of operations and financial position.

Our operations depend on production facilities, including the expansion of existing facilities and opening of new facilities, throughout the world, which subjects us to varying degrees of risk of disrupted production.

We operate manufacturing facilities worldwide and continue to expand and open new facilities in different locales. Our manufacturing facilities and operations could be disrupted by a natural disaster, labor strike, shortages in suppliers, components and parts, war, political unrest, terrorist activity, economic upheaval, changes in governmental regulations, including but not limited to regulations regarding taxes, tariffs, custom duties, restricted and/or sanctioned parties, government mandated shutdowns or shelter in place orders, or public health concerns. Some of these conditions are more likely in certain geographic regions in which we operate. Any such disruption could cause delays in the manufacture and/or shipments of products, performance of services, and the loss of sales and customers, and insurance proceeds may not adequately compensate for losses.

Wars, conflicts and other types of geopolitical tensions, and any resulting sanctions by the U.S., European Union and other countries may contribute to inflation, market disruptions and increased volatility in commodity prices more acutely in the U.S. and Europe and a slowdown in global economic growth.

War and conflict, such as the current conflict in the middle east and the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022, and any resulting sanctions by the U.S., European Union, and other countries may have a broad range of adverse impacts on global business and financial markets, some of which may have adverse impacts on our business. These include increased inflation, significant market disruptions, increased volatility in commodity prices, the imposition of additional tariffs by the U.S. on certain of its trading partners, which could trigger retaliatory tariffs by those trading partners, and the possibility of additional potential tariffs or other trade restrictions by the U.S. on other jurisdictions. Although the duration and extent of military and other conflict is highly unpredictable, and the magnitude of the potential economic impact may not readily be quantified military and other hostile actions and resulting sanctions could have a negative effect on our financial condition and operating results. Further, war and conflicts could lead to instability and volatility in global markets and industries that could negatively impact our operations. The U.S. government and other governments in jurisdictions in which we operate may impose severe sanctions and export controls. While it is difficult to anticipate the duration and extent of any conflict, or the impact of any prolonged conflict and commensurate sanctions and penalties may have on our operations, any sanctions imposed or actions taken by the U.S. or other countries, and any retaliatory measures could increase our costs, reduce our sales and earnings or otherwise have an adverse effect on our operations.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Future legislation and regulation governing Internet-related services, other related communications services information technologies, and critical infrastructure could disrupt our customers’ markets resulting in declines in sales volume and prices of our products and otherwise have an adverse effect on our business operations and performance.

Various laws and governmental regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad, governing Internet-related services, related communications services, information technologies, and the construction and location of data centers and other critical infrastructure remain largely unsettled, even in areas where there has been some legislative action. There are anticipated regulations forthcoming in the U.S. and other countries where our customers operate in the areas of cybersecurity, data privacy and data security, artificial intelligence, and critical infrastructure construction, permitting and energy consumption any of which could impact us and our customers. Future legislation and regulation could impose additional costs on our business, disrupt our customers’ markets or require us to make changes in our operations which could adversely affect our operations and performance.

Any failure to comply with evolving data privacy and data protection laws and regulations or to otherwise protect personal data, may adversely impact our business and financial results.

To conduct our operations, we regularly move data across borders, and consequently we are subject to a number of continuously evolving and developing privacy and data protection laws and regulations around the world. These include, for example, the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") in Europe, the California Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act of 2020 ("CPRA") in the U.S., and the Personal Information Protection Law ("PIPL") in China. These laws impose numerous obligations on data controllers and processors. Breaches could result in substantial fines, regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/change our use of data, enforcement notices, and potential civil claims including class action type litigation. We seek to comply with and abide by all laws and regulations to which we are subject and devote significant time and resources to our compliance efforts. Despite such efforts, there is a risk that we may be subject to fines and penalties, litigation and reputational harm if we fail to properly process or protect the data or privacy of third parties or comply with data privacy and data protection regimes.

Our international operations expose us to specific legal compliance issues relating to anti-corruption laws and regulations of the U.S. government and various other international jurisdictions, and our failure to comply with those regulations could adversely impact our business.

We are subject to various anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"), which prohibit payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We operate in several less-developed regions that are recognized as having a greater risk of potentially corrupt business environments and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-corruption laws may conflict with local customs and practices. Our legal compliance and ethics programs and policies, including our code of business conduct, existing policies on anti-bribery, export controls, environmental and other legal compliance, and periodic training on these matters, mandate compliance with anti-corruption laws and are designed to reduce the likelihood of a compliance violation. In the event that we have reason to believe that our employees or business partners have or may have violated applicable laws, regulations or policies, including anti-corruption laws, we are required to investigate the relevant facts and circumstances, which can be expensive and require significant time and attention from senior management. Nevertheless, such a violation could still occur, disrupting our business through fines, penalties, diversion of internal resources, negative publicity and possibly severe criminal or civil sanctions.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls and sanction programs that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets.

We, and certain of our products (including components of such products), are subject to applicable import laws, export controls and economic sanctions laws and regulations, including rule changes, evolving enforcement practices, and other government actions. Changes in import and export control or trade sanctions laws, the imposition of tariffs on certain U.S. trading partners, the potential for retaliatory tariffs, or the imposition of additional tariffs or other trade restrictions, will increase our costs, and may restrict our business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned entities, and may result in claims for breach of existing contracts and modifications to existing compliance programs and training schedules. While we train our employees to comply with these regulations and have systems in place designed to prevent compliance failure, we cannot provide assurance that a violation will not occur, whether knowingly or inadvertently. Violations may result in penalties, including fines, debarments from export and import privileges, and loss of authorizations needed to conduct aspects of our international business, and may harm our ability to enter into contracts with our customers and suppliers who have contracts with the U.S. government. A violation of the laws and regulations enumerated above could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in U.S. or foreign trade policies, including additional tariffs or global trade conflicts, could increase the cost of our products, which could adversely impact the competitiveness of our products.

There is currently significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.S. and various other countries with respect to trade policies and tariffs. For example, the new U.S. administration has instituted substantial changes to U.S. foreign trade policy with respect to China and other countries, including a significant increase in tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. and the possibility of imposing further restrictions on international trade. This new administration has taken a different approach to U.S. foreign trade policy than their predecessors, so there remains uncertainty as to whether, and to what degree, trade between the U.S and other countries, including countries in which we operate, will be impacted by these policy shifts. Changes in policy or continued uncertainty could depress economic activity and restrict our access to suppliers or customers. Furthermore, counter- or retaliatory tariffs imposed against the U.S. could impact our sales internationally. Tariffs implemented on our products (or on materials, parts or components we use to manufacture our products or to provide service for our products) have in the past increased the cost of our products manufactured in the U.S. and imported into the U.S. The imposition of additional tariffs on our products (or on materials, parts or components we use to manufacture our products or to provide service for our products) by the U.S. or other countries, the cost of our products manufactured in other countries subject to additional tariffs and imported into the U.S. or other countries in which we operate would increase as a result of new tariffs that are implemented, and could increase further to the extent that retaliatory tariffs or similar additional trade restrictions are implemented. In the event we are unable to pass the increased costs resulting from any tariffs along to our customers, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, profitability, and our earnings.

We are subject to risks related to legal claims and proceedings filed by or against us, and adverse outcomes in these matters may materially harm our business.

We are subject to various claims, disputes, investigations, demands, arbitration, litigation, or other legal proceedings. Legal claims and proceedings may relate to labor and employment matters, commercial contracts, intellectual property, disputes with customers and suppliers, product liability or defects, environmental, health and safety matters, property damage, theft, personal injury, fiduciary duties of our directors and officers, securities matters, and various other matters. Legal matters are inherently uncertain, and we cannot predict the duration, scope, outcome or consequences. In addition, legal matters are expensive and time-consuming to defend, settle, and/or resolve, and may require us to implement certain remedial measures that could prove costly or disruptive to our business and operations. The unfavorable resolution of one or more of these matters could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our financial performance may suffer if we cannot continue to develop, commercialize or enforce the intellectual property rights on which our businesses depend, or if we are unable to gain and maintain access to relevant intellectual property rights of third parties through license and other agreements, or are subjected to successful third-party claims of infringement.

Our business relies on a substantial portfolio of global intellectual property rights. Intellectual property laws vary by jurisdiction and we may be unable to protect or enforce our proprietary rights adequately in all cases, or do so without undue cost. In addition, our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, infringed or circumvented. The existence of many patents in our fields, the secrecy of some pending patent applications, and the rapid rate of issuance of new patents makes it economically impractical to make conclusive advance determinations of whether a product or any of its components infringes the patent rights of others. We also rely on maintenance of proprietary information (such as trade secrets, know-how and other confidential information) to protect certain intellectual property, which can be difficult to maintain as confidential. Confidentiality agreements may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of an unauthorized disclosure, and the enforceability of such confidentiality agreements may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secrets, protection of know-how and other confidential information could adversely impact our business.

We also rely on licensing certain intellectual property rights from third parties, which requires that we monitor and manage our use of third-party and open-source software components to comply with applicable license terms. Our ability to comply with such license terms may be affected by factors that we can only partially influence or control. The continuation of good licensing relationships with our third-party licensors is important to our business. If any of our third-party licensors are acquired by our competitors, the applicable licensed intellectual property may no longer be available to us or available only on less favorable terms, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, third party claims of infringement by us or customers using our product, regardless of the merit of these claims, can be time-consuming, costly to defend, and may require that we develop or substitute non-infringing technologies, redesign affected products, divert management’s attention and resources away from our business, require us to enter into settlement or license agreements that may not be commercially reasonable, pay significant damage awards, including treble damages if we were found to be willfully infringing, or temporarily or permanently cease engaging in certain activities or offering certain products or services in some or all jurisdictions, and any of the foregoing could adversely impact our business.

Our customer contracts and certain of our intellectual property license agreements often include obligations to indemnify our customers and licensees against certain claims of intellectual property infringement, and these obligations may be uncapped. If claims of intellectual property infringement are brought against such customers or licensees in respect of the intellectual property rights, products or services that we provide to them, we may be required to defend such customers or licensees and/or pay some or all of the costs these parties may incur related to such litigation or claims.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety matters, laws and regulations, including regulations related to the composition and take back of our products and our ownership, lease or operation of our facilities which could subject us to significant costs or liabilities.

We are subject to a broad range of foreign and domestic environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and requirements, including those relating to the discharge of regulated materials into the environment, the generation and handling of hazardous substances and wastes, human health and safety, and the content, composition and take back of our products. For example, the European Union Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and similar laws and regulations of China and other jurisdictions limit the content of certain hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, and cadmium in the manufacture of electrical equipment, including our products. Additionally, the EU, China and other jurisdictions have adopted or proposed versions of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, which requires producers of electrical and electronic equipment to assume responsibility for collecting, treating, recycling and disposing of products when they have reached the end of their useful life, as well as Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances regulations, which regulate the handling and use of certain chemical substances that may be used in our products.

If we fail to comply with applicable environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we may face administrative, civil or criminal fines or penalties, the suspension or revocation of necessary permits, and requirements to install additional pollution controls. Furthermore, current and future environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permit requirements could require us to make changes to our operations or incur significant costs relating to compliance. For example, as climate change issues become more prevalent, foreign, federal, state and local governments and our customers have been responding to these issues. The increased global focus on environmental sustainability may result in new regulations and customer requirements, or changes in current regulations and customer requirements, which could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, we handle hazardous materials in the ordinary course of operations which increases the risk that there may be spills or releases of hazardous materials into the environment. We have significant manufacturing facilities in North and South America, in Asia-Pacific and in Europe, Middle East & Africa. At sites which we own, lease or operate, or have previously owned, leased or operated, or where we have disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous materials, we may have current liability exposure for contamination, and could in the future be liable for additional contamination. We have been, and may in the future be, required to participate in the remediation or investigation of, or otherwise bear liability for, such contamination and be subject to claims from third parties who were damaged or injured by such contamination.

We are subject to risks related to various environmental, social and governance ("ESG")-related matters, metrics, and goals, which may impact our business and reputation.

Businesses including ours are facing increasing scrutiny in ESG-related areas, which may include renewable resources, environmental stewardship, supply chain management, climate change, safety, diversity, equity and inclusion ("DEI"), workplace conduct, human rights, philanthropy and support for local communities. If we fail to meet applicable standards or expectations with respect to these issues across all of our services and in all of our operations and activities, including any metrics and goals that we set for ourselves and disclose publicly or we fail to disclose publicly, our reputation and brand image could be damaged, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Our reputation also may be harmed by the perceptions that our customers, employees, and other stakeholders have about our action or inaction on ESG issues.

Certain organizations that provide corporate governance and other corporate risk information to investors and stakeholders have developed, and others may in the future develop, scores and ratings to evaluate companies based in whole or part on various ESG metrics. We do not control these organizations or the content and opinions included in their reports and cannot assure that their analysis would be positive or accurate. Many investment funds focus on positive ESG business practices and sustainability scores when making investments and may consider a company’s ESG or sustainability scores as a reputational or other factor in making an investment decision.

If we communicate to the market certain initiatives and goals regarding ESG matters, we could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives and goals, or we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals. The expectations and assumptions underlying any such initiatives and goals would be necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and measuring and reporting on many ESG matters.

In addition, in recent years “anti-ESG” sentiment has gained momentum across the U.S., with several states and Congress having proposed or enacted “anti-ESG” policies, legislation, or initiatives or issued related legal opinions, and the President of the United States of America having recently issued an executive order opposing DEI initiatives in the private sector. Such anti-ESG and anti-DEI-related policies, legislation, initiatives, litigation, legal opinions, and scrutiny could result in us facing additional compliance obligations, becoming the subject of investigations and enforcement actions, or sustaining reputational harm.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position, Investments and Indebtedness

Our results of operations may be adversely affected if we fail to realize the full value of our goodwill and intangible assets.

As of December 31, 2024, we had total goodwill and net intangible assets of $2,808.2 which constituted approximately 31% of our total assets in the aggregate. We assess goodwill and indefinite lived assets for impairment annually, and we conduct an interim evaluation of definite lived and indefinite lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as operating losses or a significant decline in earnings associated with the acquired business or asset, indicate that these assets may be impaired. Our ability to realize the value of goodwill and net intangible assets will depend on the future cash flows of the businesses to which they relate. If we are not able to realize the value of the goodwill and net intangible assets, this could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, and also result in an impairment of those assets.

We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and our hedging activities may not protect us against the consequences of such fluctuations on our earnings and cash flows.

As a result of our global operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates, most notably if the U.S. dollar strengthens against the primary foreign currencies, which could adversely impact our revenue growth in future periods. For example, if the U.S. dollar strengthens against other currencies such as the euro, our revenues reported in U.S. dollars would decline. In addition, for U.S. dollar-denominated sales, an increase in the value of the U.S. dollar would increase the real cost to customers of our products in markets outside the U.S., which could result in price concessions in certain markets, impact our competitive position or have an adverse effect on demand for our products and consequently on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The presence of a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As of December 31, 2024 management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective. Notwithstanding this conclusion, we have had material weaknesses in the past, and we cannot assure you that we will not have additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future.

If we are unable to remediate any future material weaknesses identified, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission, could be adversely affected. This failure could negatively affect the market price and trading liquidity of our Class A common stock, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties and generally materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.

Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from making payments on our debt obligations.

We have debt, including existing outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan Facility (as defined herein). As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $2,097.0 of senior secured indebtedness outstanding under the Term Loan Facility, $850.0 of Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (the “Notes”) outstanding and $784.9 of undrawn commitments (which undrawn commitments are available subject to customary borrowing base and other conditions), and subject to separate sublimits for letters of credit, swingline borrowings and borrowings made to certain non-U.S. subsidiaries) under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility (as defined herein) (net of letters of credit outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $15.1, and taking into account the borrowing base limitations set forth in the ABL Revolving Credit Facility), which, if drawn would constitute senior secured indebtedness.

Our level of indebtedness could have important consequences, including making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations; increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions; limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, raw materials, strategic acquisitions and other general corporate requirements; exposing us to interest rate fluctuations because the interest on the debt under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities is imposed, and debt under any future debt agreements may be imposed, at variable rates, which may affect the yield requirements of investors who invest in our shares, adversely impacting the price of our shares and our ability to issue equity or incur additional debt; requiring us to dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt (including interest and scheduled repayments on the outstanding term loan borrowings under the Term Loan Facility, interest payments on the Notes or any future debt agreements with similar requirements), thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow for operations and other purposes; making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations to our lenders, resulting in possible defaults on and acceleration of such indebtedness; limiting our ability to refinance indebtedness or increasing the associated costs; requiring us to sell assets to reduce debt or influencing our decision about whether to do so; limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate or preventing us from carrying out capital spending that is necessary or important to our growth strategy and efforts to improve operating margins of our business; and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to any competitors that have less debt or comparable debt at more favorable terms and that, as a result, may be better positioned to withstand economic downturns.

Despite our current levels of indebtedness, we have the ability to incur more indebtedness, which could further intensify the risks described above.

We may be able to incur additional debt in the future and the terms of the credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Notes will not prohibit us from doing so subject to certain limitations. We have the ability to draw upon the undrawn portion of our $800.0 ABL Revolving Credit Facility (subject to customary borrowing base and other conditions, and subject to separate sublimits for letters of credit, swingline borrowings and borrowings made to certain non-U.S. subsidiaries) and the ability to increase the aggregate availability thereunder by up to $200.0 (subject to receipt of commitments and satisfaction of certain other conditions). We also have the ability to draw upon the uncommitted accordion provided under the Term Loan Facility (subject to the receipt of commitments and satisfaction of certain other conditions), which, as of the date of closing of the Term Loan Facility, permitted incremental term loans thereunder or certain equivalent debt outside of the Term Loan Facility documentation of up to (i) the greater of $325.0 and 60% of “Consolidated EBITDA” (as defined in the Term Loan Facility), plus (ii) the sum of all voluntary prepayments, repurchases and redemptions of the Term Loan Facility and certain permitted indebtedness that is secured on a pari passu basis with the Term Loan Facility, in each case, to the extent not financed with the incurrence of certain additional long-term indebtedness, plus (iii) an unlimited amount so long as, on a pro forma basis (x) with respect to indebtedness secured on a pari passu basis with the Term Loan Facility, the “Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio” (as defined in the Term Loan Facility) of Vertiv Group (as defined herein) and its restricted subsidiaries would not exceed 3.75:1.00 and (y) with respect to indebtedness incurred outside of the Term Loan Facility documentation and secured on a junior basis with the Term Loan Facility or unsecured, the “Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio” (as defined in the Term Loan Facility) of Vertiv Group (as defined herein) and its restricted subsidiaries would not exceed, subject to certain exceptions, 5.25:1.00. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify and we may not be able to meet all our respective debt obligations. In addition, the credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Notes do not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness under those agreements.

Restrictive covenants in the credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the indenture governing the Notes, and any future debt agreements, could restrict our operating flexibility.

The credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Notes contain covenants that limit certain of our subsidiaries’ ability to take certain actions. These restrictions may limit our ability to operate our businesses, and may prohibit or limit our ability to enhance our operations or take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise.

The credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Notes restrict (subject to exceptions), among other things, our ability to incur additional indebtedness; pay dividends or other payments on capital stock; guarantee other obligations; grant liens on assets; make loans, acquisitions or other investments; transfer or dispose of assets; make optional payments of, or otherwise modify, certain debt instruments; engage in transactions with affiliates; amend organizational documents; engage in mergers or consolidations; enter into arrangements that restrict certain of our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; change the nature of the business conducted by Vertiv Group and its restricted subsidiaries; and designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries. Additionally, the activities which may be carried out by Holdings (as defined herein) are subject to limitations.

In addition, under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, if availability goes below a certain threshold, Vertiv Group and its restricted subsidiaries are required to comply with a minimum “Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio” (as defined in the ABL Revolving Credit Facility) of 1.00 to 1.00.

Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in the credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the indenture governing the Notes and any future debt agreements, is not fully within our control and breaches of such covenants or restrictions could trigger adverse consequences.

Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in the credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the indenture governing the Notes and any future debt agreements, may be affected by economic conditions and by financial, market and competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions in future periods will also depend substantially on the pricing and sales volume of our products, our success at implementing cost reduction initiatives and our ability to successfully implement our overall business strategy, among other factors. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a default under the credit agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the indenture governing the Notes or any future debt, including as a result of a cross-default, that would permit the applicable note holders or lenders to terminate any outstanding commitments and declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. In that case, the applicable borrowers may be unable to borrow under the Senior Secured

Credit Facilities, the Notes, or any future debt, may not be able to repay the amounts due under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the Notes, or any future debt, may not be able to make interest payments on the Senior Secured Credit Facilities of the Notes and may not be able make cash available to us, by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise, to enable us to make payments on any future debt, meet other corporate needs or pay dividends. In addition, the lenders under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the noteholders of the Notes or any future secured debtholder, could proceed against the collateral securing that indebtedness. This could have serious consequences to our financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.

Our business plan is dependent on access to funding through the capital markets.

Our ability to invest in our businesses, make strategic acquisitions and refinance maturing debt obligations requires access to the capital markets and sufficient bank credit lines to support short-term borrowings. Volatility in the capital markets may increase costs associated with issuing other debt instruments, or affect our ability to access those markets. Any decline in the ratings of our corporate credit or any indications from the rating agencies that their ratings on our corporate credit are under surveillance or review with possible negative implications could adversely impact our ability to access capital. If we are unable to continue to access the capital markets, our ability to effectively execute our business plan could be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Additionally, if our customers, suppliers or financial institutions are unable to access the capital markets to meet their commitments to us, our business could be adversely impacted.

Risks Related to the Ownership of our Securities

Resales of our securities may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

As restrictions on resale end and registration statements remain available for use, the sale or possibility of sale of shares by the former owners of E&I and other investors could have the effect of increasing the volatility in our share price or the market price of our securities could decline if the holders of currently restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. We cannot predict the size of any such future sales of shares or the effect, if any, that future sales would have on the market price of our shares. Sales of our Class A common stock may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales also could cause our stock price to fall and make it more difficult for holders to sell shares of our Class A common stock.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in our Organizational Documents could impair a takeover attempt.

Our Organizational Documents contain provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. Certain of these provisions provide:

• no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
• the right of our Board to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director in certain circumstances, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board;
• a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; a prohibition on stockholders calling a special meeting and the requirement that a meeting of stockholders may only be called by members of our Board or the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and
• advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a meeting of stockholders, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Company.

Our Certificate of Incorporation includes a forum selection clause, which could discourage claims or limit stockholders’ ability to make a claim against us, our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders.

Our Certificate of Incorporation includes a forum selection clause, which provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the

Company; (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees of the Company to the Company or our stockholders; (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; or (d) any action asserting a claims governed by the internal affairs doctrine, except for, as to each of (a) through (d) above, any claim (i) as to which the Court of Chancery determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten days following such determination), (ii) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court of Chancery, (iii) for which the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction or (iv) arising under the federal securities laws, including the Securities Act, as to which the Court of Chancery and the federal district court for the District of Delaware shall concurrently be the sole and exclusive forums. This forum selection clause may discourage claims or limit stockholders’ ability to submit claims in a judicial forum that they find favorable and may result in additional costs for a stockholder seeking to bring a claim. While we believe the risk of a court declining to enforce this forum selection clause is low, if a court were to determine the forum selection clause to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs in conjunction with our efforts to resolve the dispute in an alternative jurisdiction, which could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the forum selection clause will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the sole and exclusive forum.

We are a holding company and will depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends.

We are a holding company without any direct operations and have no significant assets other than our ownership interest in our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends depends upon the financial condition, liquidity and results of operations of, and our receipt of dividends, loans or other funds from, our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation to make funds available to us. In addition, there are various statutory, regulatory and contractual limitations and business considerations on the extent, if any, to which our subsidiaries may pay dividends, make loans or otherwise provide funds to us. For example, the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions, loans and other payments to us for the purposes described above and for any other purpose may be limited by the terms of the agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the Notes, and any of our other outstanding indebtedness.

General Risk Factors

Global macroeconomic conditions, including economic weakness and uncertainty in the areas in which we operate, could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Worldwide economic conditions generally impact demand for our product offerings. Macroeconomic weakness and uncertainty in global, regional or local areas may result in decreased orders, revenue, gross margin and earnings. Our business has been impacted from time to time in the past by macroeconomic weakness in the U.S. and various regions outside of the U.S. Continued pressures relating to global supply chain constraints, inflationary impacts on component parts and raw materials, higher overhead costs as a percentage of revenue and higher interest expense and labor shortages have resulted, and could continue to result in, economic weakness and uncertainty, which could result in:

• capital spending constraints for customers and, as a result, reduced demand for our offerings;
• increased price competition for our offerings;
• excess and obsolete inventories;
• restricted access to capital markets and financing, resulting in delayed or missed payments to us and additional bad debt expense;
• excess facilities and manufacturing capacity;
• significant declines in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, impacting our revenues and results of operations;
• financial difficulty for our customers; and
• increased difficulty in forecasting business activity for us, customers, the sales channel and vendors.

In order to successfully operate, we must identify, attract, develop, train, motivate and retain key employees, and failure to do so could seriously harm us.

In order to successfully operate as an independent public company and implement our business plans, we must identify, attract, develop, motivate, train and retain key employees, including qualified executives, management, engineering, sales, marketing, IT support and service personnel. The market for such individuals may be highly competitive. We may not be successful in attracting, integrating or retaining qualified personnel to meet our current growth plans or future needs. Our productivity may be adversely affected if we do not integrate and train our new employees quickly and effectively. Attracting and retaining key employees in a competitive marketplace requires us to provide a competitive compensation package, which often includes cash- and equity-based compensation. If our total compensation package is not viewed as competitive, our ability to attract, motivate and retain key employees could be weakened and failure to successfully hire or retain key employees and executives could adversely impact us.

Changes in our executive management team, including our executive chairman, may also cause disruptions in, and harm to, our business and failure to have an effective succession plan in place for our key executive officers could significantly delay or prevent us from achieving our business and/or development objectives and could materially harm our business.

We may elect not to purchase insurance for certain business risks and expenses and, for the insurance coverage we have in place, such coverage may not address all of our potential exposures or, in the case of substantial losses, may be inadequate.

We may elect not to purchase insurance for certain business risks and expenses, such as claimed intellectual property infringement, where we believe we can adequately address the anticipated exposure or where insurance coverage is either not available at all or not available on a cost-effective basis. In addition, product liability and product recall insurance coverage is expensive and may not be available on acceptable terms, in sufficient amounts, or at all. We may be named as a defendant in product liability or other lawsuits asserting potentially large claims if an accident occurs at a location where our products, solutions or services have been or are being used. For those policies that we do have, insurance coverage may be inadequate in the case of substantial losses, or our insurers may refuse to cover us on specific claims. Losses not covered by insurance could be substantial and unpredictable and could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to maintain our portfolio of insurance coverage, whether at an acceptable cost or at all, or if there is an increase in the frequency or damage amounts claimed against us, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be negatively impacted.

Fluctuations in interest rates could materially affect our financial results and may increase the risk our counterparties default on our interest rate hedges.

Borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are subject to variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. Potential future increases in interest rates and credit spreads may increase our interest expense and therefore negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations, and reduce our access to capital markets. We have entered into interest rate swap agreements to hedge a portion of the floating rate exposure of the Term Loan Facility. Increased interest rates may increase the risk that the counterparties to our interest rate swap agreements will default on their obligations, which could further increase our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Conversely, if interest rates are lower than our swapped fixed rates, we will be required to pay more for our debt than we would have had we not entered into the interest rate swap agreements.

We incur significant costs and devote substantial management time as a result of operating as a public company.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses. For example, we are required to comply with certain of the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, and the rules of the NYSE, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Compliance with these requirements increases our legal and financial compliance costs and makes some activities more time-consuming and costly. In addition, our management and other personnel divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these public company requirements. In particular, we expect to continue incurring expenses and to devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Successfully implementing our business plan and complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other regulations described above requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate Consolidated Financial Statements. Any delay in this implementation of, or disruption in, the transition to new or enhanced systems, procedures, or controls, may cause us to present restatements or cause our operations to suffer, and we may be unable to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors.

Overview

The Company, its management and its Board understand the critical importance of cybersecurity in maintaining the trust, confidence and support of customers, employees, and other stakeholders. The Company, as a supplier of products of critical digital infrastructure technologies to our customers, is reliant on technology and information systems that may comprise part of the products we sell or the services that we provide. As a worldwide business, we have also become increasingly dependent on digital technologies, including information systems, infrastructure and cloud applications and services, to operate our businesses, process and record financial and operating data (including processing customer orders, shipping products, billing our customers, and tracking inventory), communicate with our employees and business partners, and perform other activities related to our businesses. Our evolution into smart products, Internet of Things, business-to-consumer, and e-commerce subjects us to increased cyber and technology risks. The secure operation of our information technology systems and networks and ensuring that we have skilled personnel to assist in ensuring their continued security is critical to our business operations and strategy.

Our cybersecurity program aims to provide a robust, dynamic and secure environment that protects the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of this data. Our cybersecurity program has a fully defined set of documentation that is aimed at identifying, assessing and responding to cybersecurity risks. Our implementation of various internal and external controls and processes, including appropriate internal risk assessment and internal policy implementation, incorporating a risk-based cyber security framework to monitor and mitigate security threats and other strategies to increase security for our information, facilities and infrastructure, is discussed below. In addition, we provide disclosure and discussion with respect to the following facets relating to the Company’s cybersecurity program (a) our risk management processes and overall strategy for addressing cybersecurity threats and incidents within the context of our information systems (each as defined in Item 106 of Regulation S-K); (b) the potential impact of cybersecurity threats on our business strategy, results of operations, and financial condition; and (c) the respective roles of the Board in overseeing, and the Company’s management in assessing and managing, cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents.

Risk Management and Strategy

Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Cybersecurity Threats: The Company maintains a fully defined set of documentation for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. We recognize the risk that cybersecurity threats pose to our operations, and cybersecurity is an integral component of our overall enterprise risk management ("ERM") strategy. Our cybersecurity framework is aligned with the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s special publication 800-53 and ISO 27001 and is comprised of the following four main pillars:

Risk Governance: The Company’s cybersecurity program utilizes a cross-functional approach to addressing cybersecurity risks and engages in discussions with the Board (or a committee thereof) and our executive officers accordingly on an as-needed basis. The Company’s cybersecurity processes are implemented to help ensure that the Company’s cybersecurity practices are aligned with the Company’s overall ERM standards and practices. The Company has formed a Cyber Risk Oversight Committee ("CROC") to oversee the Company’s cybersecurity program. Our CROC, in turn, communicates any unresolved risks to the Company’s Enterprise Risk Committee ("ERC") and the ERC interacts with the Board, the Audit Committee and executive management on a regular interval, or more frequently (if necessary) in regard to such risks. Currently, the CROC is comprised of representatives of our IT department as well as senior leadership, including a majority of the direct reports to our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"). The ERC is comprised of our Chief Legal Counsel, Senior Director of Global Risk Oversight and various heads of regional or global business units and corporate functions, including but not limited to, IT, finance, accounting, legal, and human resources.

Risk Identification: We have developed risk identification and vulnerability management procedures that address the identification, prioritization, and remediation of cybersecurity vulnerabilities. To facilitate this program, the Company has created cyber risk and incident management procedures and a related risk register to document and monitor potential risks. As discussed below, the Company uses certain third-party tools to identify and manage cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Each risk in the risk register is monitored by one of our cybersecurity members and updates are reported to the CROC as needed.

Risk Assessment: The Company generally evaluates risks, including cybersecurity risks, based on probability, impact and proximity. As part of its program, the Company conducts formal cybersecurity risk assessment exercises on an annual basis. The Company has documented processes and protocols in order to delineate unacceptable levels of risk and assess such risks based on a number of factors.

Risk Response: We have developed various playbooks that comprise a comprehensive written incident response plan (collectively, our IRP). This IRP describes the procedures for handling a variety of cybersecurity incidents; categorizes the types of potential cybersecurity incidents and the timeframe for reporting each; establishes cybersecurity incident response levels; provides for the conducting of legally privileged investigations to enable us to meet applicable legal obligations, including possible notification requirements; and outlines the roles and responsibilities for various personnel in the event of a cybersecurity incident, including but not limited to, the process to escalate risks to our Board, Audit Committee and our executive management, as necessary. Incidents with respect to third parties are managed internally using the same basic processes as managing internal cybersecurity incidents.

Third-Party Risk Management: The Company’s comprehensive approach to cybersecurity and its associated risk management framework requires, when applicable, the engagement of certain third parties, which could include law enforcement, vendors, and other software or service providers. The Company leverages substantial technological tools and partners to augment and enable the efforts of its internal cybersecurity team. These third parties assist with various cybersecurity functions including monitoring, threat detection, vulnerability management, network segmentation, mobile device management, data protection, tabletop exercises, semi-annual penetration testing, multi-factor authentication, and threat intelligence.

Education and Awareness: In consultation with our cybersecurity team, we mandate annual cybersecurity awareness training for Company personnel, and regularly conduct simulated phishing attacks as a means to equip them with effective tools to detect and address cybersecurity threats as well as to communicate our evolving cybersecurity policies, standards, processes, and practices in the context of its information systems.

Impact of Cybersecurity Threats: To date, there have been no risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected, or have been reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

Governance

Board Oversight of Risks from Cybersecurity Threats: The Board is ultimately responsible for the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats and collaborates with the Audit Committee of the Board and the ERC in these oversight responsibilities. The responsibilities of the ERC include participating and collaboration with the CROC to oversee policies and management systems for cybersecurity matters, overseeing the identification, assessment and response to cybersecurity risks, maintaining and implementing our IRP, and communicating on a regular interval, or more frequently (if necessary) with the Board, the Audit Committee and executive management in regard to such risks. The Company's processes call for prompt and timely notifications and updates to the Board and the Audit Committee, as applicable and as necessary depending on the nature and severity of the incident, in connection with any cybersecurity incidents that may occur. In addition, the Board, the Audit Committee, and the ERC receive regular presentations and reports on cybersecurity matters that address the full range of cybersecurity topics discussed herein. Further, on a periodic basis, the Board and/or Audit Committee and the ERC also discuss our cybersecurity programs and processes with our CEO, Chief Information Officer ("CIO"), and Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO").

Management’s Role in Assessing and Managing Cybersecurity Threats: Management’s role in assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats is documented in the Company’s IT and Cybersecurity Risk Management Strategy Plan (our Cybersecurity Plan), and our processes for identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and remediating vulnerabilities are documented via our Cybersecurity Plan (and the documents referenced therein) and our IRP. Our management cybersecurity team consists of a majority of the direct reports to our CEO, including our CIO, as well as dedicated cybersecurity personnel – including without limitation, our CISO, multiple cybersecurity engineers and other business level stakeholders. Although there is overlap between the CROC and our management cybersecurity team, the CROC is intended to function as a proactive group to assess and treat risks prior to an incident occurring and the cybersecurity management team is tasked with responding to threats or incidents. In connection with and pursuant to our enterprise risk management plan, our cybersecurity team, the CROC and our ERC work collaboratively across the Company to implement programs and processes designed to protect our information system from cybersecurity threats, assess and manage risks arising from any such threats, and to promptly respond to cybersecurity incidents.

Upon the discovery of a potential or actual cybersecurity incident, the detecting party is obligated to inform the CISO, or deputy CISO if the CISO is unavailable, as an initial step. We also employ the services of an outside vendor that is tasked with contacting the CISO, or the CISO’s delegee, upon learning of an incident. Subsequently, our CISO will guide the initial analysis of the cybersecurity incident, and depending on the nature of the incident, these cybersecurity incidents may be escalated to our CIO and above according to the guidelines set forth in the IRP. Analysis of the potential impact of the cybersecurity incident is one of the primary objectives of our initial response. Once the severity level and appropriate management protocol for responding to the cybersecurity incident have been determined in accordance with our Cybersecurity Plan and IRP, the CIO, or the CIO's delegee, may elevate the incident to the CEO, Chief Legal Counsel, Board, and Audit Committee as needed (depending on the nature and severity of the incident) for further investigation and response, including for an assessment of materiality. Depending on the nature of the incident, the CIO or Chief Legal Counsel will coordinate a notification and communications plan and event analysis across the appropriate teams, which may involve updates to our cybersecurity management team, the Board, the Audit Committee, the ERC and the CROC.

Relevant Expertise of Management: Our CISO has more than 20 years of intelligence, information technology and cybersecurity experience, and holds a Masters degree in the area of Cybersecurity and Information Sciences from The Pennsylvania State University as well as a Graduate Certificate from The Pennsylvania State University in Information Systems Cybersecurity and a current Certified Information Security Manager certification from ISACA. His prior roles include senior level positions in Defense, Financial Services and High Technology industries. Our CIO has more than 30 years of information technology and cybersecurity experience at various levels. She holds an executive MBA from the Quantic School of Business and Technology, a Graduate Certificate in SAP from Central Michigan University, a Masters in computer information systems from Grand Valley State University and a BA from the University of Michigan. Her prior roles include positions as Chief Information Officer and Vice President of Information Technology and Digital Office of Adient plc, a global automotive seating manufacturer, and Chief Information Officer and Vice President of Information Technology, Power Solutions of Johnson Controls.

Our principal executive offices are located at 505 N. Cleveland Ave., Westerville, Ohio 43082. We maintain offices and manufacturing facilities at approximately 300 locations in over 40 countries. We are a lessee under a number of operating leases for certain real properties and equipment, none of which are individually material to our operations. Management believes that the existing manufacturing facilities are adequate for our operations and that the facilities are maintained in good condition. We do not anticipate difficulty in renewing leases as they expire or in finding alternative facilities.

With the exception of the below, we are not a party to any material, pending legal proceedings or claims at December 31, 2024. From time-to-time, we may be a party to, or otherwise involved in, legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. The nature of our business ordinarily results in a certain amount of pending as well as threatened claims, litigation, investigations, regulatory and legal and administrative cases, matters and proceedings, all of which are considered incidental to the normal conduct of business. When we determine that we have meritorious defenses to the claims asserted, we vigorously defend ourself. We consider settlement of cases when, in management’s judgment, it is in the best interests of both Vertiv and its shareholders to do so.

On May 3, 2022, a putative securities class action, In re Vertiv Holdings Co Securities Litigation, 22-cv-3572, was filed against Vertiv, certain of the Company’s officers and directors, and other defendants in the Southern District of New York. Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on September 16, 2022. The amended complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s public statements were materially false and/or misleading with respect to inflationary and supply chain pressures and pricing issues, and asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Sections 11, 12(a)(2), and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These claims are asserted on behalf of a putative class of all persons and entities that (i) purchased Vertiv securities between February 24, 2021 and February 22, 2022; and/or (ii) purchased Vertiv securities in or traceable to the November 4, 2021 secondary public offering by a selling stockholder pursuant to a resale registration statement. On January 31, 2024, the Court issued an order dismissing the claims under Sections 11, 12(a)(2), and 15 of the Securities Act. The motion to dismiss the claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act remains pending.

On June 9, 2023, two Vertiv shareholders, Matthew Sullivan and Jose Karlo Ocampo Avenido, brought a derivative lawsuit, Sullivan v. Johnson, et al., C.A. No. 2023-0608 (the "Sullivan Action"), against Vertiv (as no minal defendant only) and certain of the Company’s directors and officers in Delaware Court of Chancery for breach of fiduciary duty. Further, on November 19, 2024, another Vertiv shareholder, Laura Hanna, brought a derivative lawsuit, Hanna v. Johnson, et al. (the "Hanna Action"), against Vertiv (as nominal defendant only) and certain of Company’s directors and officers in Delaware Court of Chancery for breach of fiduciary duty. The complaints allege that certain of the named directors and officers caused the Company to issue materially false and/or misleading public statements with respect to inflationary and supply chain pressures and pricing issues, and that the Company suffered damages as a result. The Sullivan Action has been stayed since August 10, 2023 pending the outcome of the motion to dismiss in the securities class action. On February 13, 2025, the Delaware Court of Chancery entered an order that (i) consolidated the Sullivan Action and Hanna Action into a single consolidated derivative lawsuit, In re Vertiv Holdings Co Stockholder Derivative Litigation, Consolidated C.A. No. 2023-0608-NAC (the “Consolidated Derivative Action”), (ii) designated the complaint in the Hanna Action as the operative complaint in the Consolidated Derivative Action, and (iii) stayed the Consolidated Derivative Action on terms identical to those of the existing stay of the Sullivan Action.

We believe we have meritorious defenses against the allegations made in the aforementioned lawsuits, which are at the preliminary stages. However, we are unable at this time to predict the outcome of these matters or the amount of any cost associated with their resolution.

In November 2023, following the filing of the putative securities class action and the Sullivan Action described above, the Company received a subpoena from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and a parallel request for documents from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, which relate to the allegations made in those actions. The Company is actively responding to these matters.

In January 2024, the Mexican tax administration service, the Servicio de Administracion Tributaria (the "SAT"), initiated a process to suspend the importer registration of one of the Company's wholly owned Mexico subsidiaries, Tecnología del Pacífico S.A. de C.V. (“TDP”), in connection with a contested customs tax audit for the period April 2016 to February 2018. After further investigation and discussion with SAT, TDP agreed to make payments and fees totaling approximately $10.1 which were recorded in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and subsequently paid in the first quarter of 2024. The Company intends to seek reimbursement of this amount as an undue payment from SAT, for which the outcome is currently unknown and no receivable has been established.

We are unable at this time to predict the outcome of these matters, including whether any proceedings may be instituted in connection with the government inquiries, or the amount of any cost associated with their resolution.

As of December 31, 2024, other than as described above, there were no known contingent liabilities (including guarantees, taxes and other claims) that management believes were or will be material in relation to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, nor were there any material commitments outside the normal course of business.

Unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, references to “the Company,” “Vertiv,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Vertiv Holdings Co, a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries; and “GSAH” refers to GS Acquisition Holdings Corp prior to the Business Combination. In addition, dollar amounts are stated in millions, except for per share amounts. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

We have omitted the discussion on our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, which discussion was previously included in Item 7 of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2024.

Overview

We are a global leader in the design, manufacturing and servicing of critical digital infrastructure technology that powers, cools, deploys, secures and maintains electronics that process, store and transmit data. We primarily provide this technology to data centers, communication networks and commercial & industrial environments worldwide. We aim to help create a world where critical technologies always work, and where we empower the vital applications of the digital world.

Outlook and Trends

Below is a summary of trends and events that are currently affecting, or may in the future affect, our business, operations and short-term outlook:

• Increased Tariffs: The global trade environment continues to evolve rapidly. In response to escalating pressures and geopolitical uncertainties surrounding global supply chains, we continue to pursue a supply chain strategy of geographic resilience. This includes adding regional sourcing and manufacturing options to complement our existing global supply chain. For example, in 2024, we expanded and strengthened our supply base and manufacturing footprint in the US as part of our overall capacity strategy to grow with customer demand in the US.

The imposition of new U.S. tariffs, as well as the possibility of retaliatory tariffs or the imposition of similar tariffs in jurisdictions where we have manufacturing facilities or our clients operate would increase our cost of doing business. We continue to analyze measures to minimize the potential impacts of the new and proposed tariffs on our business operations, including but not limited to continued expansion of domestic manufacturing and our ability to incorporate tariff impacts into pricing decisions.

• Capacity Expansion: We have invested in capacity expansion to meet current and anticipated additional customer demand. For example, since acquiring E&I in late 2021, we have approximately doubled our manufacturing capacity for switchgear, busbar and integrated solutions by opening new facilities and adding production to existing facilities. Additionally, in order to support our thermal management activity, we opened a new manufacturing facility in Pune, India in 2024. We also recently opened a new facility in Pelzer, South Carolina to support the production of modular solutions, modular power systems and other infrastructure systems. We anticipate continuing to invest in capacity globally to provide the geographic presence that our customers need, and the ability to rapidly scale and to ensure resiliency.
• Artificial Intelligence ("AI"): Increased maturity and adoption of AI and high-performance compute is currently impacting the data center industry and driving technology innovation, which has led to increased demand. The Company has invested in developing new product, services, and solutions to serve this growing industry, is increasing capacity to support additional demand for AI infrastructure as necessary and we will continue to invest to support additional growth driven by AI.
• Thermal Management Portfolio Expansion: We continue to invest in expansion of our thermal management portfolio and product capabilities to meet customer demands. The complexity of hybrid air and liquid cooling created by AI workloads presents significant opportunities for innovation within, and expansion of, the entire thermal chain to better optimize performance, power utilization, control, and heat re-use. Our investment and expansion efforts are directed at capturing new technologies across the entire thermal chain from chip to heat rejection and re-use and more to meet growing demands. Further, we are focused on the continued growth and expansion of our portfolio geographically, as we leverage our best-in-class regional products and expand such offerings into other regions and globally.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023

(Dollars in millions)

Net Sales

Net sales were $8,011.8 in 2024, an increase of $1,148.6, or 16.7%, compared with $6,863.2 in 2023. The increase in sales is primarily driven by higher sales volumes, partially offset by the negative impacts from foreign currency of $53.6. Product sales increased $974.0, which included negative impacts from foreign currency of $41.7. Services & spares sales increased $174.6, including the negative impacts from foreign currency of $11.9.

Excluding intercompany sales, net sales were $4,500.6 in the Americas, $1,717.8 in Asia Pacific and $1,793.4 in Europe, Middle East & Africa. Movements in net sales by segment and offering are each detailed in the Business Segments section below.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales were $5,077.6 in 2024, an increase of $614.9, or 13.8% compared to 2023. The increase in cost of sales was primarily driven by the impact of higher volumes. Gross profit was $2,934.2 in 2024, or 36.6% of sales, compared to $2,400.5, or 35.0% of sales in 2023. Margin increased primarily due to higher sales volume and improved price realization.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses (or “SG&A”) were $1,374.0 in 2024, an increase of $61.7 compared to 2023. SG&A as a percentage of sales were 17.1% in 2024 compared with 19.1% in 2023. The increase in SG&A was primarily driven by $45.8 of higher compensation costs, professional service fees of $18.1 inclusive of a one-time supplier expense, and increased IT and research and development expense.

Other Operating Expenses

The remaining other operating expenses include amortization of intangibles, restructuring costs, foreign currency (gain) loss, and other operating expense (income). These remaining other expenses were $192.8 for 2024, which was a $23.2 decrease from 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a $23.3 decrease in restructuring costs and a $6.7 decrease in foreign currency loss, partially offset by increased amortization of intangibles of $2.9.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities represents the mark-to-market fair value adjustments to the then outstanding Private Placement Warrants. The change in fair value of the then outstanding Private Placement Warrants during 2024 and 2023 resulted in a loss of $449.2 and $157.9, respectively. The change in fair value of these warrants was the result of changes in market prices of our common stock, and other observable inputs deriving the value of the financial instruments, and the exercise of 5,266,667 and 5,266,666 of the Private Placement Warrants in December 2024 and February 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there were no Private Placement Warrants outstanding.

Interest expense

Interest expense, net, was $150.4 in 2024 compared to $180.1 in 2023. The $29.7 decrease is primarily driven by a $16.4 increase of interest income, a $12.2 reduction to interest expense as a result of our Term Loan amendments, and a $7.9 decrease in interest due to lower ABL Revolving Credit Facility borrowings during the period. To the extent interest rates continue to fluctuate our interest expense will change, although we expect these changes to be partially mitigated by our interest rate swaps and interest income.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $269.6 in 2024 compared to $73.5 in 2023. The effective rate in 2024 was primarily influenced the changes in tax incentives, offset by net changes in valuation allowance and the tax impact of non-deductible changes in fair value of the warrant liabilities. In 2023, income tax expense was primarily influenced by the mix of income between our U.S. and non-U.S. operations, net of changes in valuation allowances and uncertain tax positions, and reflects the impact of non-deductible changes in fair value of warrant liabilities, as well as discrete tax adjustments related to legislation changes enacted in the period.

Income tax expense in 2024 was $196.1 higher than 2023 primarily due to the increased financial performance, changes in non-U.S tax holidays and incentives and the change in valuation allowance.

Business Segments

The following are business segment results for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Segment profitability is defined as operating profit (loss). Segment margin represents segment operating profit (loss) expressed as a percentage of segment net sales. For reconciliations of segment net sales and earnings to our consolidated results, see “Note 14 — Segment Information”, of our Consolidated Financial Statements. Segment net sales are presented excluding intercompany sales.

Americas

(Dollars in millions)

Americas net sales of $4,500.6 in 2024 increased $656.1, or 17.1%, from 2023. The increase in sales was primarily driven by higher sales volumes due to products increasing by $557.9 and service & spares increasing by $98.2. Americas net sales were negatively impacted by foreign currency of approximately $28.2.

Operating profit (loss) in 2024 was $1,097.8, increase of $335.4 compared with 2023. Margin increased primarily due to higher sales volumes, manufacturing and procurement productivity, and improved price realization.

Asia Pacific

(Dollars in millions)

Asia Pacific net sales of $1,717.8 in 2024 increased $190.0, or 12.4%, from 2023. The increase in sales was primarily driven by growth throughout the region, partially offset by the negative impact of foreign currency of approximately $18.1. Net sales of products improved by $150.4, and service & spares improved by $39.6.

Operating profit (loss) in 2024 was $175.2, an increase of $27.8 compared with 2023 mainly driven by sales from product mix. Margin increased primarily due to higher sales volumes and manufacturing and procurement productivity.

Europe, Middle East & Africa

(Dollars in millions)

Europe, Middle East & Africa net sales of $1,793.4 in 2024 increased $302.5, or 20.3%, from 2023. Sales increases were driven by increased volumes due to products increasing by $265.7, and service & spares increasing by $36.8, and were negatively impacted by foreign currency of approximately $7.3.

Operating profit (loss) in 2024 was $439.4, an increase of $141.7 compared with 2023. Margin increased primarily due to higher sales volumes and procurement driven productivity improvement.

Vertiv Corporate and Other

Corporate and other costs include costs associated with our headquarters located in Westerville, Ohio, as well as centralized global functions including Finance, Treasury, Risk Management, Strategy & Marketing, IT, Legal, and global product platform development and offering management. Corporate and other costs were $160.8 and $154.0 in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Corporate and other costs increased $6.8 compared to 2023 primarily due to a decrease in foreign currency loss of $6.7.

Capital Resources and Liquidity

Our primary future cash needs relate to working capital, operating activities, capital spending, strategic investments and debt service.

Capital Expenditures: Our capital expenditures are primarily related to the maintenance of our long-term assets, as well as the investment in projects, such as capacity and facility expansion, that support growth and innovation to further our enterprise strategy. Our capital expenditures (including capitalized software) were approximately $184.1 in 2024. We expect to have capital expenditures (including capitalized software) of $250 to $300 in 2025.

We have additional obligations as part of our ordinary course of business, beyond those committed for capital expenditures, which consist of debt obligations, lease obligations, bank guarantees, bonds and other financial instruments. Refer to “Note 6 — Debt”, “Note 7 — Leases”, and “Note 17 — Commitments and Contingencies” of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more information. In addition, we have uncertain tax positions that are further discussed in “Note 9 — Income Taxes” of the consolidated financial statements. We do not have any guarantees or other off-balance sheet financing arrangements, including variable interest entities, which could materially impact our financial condition or liquidity.

We, through our subsidiaries, are party to certain indebtedness arrangements, including the Senior Secured Notes, due 2028, with an outstanding principal amount of $850.0 as of December 31, 2024 (the “Notes”), the Term Loan, due 2027, with an outstanding principal amount of $2,097.0 as of December 31, 2024 (the “Term Loan”), and the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, due 2029, with a maturity date extended through an amendment in 2024, providing up to $800.0 of revolving borrowings, with separate sublimits for letters of credit and swingline borrowings and an uncommitted accordion of up to $200.0, for which none was outstanding as of December 31, 2024 (the “ABL Revolving Credit Facility” and collectively with the Term Loan, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”). See “Note 6 — Debt” of the consolidated financial statements for more detailed discussion of the material terms of the Notes and the Senior Secured Credit Facilities.

At December 31, 2024, we had $1,227.6 in cash and cash equivalents, which includes amounts held outside of the U.S., primarily in Europe and Asia. Non-U.S. cash is generally available for repatriation without legal restrictions, subject to certain taxes, mainly withholding taxes. We are not asserting indefinite reinvestment of cash or outside basis for our non-U.S. subsidiaries due to the outstanding debt obligations in instances where alternative repatriation options, other than dividends, are not available. At December 31, 2024, Vertiv had $784.9 of availability (subject to customary borrowing base and other conditions) under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, net of letters of credit outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $15.1, and taking into account the borrowing base limitations set forth in the ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

We believe our current cash and cash equivalent levels, augmented by availability under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, will provide adequate near-term liquidity for the next 12 months of independent operations, as well as the resources necessary to invest for growth in existing businesses and manage our capital structure on a short- and long-term basis. We expect to continue to opportunistically access the capital and financing markets from time to time. Access to capital and the availability of financing on acceptable terms in the future will be affected by many factors, including our credit rating, economic conditions, and the overall liquidity of capital markets. There can be no assurance that we will continue to have access to the capital and financing markets on acceptable terms

Summary Statement of Cash Flows

Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023

(Dollars in millions)

Net Cash provided by (used for) Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,319.3 in 2024, a $418.8 increase in cash generation compared to 2023. The change was primarily driven by the improvement in trade working capital from prior year by $47.4 due to our trade working capital initiative, an increase in net income from operations of $35.6, and the non-cash impact of the change in fair value of warrant liabilities of $291.3.

Net Cash provided by (used for) Investing Activities

Net cash used for investing activities was $201.7 in 2024 compared to net cash used for investing activities of $139.1 in 2023. The increased use of cash over the comparable period was primarily driven by increased capital expenditures of $39.1, decreased proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment of $12.4, decreased proceeds from sale of business of $11.9, and an increased investment in capitalized software of $10.4, offset by the decrease in acquisition of business of $11.2.

Net Cash provided by (used for) Financing Activities

Net cash used by financing activities was $652.1 in 2024 compared to $247.5 of net cash used by financing activities in 2023. The increased use of cash over the comparable period was primarily the result of $599.9 of share repurchases of common stock, $32.7 increase in dividend payments, and a $13.0 decrease in net cash received associated with equity-based compensation activity, offset by a decrease in year-over-year repayments of $235.0 on the ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments related to these assets, liabilities, net sales and expenses. We believe these estimates to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience, expected future outcomes, and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

We believe that the following accounting estimates are critical to our financial results:

Business Combinations

We allocate the purchase price of acquired companies to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The amount of purchase price which is in excess of the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. The purchase price allocation process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions with respect to intangible assets. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable, they are based in part on historical experience, market conditions and information obtained from management of the acquired companies, and are inherently uncertain.

The following are critical estimates in valuing intangible assets we have acquired or may acquire in the future and include but are not limited to:

• forecasted earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization;
• forecasted net sales;
• customer attrition rates;
• royalty rates; and
• discount rates.

Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. Different assumptions may result in materially different values for assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which may impact our financial position and future results of operations.

Goodwill

We account for goodwill acquired in a business combination in conformity with current accounting guidance, which does not allow for goodwill to be amortized. We review goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter or when events and circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. The impairment assessment for goodwill is performed at the reporting unit level. The Company’s five reporting units are comprised of the Americas; Greater China; India; Southeast Asia, Australia & New Zealand, Japan and South Korea (Asia); and Europe, Middle East & Africa. For segment reporting Greater China, India and Asia are aggregated into one reportable business segment, refer to “Note 14 — Segment Reporting” of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more information.

We may assess our goodwill for impairment initially using a qualitative approach to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than it’s carrying value. When performing a qualitative test, we assess various factors including industry and market conditions, macroeconomic conditions and performance of our businesses. If the results of the qualitative assessment indicate that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than it’s carrying value, a quantitative impairment analysis would be performed to determine if impairment is required. We may also elect to perform a quantitative analysis initially rather than using a qualitative approach.

If a quantitative approach is required or elected, we test goodwill for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting units to the related carrying value. The valuation methods used by us to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit include the discounted cash flow approach, the comparable public company approach and the comparable acquisition approach using a weighted approach of 40%, 40% and 20%, respectively. The discounted cash flow model requires several estimates and assumptions including future sales growth, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (or “EBITDA”) margins, capital expenditures, a discount rate and a terminal net sales growth rate (the net sales growth rate for the period beyond the years forecasted by the reporting units) for each reporting unit. The comparable public company and comparable acquisition approaches require several assumptions, including EBITDA multiples for comparable companies and transactions that operate in the same markets as our reporting units.

We performed our annual goodwill impairment using the qualitative approach in the fourth quarter for each reporting unit. Based on the results of our qualitative impairment assessment, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded their carrying value and, therefore, our goodwill was not impaired, and no impairment charges were reported for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue from the sale of manufactured products and services when control of promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Control is transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain benefits from the goods or services. The majority of our sales agreements contain performance obligations satisfied at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Sales for service contracts, including installation, inventory with no alternative use and an enforceable right of payment upon customer termination and other discrete services, generally are recognized over time as the services are provided. Payments received in advance for service arrangements are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized in net sales when the revenue recognition criteria are met. Unbilled revenue is recorded when performance obligations have been satisfied, but we do not have present right to payment.

For agreements with multiple performance obligations, the Company is required to determine whether performance obligations specified in these agreements are distinct and should be accounted for as separate revenue transactions for recognition purposes. In these types of agreements we allocate sales price to each distinct obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. The majority of revenue from arrangements with multiple performance obligations is recognized when tangible products are delivered, with smaller portions for associated installation and commissioning recognized shortly thereafter. Generally, contract duration is short term, and cancellation, termination or refund provisions apply only in the event of contract breach. These provisions have historically not been invoked.

Payment terms vary by the type and location of the customer and the products or services offered. Revenue from our sales have not been adjusted for the effects of a financing component as we expect that the period between when we transfer control of the product and when we receive payment to be one year or less. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected concurrent with revenue are excluded from sales. We record amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling in a sales transaction as revenue. Shipping and handling costs are treated as fulfillment costs and are included in costs of sales.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Judgment in the forecasting of taxable income using historical and projected future operating results is required in determining our provision for income taxes and the related assets and liabilities. The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable, and deferred taxes. Under U.S. GAAP, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss and credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates is recognized in the period in which the enactment date occurs. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Deferred taxes are not provided on the unremitted earnings of subsidiaries outside of the United States when it is expected that these earnings are indefinitely reinvested. In the event that the actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from our estimates and assumptions due to changes or future events such as tax legislation, geographic mix of earnings, completion of tax audits or earnings repatriation plans, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a material effect on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (Loss) and Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The recoverability of deferred tax assets and the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions are subject to our various assumptions and judgment. If actual results differ from our estimates made in establishing or maintaining valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, the resulting change in the valuation allowance would generally impact earnings. Additionally, the positions taken with regard to tax contingencies may be subject to audit and review by tax authorities, which may result in future taxes, interest and penalties.

In determining the recoverability of deferred tax assets, we give consideration to all available positive and negative evidence including reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future income, tax planning strategies and recent trends in financial results. We attach the most weight to historical earnings as they are more objectively verifiable compared to forecasts. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we generally consider three years of cumulative income or loss at the jurisdictional taxpayer level as an important factor.

We are exposed to certain market risks, including the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and the prices of various commodities used in the normal course of business.

To mitigate the volatility in our earnings and cash flows, we manage certain of our exposures through the use of various financial instruments, including derivatives, to help us hedge our foreign currency exchange risk, interest rate risk, and commodity risk. We do not enter into such transactions for trading or speculative purposes.

A discussion of our accounting policies for derivative instruments and hedging activities is included in “Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. Information relating to market risks is presented in “Note 12 - Financial Instruments and Risk Management” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and is incorporated by reference into Part II of this Annual Report.

Foreign Exchange Rate Risk

We have transactional foreign currency exposures related to buying and selling in currencies other than the local currencies in which we operate. We enter into one-month foreign exchange forwards to mitigate exposures of fluctuations in currencies such as European Euro, Chinese Yuan, and Great British Pound on the carrying amount of foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, commitments and, when applicable, we enter into foreign currency exchange forwards for generally less than one year to mitigate the exposure to certain anticipated foreign currency transactions. We have translation exposure resulting from translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries into United States Dollars. During 2024, we hedged portions of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries against fluctuations in the European Euro and Chinese Yuan through derivative financial instruments.

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to market risk from exposure to changes in interest rates and cash and cash equivalents, which are exposed to floating interest rates and may impact cash flow. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan, and cash and cash equivalents are exposed to floating interest rates and may impact cash flow. At December 31, 2024, there were no borrowings outstanding under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and there was an outstanding principal amount of $2,097.0 on the Term Loan, due 2027 with a borrowing rate of 6.19%. At December 31, 2023, were no borrowings outstanding under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, and there was an outstanding principal amount of $2,118.1 on the Term Loan, due 2027 with a borrowing rate of 7.97%. Cash and cash equivalents were $1,227.6 and $780.4 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In order to mitigate interest rate risk, we entered into interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $1,000.0 that will remain until the maturity of the Term Loan in 2027. The swap transactions exchange floating rate interest payments for fixed rate interest payments on the notional amount to reduce interest rate volatility. Based on the outstanding balances of floating rate debt, net of interest rate swap agreements, our annual net interest expense would increase (decrease) in variable interest rates at December 31, 2024 and 2023 by approximately:

45

Commodity Risk

We are subject to commodity risk from fluctuating prices of certain raw materials, steel, copper and aluminum and electronic components. To partially mitigate this exposure, we enter into economic hedges for copper and aluminum.

Additional information relating to market risks is presented in “Note 12 - Financial Instruments and Risk Management” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and is incorporated by reference into Part II of this Annual Report. Our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report under “Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules” and are set forth immediately following the signature pages of this Annual Report.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains (a) disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), and (b) internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act).

The Company’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024 (the end of the period covered by this Annual Report). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that material information for the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework in 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

Based on management’s assessment and the COSO criteria, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Vertiv Holdings Co

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Vertiv Holdings Co’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Vertiv Holdings Co (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of earnings (loss), comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and our report dated February 18, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Grandview Heights, Ohio

February 18, 2025