Chesapeake Utilities Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Corporate Overview and Strategy

Chesapeake Utilities Corporation is a Delaware corporation formed in 1947 with operations primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida and Ohio. We are an energy delivery company engaged in the distribution of natural gas, electricity and propane, the transmission of natural gas, the generation of electricity and steam, and in providing mobile compressed natural gas and other energy-related services to our customers.

Our strategy is focused on growing earnings from a stable regulated energy delivery foundation and investing in related businesses and services that together provide opportunities for returns greater than traditional utility returns. We seek to identify and develop opportunities across the energy value chain, with emphasis on regulated midstream and downstream investments that are accretive to earnings per share and create opportunities to continue our record of top tier returns on equity relative to our peer group. The Company’s growth strategy includes the continued investment and expansion of the Company’s regulated operations that provide a stable base of earnings, as well as investments in other related non-regulated businesses and services including sustainable investments, such as renewable natural gas related investments.

Currently, the Company’s growth strategy is focused on the following platforms, including: •Prudently deploying investment capital. ◦Optimizing the earnings growth in our existing businesses, which includes organic growth, territory expansions, and new products and services ◦Identification and pursuit of additional pipeline expansions, including new interstate and intrastate transmission projects. ◦Growth of Marlin Gas Services’ CNG transport business and expansion into LNG and RNG transport services as well as methane capture. ◦Identifying and undertaking additional strategic propane acquisitions that provide a larger foundation in current markets and expand our brand and presence into new strategic growth markets. ◦Leveraging our current capabilities, including our integrated set of energy delivery businesses, to support and contribute to a more sustainable future. •Proactively managing our regulatory agenda. ◦Driving regulatory initiatives that align with our growth strategy and investment plans. •Continually executing on our business transformation initiatives. ◦Increased opportunities to transform the Company with a focus on people, process, technology and organizational structure.

Operating Segments

We conduct operations within two reportable segments: Regulated Energy and Unregulated Energy. The remainder of our operations are presented as "Other businesses and eliminations" which were not material to our earnings or our financial position at December 31, 2024. These segments are described below in detail.

Regulated Energy

Overview

Our regulated energy businesses are comprised of natural gas and electric distribution, as well as natural gas transmission services.

On November 30, 2023, we completed the acquisition of FCG for $922.8 million in cash, including working capital adjustments as defined in the agreement, pursuant to the previously disclosed stock purchase agreement with Florida Power & Light Company. Upon completion of the acquisition, FCG became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and is included within our Regulated Energy segment. FCG serves approximately 123,000 residential and commercial natural gas customers across eight counties in Florida, including Miami-Dade, Broward, Brevard, Palm Beach, Hendry, Martin, St. Lucie and Indian River. Its natural gas system includes approximately 3,982 miles of distribution main and 80 miles of transmission pipe. Results for FCG are included within our consolidated results from the acquisition date.

The following table presents net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 and total assets as of December 31, 2024, by operation and area served:

(in millions)

(1) Delmarva Natural Gas consists of Delaware division, Maryland division, Sandpiper Energy and Elkton Gas.

Revenues in the Regulated Energy segment are based on rates regulated by the PSC in the states in which we operate or, in the case of Eastern Shore which is an interstate business, by the FERC. The rates are designed to generate revenues to recover all prudent operating and financing costs and provide a reasonable return for our stockholders. Each of our distribution and transmission operations has a rate base, which generally consists of the original cost of the operation's plant (less accumulated depreciation), working capital and other assets. For Delmarva Natural Gas and Eastern Shore, rate base also includes deferred income tax liabilities and other additions or deductions. The Florida Natural Gas, FCG, and FPU electric regulated energy operations do not include deferred income tax liabilities in their rate base.

Our natural gas and electric distribution operations bill customers at standard rates approved by their respective state PSC. Each state PSC allows us to negotiate rates, based on approved methodologies, for large customers that can switch to other fuels. Some of our customers in Maryland receive propane through underground distribution systems in Worcester County. We bill these customers under PSC-approved rates and include them in the natural gas distribution results and customer statistics.

Our natural gas and electric distribution operations earn profits on the delivery of natural gas or electricity to customers. The cost of natural gas or electricity that we deliver is passed through to customers under PSC-approved fuel cost recovery mechanisms. The mechanisms allow us to adjust our rates on an ongoing basis without filing a rate case to recover changes in the cost of the natural gas and electricity that we purchase for customers. Therefore, while our distribution operating revenues fluctuate with the cost of natural gas or electricity we purchase, our distribution adjusted gross margin is generally not impacted by fluctuations in the cost of natural gas or electricity.

Our natural gas transmission operations bill customers under rate schedules approved by the FERC or at rates negotiated with customers.

Operational Highlights

The following table presents operating revenues, volumes and the average number of customers by customer class for our natural gas and electric distribution operations for the year ended December 31, 2024:

(1) Operating Revenues from "Other" sources include revenue, unbilled revenue, under (over) recoveries of fuel cost, conservation revenue, other miscellaneous charges, fees for billing services provided to third parties, and adjustments for pass-through taxes.

(2) Average number of customers is based on the twelve-month average for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table presents operating revenues, by customer type, for Eastern Shore and Peninsula Pipeline for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as contracted firm transportation capacity by customer type, and design day capacity at December 31, 2024. Aspire Energy Express has been excluded from the table below and had operating revenue of $1.5 million and firm transportation capacity of 300,000 Dts/d for the year ended December 31, 2024:

(1) Eastern Shore's and Peninsula Pipeline's service to our local distribution affiliates is based on the respective regulator's approved rates and is an integral component of the cost associated with providing natural gas supplies to the end users of those affiliates. We eliminate operating revenues of these entities against the natural gas costs of those affiliates in our consolidated financial information; however, our local distribution affiliates include this amount in their purchased fuel cost and recover it through fuel cost recovery mechanisms.

(2) Operating revenues from "Other" sources include the rental of gas properties.

Regulatory Overview

The following table highlights key regulatory information that was effective for each of our principal Regulated Energy operations at December 31, 2024. Peninsula Pipeline and Aspire Energy Express are not regulated with regard to cost of service by either the Florida PSC, the Ohio PUC or the FERC and are therefore excluded from the table. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Note 18, Rates and Other Regulatory Activities, in the consolidated financial statements) for further discussion on the impact of this legislation on our regulated businesses.

(1) In August 2024, our Delaware natural gas division filed an application for a natural gas rate case with the Delaware PSC. Additional details related to the filing are disclosed below.

(2) In January 2024, our natural gas distribution businesses in Maryland, CUC-Maryland Division, Sandpiper Energy, Inc., and Elkton Gas Company (collectively, “Maryland natural gas distribution businesses”) filed a joint application for a natural gas rate case with the Maryland PSC additional details regarding the filing are disclosed below.

(3) The rate increase and allowed ROE for Elkton Gas were approved by the Maryland PSC before we acquired the company.

(4) In August 2024, our Florida Electric division filed a petition with the Florida PSC. Additional details in connection with the petition are disclosed below.

(5) The terms of the agreement include revenue neutral rates for the first year (December 1, 2016 through November 30, 2017), followed by a schedule of rate reductions in subsequent years based upon the projected rate of propane to natural gas conversions.

(6) Other components of capital structure include customer deposits, deferred income taxes and tax credits.

(7) Allowed after-tax ROE.

(8) The Maryland PSC approved a declining ROE.

(9) The terms of the settlement agreement for the FPU electric division limited proceeding with the Florida PSC prescribed an authorized ROE range of 9.25 to 11.25 percent, with a mid-point of 10.25 percent.

* LTD-Long-term debt; STD-Short-term debt.

In January 2024, our natural gas distribution businesses in Maryland, CUC-Maryland Division, Sandpiper Energy, Inc., and Elkton Gas Company (collectively, “Maryland natural gas distribution businesses”) filed a joint application for a natural gas rate case with the Maryland PSC. In connection with the application, we are seeking approval of the following: (i) permanent rate relief of approximately $6.9 million with a ROE of 11.5 percent; (ii) authorization to make certain changes to tariffs to include a unified rate structure and to consolidate the Maryland natural gas distribution businesses which we anticipate will be called Chesapeake Utilities of Maryland, Inc.; and (iii) authorization to establish a rider for recovery of the costs associated with our new technology systems. In August 2024, the Maryland natural gas distribution businesses, the Maryland Office of Peoples' Counsel ("OPC") and PSC Staff reached a settlement agreement which provided for, among other things, an increase in annual base rates of $2.6 million. In September 2024, the Maryland Public Utility Judge issued an order approving the settlement agreement in part. The $2.6 million increase in annual base rates was approved and the Company filed the Phase II filing in November 2024 to determine rate design across the Maryland natural gas distribution businesses, consolidation of the applicable tariffs and recovery of technology costs. The discovery process for Phase II has commenced and the hearing has been scheduled for March 2025. The outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Maryland PSC.

In January 2024, our Maryland natural gas distribution businesses also filed a joint petition for approval of their proposed unified depreciation rates with the Maryland PSC. A settlement agreement between the Company, PSC staff and the OPC was reached and the final order approving the settlement agreement went into effect in July 2024, with new depreciation rates effective as of January 1, 2023. The approved depreciation resulted in an annual reduction in depreciation expense of approximately $1.2 million.

In August 2024, our Florida Electric division filed a petition with the Florida PSC seeking a general base rate increase of $12.6 million with a ROE of 11.3 percent based on a 2025 projected test year. Annualized interim rates of approximately $1.8 million, were approved and became effective in November 2024. The outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Florida PSC. The hearings for the approval of the revenue requirement and rates are scheduled to occur in March 2025.

In August 2024, our Delaware natural gas division filed an application for a natural gas rate case with the Delaware PSC. In connection with the application, we are seeking approval of the following: (i) permanent rate relief of approximately $12.1 million with ROE of 11.5 percent; (ii) proposed changes to depreciation rates which were part of a depreciation study also submitted with the filing; and (iii) authorization to make certain changes to tariffs. Annualized interim rates approved by the Delaware PSC in the amount of $2.5 million became effective in October 2024. The discovery process has commenced and the hearing for the proceeding has been scheduled for May 2025. The outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Delaware PSC.

In May 2022, our legacy natural gas distribution businesses filed a consolidated natural gas rate case with the Florida PSC. The application included a request for the following: (i) permanent rate relief of approximately $24.1 million, effective in January 2023; (ii) a depreciation study also submitted with the filing; (iii) authorization to make certain changes to tariffs to include the consolidation of rates and rate structure across the businesses and to unify the Florida natural gas distribution businesses under FPU; (iv) authorization to retain the acquisition adjustment recorded at the time of the FPU merger in our revenue requirement; and (v) authorization to establish an environmental remediation surcharge for the purposes of addressing future expected remediation costs for FPU MGP sites. In August 2022, interim rates were approved by the Florida PSC in the amount of approximately $7.7 million on an annualized basis, effective for all meter readings in September 2022. In January 2023, the Florida PSC approved the application for consolidation and permanent rate relief of approximately $17.2 million on an annual basis. Actual rates were approved by the Florida PSC in February 2023 which became effective in March 2023.

In May 2022, FCG filed a general base rate increase with the Florida PSC based on a projected 2023 test year. In June 2023, the Florida PSC issued an order approving a single total base revenue increase of $23.3 million (which included an incremental increase of $14.1 million, a previously approved increase of $3.8 million for a liquefied natural gas facility, and $5.3 million to transfer the SAFE investments from a rider clause to base rates), with new rates becoming effective as of May 1, 2023. The Commission also approved FCG's proposed reserve surplus amortization mechanism ("RSAM") with a $25.0 million reserve amount, continuation and expansion of the capital SAFE program, implementation of an automated metering infrastructure pilot, and continuation of the storm damage reserve with a target reserve of $0.8 million. In June 2023, the Florida OPC filed a motion for reconsideration of the PSC’s approval of RSAM, which was denied in September 2023. In July 2023, the Florida OPC filed a notice of appeal with the Florida Supreme Court, which is pending. The Florida OPC filed their initial brief in January 2024 with answer briefs filed in April 2024. Oral arguments in the case were held in December 2024.

In February 2025, FCG filed a depreciation study with the Florida PSC. The application is requesting approval of revised annual depreciation rates, as well as a reduction related to a reserve imbalance that would be amortized over a two-year period. The outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Florida PSC.

The following table presents margin stability mechanisms that have been approved by the respective PSC for our regulated energy distribution businesses at December 31, 2024. These include: Delaware surcharges to expand natural gas service in its service territory as well as for the conversion of propane distribution systems to natural gas; Maryland’s surcharges to fund natural gas conversions and system improvements in Worcester County; Elkton's Strategic Infrastructure Development and Enhanced (STRIDE) plan for accelerated pipeline replacement for older portions of the natural gas distribution system; Florida’s GUARD surcharge which provides accelerated recovery of the costs of replacing older portions of the natural gas distribution system to improve safety and reliability; FCG's SAFE surcharge which provides accelerated recovery of the costs of replacing older portions of that natural gas distribution system to improve safety and reliability; and the Florida electric distribution operation's limited proceeding which allowed recovery of storm-related costs and the Storm Protection Plan ("SPP") which provides recovery of storm hardening costs.

(1) Margin stability mechanisms reduce variability due to rate design, revenue normalization clauses, and other riders.

(2) See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, Rates and Other Regulatory Activities, for additional information related to FCG's RSAM that was approved as part of its rate case effective as of May 1, 2023.

Weather

Weather variations directly influence the volume of natural gas and electricity sold and delivered to residential and commercial customers for heating and cooling and changes in volumes delivered impact the revenue generated from these customers. Natural gas volumes are highest during the winter months, when residential and commercial customers use more natural gas for heating. Demand for electricity is highest during the summer months, when more electricity is used for cooling. We measure the relative impact of weather using degree-days. A degree-day is the measure of the variation in the weather based on the extent to which the average daily temperature falls above or below 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Each degree of temperature below 65 degrees Fahrenheit is counted as one HDD, and each degree of temperature above 65 degrees Fahrenheit is counted as one CDD. Normal heating and cooling degree-days are based on the most recent 10-year average.

Competition

Natural Gas Distribution

While our natural gas distribution operations do not compete directly with other distributors of natural gas for residential and commercial customers in our service areas, we do compete with other natural gas suppliers and alternative fuel providers for sales to industrial customers. Large customers could bypass our natural gas distribution systems and connect directly to intrastate or interstate transmission pipelines, and we compete in all aspects of our natural gas business with alternative energy sources, including electricity, oil, propane and renewables. The most effective means to compete against alternative fuels are lower prices, superior reliability and flexibility of service. Natural gas historically has maintained a price advantage in the residential, commercial and industrial markets, and reliability of natural gas supply and service has been excellent. In addition, we provide flexible pricing to our large customers to minimize fuel switching and protect these volumes and their contributions to the profitability of our natural gas distribution operations.

Natural Gas Transmission

Our natural gas transmission business competes with other interstate and intrastate pipeline companies to provide service to large industrial, generation and distribution customers, primarily in the northern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and in Florida. Our transmission business in Ohio, Aspire Energy Express, services one customer, Guernsey Power Station, to which it is the sole supplier.

Electric Distribution

While our electric distribution operations do not compete directly with other distributors of electricity for residential and commercial customers in our service areas, we do compete with other electricity suppliers and alternative fuel providers for sales to industrial customers. Some of our large industrial customers may be capable of generating their own electricity, and we structure rates, service offerings and flexibility to retain these customers in order to retain their business and contributions to the profitability of our electric distribution operations.

Supplies, Transmission and Storage

Natural Gas Distribution

Our natural gas distribution operations purchase natural gas from marketers and producers and maintain contracts for transportation and storage with several interstate pipeline companies to meet projected customer demand requirements. We believe that our supply and capacity strategy will adequately meet our customers’ needs over the next several years and we will continue to adapt our supply strategy to meet projected growth in customer demand within our service territories.

The Delmarva Natural Gas distribution systems are directly connected to Eastern Shore’s pipeline, which has connections to other pipelines that provide us with transportation and storage. These operations can also use propane-air and liquefied natural gas peak-shaving equipment to serve customers. Our Delmarva Peninsula natural gas distribution operations maintain asset management agreements with a third party to manage their natural gas transportation and storage capacity. The current agreements were effective as of April 2023 and expire in March 2026. Our Delmarva operations receive a fee, which we share with our customers, from the asset manager, who optimizes the transportation, storage and natural gas supply for these operations.

Our Florida Natural Gas distribution business uses Peninsula Pipeline and Peoples Gas to transport natural gas where there is no direct connection with FGT. FPU natural gas distribution and Eight Flags entered into separate 10-year asset management agreements with Emera Energy Services, Inc. to manage their natural gas transportation capacity, each of which expires in November 2030. An agreement with Florida Southeast Connection LLC for additional service to Palm Beach County is also in place for an initial term through December 2044. FCG utilizes FGT and Peninsula Pipeline to transport natural gas.

A summary of our pipeline capacity contracts follows:

(1) Transco, Columbia Gas and TETLP are interstate pipelines interconnected with Eastern Shore's pipeline.

(2) Pursuant to a capacity release program approved by the Florida PSC, all of the capacity under this agreement has been released to various third parties. Under the terms of these capacity release agreements, Chesapeake Utilities is contingently liable to Gulfstream should any party, that acquired the capacity through release, fail to pay the capacity charge.

Eastern Shore has three agreements with Transco for a total of 7,292 Dts/d of firm daily storage injection and withdrawal entitlements and total storage capacity of 288,003 Dts. These agreements expire in March 2028. Eastern Shore retains these firm storage services in order to provide swing transportation service and firm storage service to customers requesting such services.

Aspire Energy Express, our Ohio intrastate pipeline subsidiary, has an agreement to provide natural gas transportation capacity to Guernsey Power Station. Aspire Energy Express completed construction of the gas transmission facilities in the fourth quarter of 2021 and began billing for transportation services in the first quarter of 2022.

Electric Distribution

Our Florida electric distribution operation purchases wholesale electricity under the power supply contracts summarized below:

*The counter party is obligated to provide us with the electricity to meet our customers’ demand, which may vary.

Unregulated Energy

Overview

The following table presents net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 and total assets as of December 31, 2024, for our Unregulated Energy segment by operation and area served:

(in millions)

(1) Includes our renewable natural gas projects that are in various stages of development.

Propane Operations

Our propane operations sell propane to residential, commercial/industrial, wholesale and AutoGas customers, in the Mid-Atlantic region, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida, through Sharp Energy, Inc., Sharpgas, Inc., Diversified Energy, FPU and Flo-gas. We deliver to and bill our propane customers based on two primary customer types: bulk delivery customers and metered customers. Bulk delivery customers receive deliveries into tanks at their location. We invoice and record revenues for these customers at the time of delivery. Metered customers are either part of an underground propane distribution system or have a meter installed on the tank at their location. We invoice and recognize revenue for these customers based on their consumption as dictated by scheduled meter reads. As a member of AutoGas Alliance, we install and support propane vehicle conversion systems for vehicle fleets and provide on-site fueling infrastructure.

Propane Operations - Operational Highlights

For the year ended December 31, 2024, operating revenues, volumes sold and average number of customers by customer class for our propane operations were as follows:

(1) Average number of customers is based on a twelve-month average for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(2) Operating revenues from "Other" sources include revenues from customer loyalty programs; delivery, service and appliance fees; and unbilled revenues.

Competition

Our propane operations compete with national and local independent companies primarily on the basis of price and service. Propane is generally a lower cost fuel alternative for home heating compared to oil and electricity but more expensive than natural gas. Our propane operations are largely concentrated in areas that are not currently served by natural gas distribution systems.

Supplies, Transportation and Storage

We purchase propane from major oil companies and independent natural gas liquids producers. Propane is transported by truck and rail to our bulk storage facilities in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida which have a total storage capacity of 8.5 million gallons. Deliveries are made from these facilities by truck to tanks located on customers’ premises or to central storage tanks that feed our underground propane distribution systems. While propane supply has traditionally been adequate, significant fluctuations in weather, closing of refineries and disruption in supply chains, could cause temporary reductions in available supplies.

Weather

Propane revenues are affected by seasonal variations in temperature and weather conditions, which directly influence the volume of propane used by our customers. Our propane revenues are typically highest during the winter months when propane is used for heating. Sustained warmer-than-normal temperatures will tend to reduce propane use, while sustained colder-than-normal temperatures will tend to increase consumption.

Unregulated Energy Transmission and Supply (Aspire Energy)

Aspire Energy owns approximately 2,800 miles of natural gas pipeline systems in 40 counties in Ohio. The majority of Aspire Energy’s revenues are derived from long-term supply agreements with Columbia Gas of Ohio and Consumers Gas Cooperative ("CGC"), which together serve more than 23,000 end-use customers. Aspire Energy purchases natural gas to serve these customers from conventional producers in the Marcellus and Utica natural gas production areas. In addition, Aspire Energy's Noble Road Landfill RNG pipeline transports RNG generated from the landfill to Aspire Energy’s pipeline system, displacing conventionally produced natural gas. In 2024, the RNG volumes represented approximately 10 percent of Aspire Energy’s gas gathering volumes and are anticipated to continue at such rate in 2024 and beyond. In addition, Aspire Energy earns revenue by gathering and processing natural gas for customers.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, Aspire Energy's operating revenues and deliveries by customer type were as follows:

(in millions)

(in thousands Dts)

Energy Generation (Eight Flags)

Eight Flags generates electricity and steam at its CHP plant located on Amelia Island, Florida. The plant is powered by natural gas transported by Peninsula Pipeline and our Florida Natural Gas distribution business and produces approximately 21 MW of electricity and 75,000 pounds per hour of steam. Eight Flags sells the electricity generated from the plant to our Florida electric distribution operation and sells the steam to the customer who owns the site on which the plant is located, both under separate 20-year contracts.

Marlin Gas Services

Marlin Gas Services is a supplier of mobile CNG and virtual pipeline solutions, primarily to utilities and pipelines. Marlin Gas Services provides temporary hold services, pipeline integrity services, emergency services for damaged pipelines and specialized gas services for customers who have unique requirements. These services are provided by a highly trained staff of drivers and maintenance technicians who safely perform these functions throughout the United States. Marlin Gas Services maintains a fleet of CNG trailers, mobile compression equipment, LNG tankers and vaporizers, and an internally developed patented regulator system which allows for delivery of over 7,000 Dts/d of natural gas. Marlin Gas Services continues to actively expand the territories it serves, as well as leveraging its fleet of equipment and patented technologies to serve LNG and RNG market needs.

Sustainable Investments

Our sustainable investments are comprised primarily of our renewable natural gas projects that are in various stages of development. Included in these are the assets and intellectual property of Planet Found that we acquired during the fourth quarter of 2022, whose farm scale anaerobic digestion pilot system and technology produces biogas from poultry litter. In addition, we constructed a dairy manure RNG facility that we own and operate at Full Circle Dairy in Madison County, Florida. The project consists of a facility converting dairy manure to RNG and transportation assets to bring the gas to market, with capital expenditures totaling $27.5 million through December 31, 2024. The facility became operational in 2024, with the first injection of RNG during the second quarter of 2024.

Environmental Matters

See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Note 19*, Environmental Commitments and Contingencies,* in the consolidated financial statements).

Human Capital Initiatives

Our tradition of serving employees, customers, investors, partners and communities is at the core of our special culture. Our unique culture is grounded in a solid foundation of regulated businesses, but enhanced by an entrepreneurial, innovative and competitive market mindset. Among the ongoing initiatives across our enterprise, we highlight below the importance of our culture of safety, our team, and our commitment to supporting a more sustainable future.

Workplace Health and Safety

We are committed to ensuring safety is at the center of our culture and the way we do business. The importance of safety is exhibited throughout the entire organization, with the direction and tone set by both the Board of Directors and our President and CEO, and evidenced through required attendance at monthly safety meetings, routine safety training and the inclusion of safety moments at key team meetings. Additionally, we remain committed to providing products and services to our customers in a safe and reliable manner.

To maintain safety as a priority, our employees remain committed and work together to ensure that our plans, programs, policies and behaviors are aligned with our aspirations as a Company. The achievement of superior safety performance is both an important short-term and long-term strategic initiative in managing our operations. Our state-of-the art training facilities called, Safety Towns, located in Dover, Delaware and DeBary Florida, now serve as resources for training our employees who build, maintain and operate our natural gas infrastructure, offering hands-on training and fully immersive, on-the-job field experiences. First responders and other community partners also benefit from the simulated environment and conditions they could encounter as they enter homes in the community.

Our Team Drives Our Performance

Our employees are the key to our success. Our leadership and human resources teams are responsible for attracting and retaining top talent and as an equal opportunity employer committed to creating a diverse workforce, we consider all qualified applicants without regard to race, religion, color, sex, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability or veteran status, among other factors. Our senior management team includes a Chief Human Resources Officer, with expertise in diverse candidate recruitment, to ensure that we continue to expand our candidate pools to better reflect the diverse demographics of the communities we serve.

Throughout our organization, we seek to promote from within, reviewing strategic positions regularly and identifying potential internal candidates to fill those positions, evaluating critical job skill sets to identify competency gaps and creating developmental plans to facilitate employee professional growth. We provide training and development programs, including many forms of training on our internal learning platform, as well as tuition reimbursement to promote continued professional growth.

We had more than 1,200 employees at December 31, 2024, 194 of whom are union employees represented by two labor unions: the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ("IBEW") and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union. The collective bargaining agreements covering our employees with these labor unions expire in late 2025. We consider our relationships with employees, including those covered by collective bargaining agreements, to be in good standing. We provide a competitive Total Rewards package for our employees including health insurance coverage, wellness initiatives, retirement savings benefits, paid time off, employee assistance programs, educational and tuition reimbursement, competitive pay, career growth opportunities, paid volunteer time, and a culture of recognition.

We listen to our employees and actively seek their input and feedback. Many of the initiatives we have in place are driven by feedback from our employees during an annual survey process or through regular employee engagement. We have also been purposeful in wanting to provide adequate recognition of our employees and their many efforts. We maintain an internal recognition platform which enables employees to be recognized in real-time for their contributions.

We have a values-driven culture that supports diversity and inclusion across our enterprise including within our employee resource groups ("ERGs").

Our first ERG was established in 2019, and as of December 31, 2024, there were 12 active ERGs meeting throughout the Company. ERGs are voluntary, employee-led groups that focus on shared identities, affinities and experiences and seek to apply those perspectives to initiatives that create value throughout the Company. The ERGs support their members' personal growth and professional development, and help develop learning programs and community service opportunities throughout the Company. ERGs also help foster a sense of belonging by creating a deep and intentional community that extends beyond an employee’s day-to-day team and colleagues into a companywide network.

Driving Sustainability across the Company

Consistent with our culture of teamwork, the focus on sustainability is supported and shared across our organization by the dedication and efforts of our Board of Directors and its Committees, as well as the entrepreneurship and dedication of our team. As stewards of long-term enterprise value, the Board of Directors is committed to overseeing the sustainability of the Company, its environmental stewardship initiatives, its safety and operational compliance practices. Throughout the year, Chesapeake Utilities drove numerous initiatives in support of its sustainability focus, including but not limited to:

• Completed construction of our first full scale RNG production facility in Lee, Florida utilizing dairy waste and progressed on construction to upgrade raw biogas produced at our Planet Found poultry anaerobic digester facility in Worcester County, Maryland, to pipeline quality RNG;
• Received FERC approval for the Worcester Resiliency Upgrade project, an LNG storage facility project on Delmarva that received letters of support from many stakeholders;
• Established a Methane Emissions Reduction Committee to focus on identifying and recommending ways to further reduce methane emissions for our transmission and gathering operations;
• Received Delaware PSC approval to establish a first-of-its-kind energy efficiency program in Delaware focused on natural gas;
• Received approval to expand FCG’s SAFE program to more closely align with FPU’s GUARD program; and
• Donated recycled benches from our Pipe Recycling Project to various organizations.

Information About Executive Officers

Set forth below are the names, ages, and positions of our executive officers with their recent business experience. The age of each officer is as of the filing date of this Annual Report.

Available Information on Corporate Governance Documents

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other reports and amendments to these reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC at their website, www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov), are also available free of charge at our website, www.chpk.com (http://www.chpk.com), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file these reports with, or furnish these reports to the SEC. The content of this website is not part of this Annual Report.

In addition, the following documents are available free of charge on our website, www.chpk.com (http://www.chpk.com):

• Business Code of Ethics and Conduct applicable to all employees, officers and directors;
• Code of Ethics for Financial Officers;
• Corporate Governance Guidelines; and
• Charters for the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Investment Committee, and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board of Directors.

Any of these reports or documents may also be obtained by writing to: Corporate Secretary; c/o Chesapeake Utilities Corporation, 500 Energy Lane Suite 100, Dover, DE 19901.

The risks described below fall into three broad categories related to (1) financial risks, (2) operational risks, and (3) regulatory, legal and environmental risks, all of which may affect our operations and/or the financial performance of our regulated and unregulated energy businesses. These are not the only risks we face but are considered to be the most material. There may be other unknown or unpredictable risks or other factors that could have material adverse effects on our future results. Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Annual Report for an additional discussion of these and other related factors that affect our operations and/or financial performance.

FINANCIAL RISKS

Our financial results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our operating results, including our revenues, operating margin, profitability, and cash flow, may vary significantly in the future and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter or year should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and such fluctuations and related impacts to any capital or earnings guidance we may issue from time to time, or any modification or withdrawal thereof, may negatively impact the value of our securities.

Our access to the capital markets at competitive rates, which could be impacted by instability and volatility in the financial markets as well as our credit ratings, could negatively impact access to capital at competitive rates which could affect our ability to implement our strategic plan, undertake improvements and make other investments required for our future growth.

Our business strategy includes the continued pursuit of growth and requires capital investment in excess of cash flow from operations. As a result, the successful execution of our strategy is dependent upon access to equity and debt at reasonable costs. Our ability to issue new debt and equity capital and the cost of equity and debt are greatly affected by our financial performance and the conditions of the financial markets. In addition, our ability to obtain adequate and cost-effective debt depends on our credit ratings. A downgrade in our current credit ratings could negatively impact our access to and cost of debt. If we are not able to access capital at competitive rates, our ability to implement our strategic plan, undertake improvements and make other investments required for our future growth may be limited.

Fluctuations in propane gas prices could negatively affect results of operations.

The combination of high demand and lower-than-average inventory is always a common driver for higher propane gas prices. We adjust the price of the propane we sell based on changes in our cost of purchasing propane. However, if the market does not allow us to increase propane sales prices to compensate fully for fluctuations in purchased propane costs, our results of operations and cash flows could be negatively affected.

If we fail to comply with our debt covenant obligations, we could experience adverse financial consequences that could affect our liquidity and ability to borrow funds.

Our long-term debt obligations and our Revolver contain financial covenants related to debt-to-capital ratios and interest-coverage ratios. Failure to comply with any of these covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of outstanding debt obligations, the inability to borrow under certain credit agreements and terms, or the inability to access capital from other sources. Any such default could cause a material adverse change in our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants.

Increases in interest rates may adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

Increases in interest rates could increase the cost of future debt issuances. To the extent we are not able to fully recover higher debt costs in the rates we charge our utility customers, or the timing of such recovery is not certain, our earnings could be adversely affected. Increases in short-term interest rates could negatively affect our results of operations, which depend on short-term debt to finance accounts receivable and storage gas inventories and to temporarily finance capital expenditures. Reference should be made to Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for additional information.

Continuing or worsening inflationary and/or supply chain issues may adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on the supply chain to ensure that equipment, materials and other resources are available to both expand and maintain our services in a safe and reliable manner. Pricing of equipment, materials and other resources have increased steadily in recent years and may continue to do so in the future. Failure to secure equipment, materials and other resources on economically acceptable terms, including failure to eliminate or manage the constraints in the supply chain, may impact the availability of items that are necessary to support normal operations as well as materials that are required for continued infrastructure growth, and as a result, may adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, it may become more costly for us to recruit and retain key employees, particularly specialized/technical personnel, in the face of competitive market conditions and increased competition for specialized and experienced workers in our industry.

Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the credit and capital markets may exert downward pressure on the market price of the Company’s common stock.

The market price and trading volume of the Company’s common stock is subject to fluctuations as a result of, among other factors, general credit and capital market conditions and changes in market sentiment regarding the operations, business and financing strategies of the Company and its subsidiaries. As a result, disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the credit and capital markets may, amongst other things, have a material adverse effect on the market price of the Company’s common stock.

Current market conditions could adversely impact the return on plan assets for our Company sponsored defined benefit plans, which may require significant additional funding.

The Company’s primary defined benefit pension plan, the FPU pension plan, is a funded plan that is closed to new employees and the future benefits are frozen. At December 31, 2024, the FPU pension plan benefit obligation was $45.5 million but was fully funded at that date. The costs of providing benefits and related funding requirements of the FPU plan is subject to changes in the market value of the assets that fund the plan and the discount rates used to estimate the pension benefit obligations. The funded status of the plans and the related costs reflected in our financial statements are affected by various factors that are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty, particularly in the current economic environment. Future losses of asset values and further declines in discount rates may necessitate accelerated funding of the plans to meet minimum federal government requirements and may result in higher pension expense in future years. Adverse changes in the benefit obligation of the FPU pension plan may require us to record higher pension expense and fund obligations earlier than originally planned, which would have an adverse impact on our cash flows from operations, decrease borrowing capacity and increase interest expense.

OPERATIONAL RISKS

We must construct new facilities to support future growth in earnings in our natural gas and electric distribution and natural gas transmission operations.

Construction of new facilities required to support future growth is subject to various regulatory and developmental risks, including but not limited to: (i) our ability to obtain timely certificate authorizations, necessary approvals and permits from regulatory agencies and on terms that are acceptable to us; (ii) potential changes in federal, state and local statutes and regulations, including environmental requirements, that prevent a project from proceeding or increase the anticipated cost of the project; (iii) our inability to acquire rights-of-way or land rights on a timely basis on terms that are acceptable to us; (iv) lack of anticipated future growth in available natural gas and electricity supply and demand; (v) insufficient customer throughput commitments; and (vi) lack of available and qualified third-party contractors which could impact the timely construction of new facilities. Adverse outcomes and/or changes in these risks could limit the future growth of our business and cause a material adverse change in our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We do not own all of the land on which our pipelines and facilities are located, which could result in disruptions to our operations.

Because we do not own all of the land on which our pipelines and facilities have been constructed, we are subject to the possibility of more onerous terms or increased costs to retain necessary land use if we do not have valid rights-of-way, easements or other property rights or if such rights or easements lapse or terminate. We obtain the rights to construct and operate our pipelines on land owned by third parties and governmental agencies for a specific period of time. Our loss of these rights, through our inability to renew right-of-way contracts or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in a competitive environment, and we may lose customers to competitors.

Natural Gas. Our natural gas transmission and distribution operations compete with interstate pipelines when our customers are located close enough to a competing pipeline to make direct connections economically feasible. Customers also have the option to switch to alternative fuels, including renewable energy sources. Failure to retain and grow our natural gas customer base would have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Electric. Our Florida electric distribution business has remained substantially free from direct competition from other electric service providers but does face competition from other energy sources. Changes in the competitive environment caused by legislation, regulation, market conditions, or initiatives of other electric power providers, particularly with respect to retail electric competition, would adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Propane. Our propane operations compete with other propane distributors, primarily on the basis of service and price. Our ability to grow the propane operations business is contingent upon capturing additional market share, expanding into new markets, and successfully utilizing pricing programs that retain and grow our customer base. Failure to retain and grow our customer base in our propane operations would have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Fluctuations in weather may cause a significant variance in our earnings.

Our natural gas distribution, propane operations and natural gas transmission operations are sensitive to fluctuations in weather conditions, which directly influence the volume of natural gas and propane we transport, sell and deliver to our customers. A significant portion of our natural gas distribution, propane operations and natural gas transmission revenue is derived from the sales and deliveries to residential, commercial and industrial heating customers during the five-month peak heating season (November through March). Other than our Maryland natural gas distribution businesses (CUC-Maryland division, Sandpiper Energy and Elkton Gas) which have revenue normalization mechanisms, if the weather is warmer than normal, we generally sell and deliver less natural gas and propane to customers, and earn less revenue, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Conversely, if the weather is colder than normal, we generally sell and deliver more natural gas and propane to customers, and earn more revenue, which could positively affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Variations in weather from year to year can cause our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows to vary accordingly.

Our electric distribution operation is also affected by variations in weather conditions and unusually severe weather conditions. However, electricity consumption is generally less seasonal than natural gas and propane because it is used for both heating and cooling in our service areas.

Severe weather events (such as a major hurricane, flood, or tornado), natural disasters and acts of terrorism could adversely impact earnings and access to insurance coverage.

Inherent in energy transmission and distribution activities are a variety of hazards and operational risks, such as leaks, ruptures, fires, uncontrollable flows of natural gas, explosions, release of contaminants into the environment, sabotage and mechanical problems. Severe weather events and natural disasters, especially in our service areas that are susceptible to more frequent severe weather events and natural disasters, may damage our assets, cause operational interruptions and result in the loss of human life, all of which could negatively affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Acts of terrorism and the impact of retaliatory military and other action by the U.S. and its allies may lead to increased political, economic and financial market instability and volatility in the price of natural gas, electricity and propane that could negatively affect our operations. Companies in the energy industry may face a heightened risk of exposure to acts of terrorism, which could affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The insurance industry may also be affected by severe weather events (such as major hurricanes), natural disasters (such as wildfires) and acts of terrorism. As a result, the availability of insurance covering risks against which we and our competitors typically insure may be limited. In addition, the insurance we are able to obtain may have higher deductibles, higher premiums and more restrictive policy terms, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Operating events affecting public safety and the reliability of our natural gas and electric distribution and transmission systems could adversely affect our operations and increase our costs.

Our natural gas and electric operations are exposed to operational events and risks, such as: major leaks, outages, mechanical failures and breakdown; operations below the expected level of performance or efficiency; and accidents that could affect public safety and the reliability of our distribution and transmission systems, significantly increase costs and cause loss of customer confidence. If we are unable to recover all or some of these costs from insurance and/or customers through the regulatory process, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

A security breach disrupting our operating systems, facilities, and workforce or exposing confidential information may adversely affect our reputation, disrupt our operations and increase our costs.

The cybersecurity risks associated with the protection of our infrastructure and facilities is evolving and increasingly complex. We continue to heavily rely on technological tools that support our business operations and corporate functions while enhancing our security. There are various risks associated with our information technology infrastructure, including hardware and software failure, communications failure, data distortion or destruction, unauthorized access to data, misuse of proprietary or confidential data, unauthorized control through electronic means, cyber-attacks, cyber-terrorism, data breaches, programming mistakes, and other inadvertent errors or deliberate human acts. Further, the U.S. government has issued public warnings that indicate energy assets might be specific targets of cybersecurity threats and/or attacks.

Many of our employees, service providers, and vendors have been working, and continue to work, from remote locations where cybersecurity protections could be limited and cybersecurity procedures and safeguards could be less effective. As such, we could be subject to a higher risk of cybersecurity breaches than ever before. Therefore, we could be required to expend significant resources to continue to modify or enhance our procedures and controls or to upgrade our digital and operational systems, related infrastructure, technologies and network security.

Any such failure, attack, or security breach could adversely impact our ability to safely and reliably deliver services to our customers through our transmission, distribution, and generation systems, subjecting us to reputational and other harm, and subject us to legal and regulatory proceedings and claims and demands from third parties, any of which could adversely affect our business, our earnings, results of operation, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, the protection of customer, employee and Company data is crucial to our operational security. A breach or breakdown of our systems that results in the unauthorized release of individually identifiable customer information or other sensitive data could have an adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations and financial condition and could also materially increase our costs of maintaining our system and protecting it against future breakdowns or breaches. We take reasonable precautions to safeguard our information systems from cyber-attacks and security breaches; however, there is no guarantee that the procedures implemented to protect against unauthorized access to our information systems are adequate to safeguard against all attacks and breaches. We also cannot assure that any redundancies built into our networks and technology, or the procedures we have implemented to protect against cyber-attacks and other unauthorized access to secured data, are adequate to safeguard against all failures of technology or security breaches.

The Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be adversely affected by interruption of the Company’s information technology or network systems as well as the Company’s implementation of its technology roadmap.

Currently, we rely on centralized and local information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed or accessible by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to otherwise manage or support our business. Additionally, the Company collects and stores certain data, including proprietary business information, and has access to confidential or personal information that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations and customer-imposed controls. The processing and storage of personal information is increasingly subject to privacy and data security regulations. The interpretation and application of data protection laws in the U.S. are continuing to evolve and may be different across jurisdictions. Violations of these laws could result in criminal or civil sanctions and even the mere allegation of such violations, could harm the Company’s reputation.

Information technology system and/or network disruptions, whether caused by acts of sabotage, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, could have an adverse impact on the Company’s operations as well as the operations of the Company’s customers and suppliers. As a result, the Company may be subject to legal claims or regulatory proceedings which could result in liability or penalties under privacy laws, disruption in the Company’s operations, and damage to the Company’s reputation, adversely affecting the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Company is also implementing a technology roadmap that will significantly advance our technological capabilities. The implementation of new software in multiple phases is a complex process that involves several risks. Some of the common risks include:

• Expectations of what the software can do is not achieved and requires additional spending, resources and time;
• Inadequate planning, including changes in implementation plans, can lead to delays, cost overruns, and poor outcomes;
• Ensuring continued team engagement is critical as technology and systems projects are significant and involve many resources within the Company as well as the use of various third parties;
• Implementing new software can expose the organization to new security risks;
• Integrating new software with existing systems can be challenging, as a result of compatibility issues, data migration and system downtime; and
• The ability to continue to recover appropriate costs as approved by our regulators.

Concerns relating to the responsible use of new and evolving technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), may result in reputational or financial harm and liability.

While providing significant benefits, AI poses emerging legal, social, and ethical issues and presents risks and challenges. If we utilize AI solutions that have unintended consequences or may be deemed controversial, or if we are unable to develop effective internal policies and frameworks relating to the responsible use of AI, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability. Complying with regulations related to AI could increase our cost of doing business, may change the way that we operate in certain jurisdictions, or may impede our ability to offer services in certain jurisdictions if we are unable to comply with regulations.

Failure to attract and retain an appropriately qualified employee workforce could adversely affect operations.

Our ability to implement our business strategy and serve our customers depends upon our continuing ability to attract, develop and retain talented professionals and a technically skilled workforce in a manner competitive with current market conditions, and transfer the knowledge and expertise of our workforce to new employees as our existing employees retire. Failure to hire and adequately train replacement employees, including the transfer of significant internal historical knowledge and expertise to new employees, or the future availability and cost of contract labor could adversely affect our ability to manage and operate our business. If we were unable to hire, train and retain appropriately qualified personnel, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

A strike, work stoppage or a labor dispute could adversely affect our operations.

We are party to collective bargaining agreements with labor unions at some of our Florida operations. A strike, work stoppage or a labor dispute with a union or employees represented by a union could cause interruption to our operations and our results could be adversely affected.

Our businesses are capital-intensive, and the increased costs and/or delays of capital projects may adversely affect our future earnings.

Our businesses are capital-intensive and require significant investments in ongoing infrastructure projects. These projects are subject to state and federal regulatory oversight and require certain property rights, such as easements and rights-of-way from public and private owners, as well as regulatory approvals, including environmental and other permits and licenses. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain the necessary property rights, permits and licenses and approvals in a timely and cost-efficient manner, or at all, which may result in the delay or failure to complete a project. In addition, the availability of the necessary materials and qualified vendors could also impact our ability to complete such projects on a timely basis and manage the overall costs. Failure to complete any pending or future infrastructure projects could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Where we are able to successfully complete pending or future infrastructure projects, our revenues may not increase immediately upon the expenditure of funds on a particular project or as anticipated over the life of the project. As a result, there is the risk that new and expanded infrastructure may not achieve our expected investment returns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our regulated energy business may be at risk if franchise agreements are not renewed, or new franchise agreements are not obtained, which could adversely affect our future results or operating cash flows and financial condition.

Our regulated natural gas and electric distribution operations hold franchises in each of the incorporated municipalities that require franchise agreements in order to provide natural gas and electricity. Ongoing financial results would be adversely impacted in the event that franchise agreements were not renewed. If we are unable to obtain franchise agreements for new service areas, growth in our future earnings could be negatively impacted.

Slowdowns in customer growth may adversely affect earnings and cash flows.

Our ability to increase revenues in our natural gas, propane and electric distribution businesses is dependent upon growth in the residential construction market, adding new commercial and industrial customers and conversion of customers to natural gas, electricity or propane from other energy sources. Slowdowns in growth may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Energy conservation could lower energy consumption, which would adversely affect our earnings.

Federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives to promote energy efficiency, conservation and the use of alternative energy sources could lower consumption of natural gas and propane by our customers. For example, in August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was signed into law, with hundreds of billions of dollars in incentives for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, and clean fuels, amongst other provisions. These incentives could further accelerate the transition of the U.S. economy away from the use of fossil fuels towards lower- or zero-carbon emissions alternatives and impact demand for our products and services. In addition, increasing attention to climate change, societal expectations on companies to address climate change, investor and societal expectations including mandatory climate related disclosures, and the aforementioned demand for alternative forms of energy, may result in increased costs and reduced demand for our products and services. While we cannot predict the ultimate effect that the development of alternative energy sources and related laws might have on our operations, we may be subject to reduced profits, increased investigations and litigation against us, and negative impacts on the market price of our common stock and access to capital markets.

In addition, higher costs of natural gas, propane and electricity may cause customers to conserve fuel. To the extent recovery through customer rates of higher costs or lower consumption from energy efficiency or conservation is not allowed, and our propane retail prices cannot be increased due to market conditions, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Commodity price increases may adversely affect the operating costs and competitive positions of our natural gas, electric and propane operations, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Natural Gas and Electricity. Higher natural gas prices can significantly increase the cost of gas billed to our natural gas customers. Increases in the cost of natural gas and other fuels used to generate electricity can significantly increase the cost of electricity billed to our electric customers. Damage to the production or transportation facilities of our suppliers, which decreases their supply of natural gas and electricity, could result in increased supply costs and higher prices for our customers. Such cost increases generally have no immediate effect on our revenues and earnings because of our regulated fuel cost recovery mechanisms. However, our net income may be reduced by higher expenses that we may incur for uncollectible customer accounts and by lower volumes of natural gas and electricity deliveries when customers reduce their consumption. Therefore, increases in the price of natural gas and other fuels can adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, as well as the competitiveness of natural gas and electricity as energy sources.

Propane. Propane costs are subject to changes as a result of product supply or other market conditions, including weather, economic and political factors affecting crude oil and natural gas supply or pricing. For example, weather conditions could damage production or transportation facilities, which could result in decreased supplies of propane, increased supply costs and higher prices for customers. Such increases in costs can occur rapidly and can negatively affect profitability. There is no assurance that we will be able to pass on propane cost increases fully or immediately, particularly when propane costs increase rapidly. Therefore, average retail sales prices can vary significantly from year-to-year as product costs fluctuate in response to propane, fuel oil, crude oil and natural gas commodity market conditions. In addition, in periods of sustained higher commodity prices, declines in retail sales volumes due to reduced consumption and increased amounts of uncollectible accounts may adversely affect net income.

Refer to Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for additional information.

Our use of derivative instruments may adversely affect our results of operations.

Fluctuating commodity prices may affect our earnings and financing costs because our propane operations use derivative instruments, including forwards, futures, swaps, puts, and calls, to hedge price risk. While we have risk management policies and operating procedures in place to control our exposure to risk, if we purchase derivative instruments that are not properly matched to our exposure, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected. In addition, fluctuations in market prices could result in significant unrealized gains or losses, which could require margins to be posted on unsettled positions and impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

A substantial disruption or lack of growth in interstate natural gas pipeline transmission and storage capacity or electric transmission capacity may impair our ability to meet customers’ existing and future requirements.

In order to meet existing and future customer demands for natural gas and electricity, we must acquire sufficient supplies of natural gas and electricity, interstate pipeline transmission and storage capacity, and electric transmission capacity to serve such requirements. We must contract for reliable and adequate upstream transmission capacity for our distribution systems while considering the dynamics of the interstate pipeline and storage and electric transmission markets, our own on-system resources, as well as the characteristics of our markets. Our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected if the future availability of these capacities were insufficient to meet future customer demands for natural gas and electricity. Currently, our natural gas operations in Florida rely primarily on two pipeline systems, FGT and Peninsula Pipeline (our intrastate pipeline subsidiary), for most of their natural gas supply and transmission. Our Florida electric operation secures electricity from external parties. Any continued interruption of service from these suppliers could adversely affect our ability to meet the demands of our customers, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our ability to grow our businesses could be adversely affected if we are not successful in making acquisitions or integrating the acquisitions we have completed.

One of our strategies is to grow through acquisitions of complementary businesses. On November 30, 2023, we completed the acquisition of FCG, a regulated natural gas distribution utility serving approximately 123,000 residential and commercial natural gas customers in Florida, for $922.8 million in cash, pursuant to the stock purchase agreement with Florida Power & Light Company. Our acquisitions, including FCG as well as future acquisitions, involve a number of risks including, but not limited to, the following:

• We may fail to realize the benefits and growth prospects anticipated as a result of the acquisition;
• We may not identify all material facts, issues and/or liabilities in due diligence; accurately anticipate required capital expenditures; or design and implement an effective internal control environment with respect to acquired businesses;
• We may experience difficulty in integrating the technology, systems, policies, processes or operations and retaining the employees, including key personnel of the acquired business;
• The historical financial results of acquisitions may not be representative of our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and may not deliver the expected strategic and operational benefits;
• An acquisition may divert management’s attention to integration activities or disrupt ongoing operations; and
• We may overpay for assets, which could result in the recording of excess goodwill and other intangible assets at values that ultimately may be subject to impairment charges.

These factors, amongst others, could impact our ability to successfully grow our business which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

An impairment of our assets including long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

In accordance with GAAP, goodwill, intangibles, and other long-lived assets are tested for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The testing of assets for impairment requires us to make significant estimates about our future performance and cash flows, as well as other assumptions. These values may be impacted by significant negative industry or economic trends, changes in technology, regulatory or industry conditions, disruptions to our business, inability to effectively integrate acquired businesses, unexpected significant change or planned changes in use of our assets, changes in the structure of our business, divestitures, market capitalization declines or changes in economic conditions or interest rates. If the testing performed indicates that impairment has occurred, we are required to record an impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value of the applicable asset and the implied fair value in the period the determination is made. Any changes in key assumptions, or actual performance compared with key assumptions, about our business and its future prospects could affect the fair value of one or more of our assets, which may result in an impairment charge and could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

REGULATORY, LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS

Regulation of our businesses, including changes in the regulatory environment, may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Delaware, Maryland, Ohio and Florida PSCs regulate our utility operations in those states. Eastern Shore is regulated by the FERC. The PSCs and the FERC set the rates that we can charge customers for services subject to their regulatory jurisdiction. Our ability to obtain timely rate increases and rate supplements to maintain current rates of return depends on regulatory approvals, and there can be no assurance that our regulated operations will be able to obtain such approvals or maintain currently authorized rates of return. When earnings from our regulated utilities exceed the authorized rate of return, the respective regulatory authority may require us to reduce our rates charged to customers in the future.

We may face certain regulatory and financial risks related to pipeline safety legislation.

We are subject to a number of legislative proposals at the federal and state level to implement increased oversight over natural gas pipeline operations and facilities to inspect pipeline facilities, upgrade pipeline facilities, or control the impact of a breach of such facilities. Additional operating expenses and capital expenditures may be necessary to remain in compliance. If new legislation is adopted and we incur additional expenses and expenditures, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected, particularly if we are not authorized through the regulatory process to recover from customers some or all of these costs and earn at an authorized rate of return.

Pipeline integrity programs and repairs may impose significant costs and liabilities on the Company.

The PHMSA requires pipeline operators to develop integrity management programs to comprehensively evaluate their pipelines and to take additional measures to protect pipeline segments located in areas where a leak or rupture could potentially do the most harm. The PHMSA constantly updates its regulations to ensure the highest levels of pipeline safety. As the operator of pipelines, we are required to: perform ongoing assessments of pipeline integrity; identify and characterize applicable threats to pipelines; improve data collection, integration and analysis; repair and remediate the pipelines as necessary; and implement preventative and mitigating actions. These new and any future regulations adopted by the PHMSA may impose more stringent requirements applicable to integrity management programs and other pipeline safety aspects of our operations, which could cause us to incur increased capital and operating costs and operational delays. Moreover, should we fail to comply with the PHMSA rules and regulations, we could be subject to significant penalties and fines which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are subject to operating and litigation risks that may not be fully covered by insurance.

Our operations are subject to the operating hazards and risks normally incidental to handling, storing, transporting, transmitting and delivering natural gas, electricity and propane to end users. From time to time, we are a defendant in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We maintain insurance coverage for our general liabilities in the amount of $52 million, which we believe is reasonable and prudent. However, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be adequate to protect us from all material expenses related to potential future claims for personal injury and property damage or that such levels of insurance will be available in the future at economical prices.

Costs of compliance with environmental laws may be significant.

We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing environmental quality and pollution control. These evolving laws and regulations may require expenditures over a long period of time to control environmental effects at our current and former operating sites, especially former MGP sites. To date, we have been able to recover, through regulatory rate mechanisms, the costs associated with the remediation of former MGP sites. However, there is no guarantee that we will be able to recover future remediation costs in the same manner or at all. A change in our approved rate mechanisms for recovery of environmental remediation costs, including costs at former MGP sites, could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Further, existing environmental laws and regulations may be revised, or new laws and regulations seeking to protect the environment may be adopted and applicable to us. Revised or additional laws and regulations could result in additional operating restrictions on our facilities or increased compliance costs, which may not be fully recoverable. Any such increase in compliance costs could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Compliance with these legal obligations requires us to commit capital. If we fail to comply with environmental laws and regulations, even if such failure is caused by factors beyond our control, we may be assessed administrative, civil, or criminal penalties and fines, imposed with investigatory and remedial obligations, or issued injunctions all of which could impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Note 19*, Environmental Commitments and Contingencies,* in the consolidated financial statements).

Unanticipated changes in our tax provisions or exposure to additional tax liabilities could affect our profitability and cash flow.

We are subject to income and other taxes in the U.S. and the states in which we operate. Changes in applicable state or U.S. tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application, including the possibility of retroactive effect, could affect our tax expense and profitability. In addition, the final determination of any tax audits or related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Changes in our tax provision or an increase in our tax liabilities, due to changes in applicable law and regulations, the interpretation or application thereof, future changes in the tax rate or a final determination of tax audits or litigation, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business may be subject in the future to additional regulatory and financial risks associated with global warming and climate change.

There have been a number of federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives proposed in recent years in an attempt to control or limit the effects of global warming and overall climate change, including greenhouse gas emissions. The direction of future U.S. climate change regulation is difficult to predict given the potential for policy changes under different Presidential administrations and Congressional leadership. The Environmental Protection Agency, or other Federal agencies, may or may not continue developing regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Even if federal efforts in this area slow, states, cities and local jurisdictions may continue pursuing climate regulations. Any laws or regulations that may be adopted to restrict or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to incur additional operating costs, such as costs to purchase and operate emissions controls, to obtain emission allowances or to pay emission taxes, and could reduce demand for our energy delivery services. Federal, state and local legislative initiatives to implement renewable portfolio standards or to further subsidize the cost of solar, wind and other renewable power sources may change the demand for natural gas. We cannot predict the potential impact that such laws or regulations, if adopted, may have on our future business, financial condition or financial results.

Climate changes may impact the demand for our services in the future and could result in more frequent and more severe weather events, which ultimately could adversely affect our financial results.

Significant climate change creates physical and financial risks for us. Our customers' energy needs vary with weather conditions, primarily temperature and humidity. For residential customers, heating and cooling represent their largest energy use. To the extent weather conditions may be affected by climate change, customers' energy use could increase or decrease depending on the duration and magnitude of any changes. To the extent that climate change adversely impacts the economic health or weather conditions of our service territories directly, it could adversely impact customer demand or our customers’ ability to pay. Changes in energy use due to weather variations may affect our financial condition through volatility and/or decreased revenues and cash flows. Extreme weather conditions require more system backups and can increase costs and system stresses, including service interruptions. Severe weather impacts our operating territories primarily through thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and snow or ice storms. Weather conditions outside of our operating territories could also have an impact on our revenues and cash flows by affecting natural gas prices. To the extent the frequency of extreme weather events increases, this could increase our costs of providing services. We may not be able to pass on the higher costs to our customers or recover all the costs related to mitigating these physical risks. To the extent financial markets view climate change and emissions of greenhouse gases as a financial risk, this could adversely affect our ability to access capital markets or cause us to receive less favorable terms and conditions in future financings. Our business could be affected by the potential for investigations and lawsuits related to or against greenhouse gas emitters based on the claimed connection between greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, which could impact adversely our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may delay or prevent a transaction that stockholders would view as favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as Delaware law, contain provisions that could delay, defer or prevent an unsolicited change in control of Chesapeake Utilities, which may negatively affect the market price of our common stock or the ability of stockholders to participate in a transaction in which they might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then current market price. These provisions may also prevent changes in management. In addition, our Board of Directors is authorized to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval on such terms as our Board of Directors may determine. Our common stockholders will be subject to, and may be negatively affected by, the rights of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future.

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. We face a multitude of increasing cybersecurity threats, including those that target the Nation’s critical infrastructure sectors. Reliable service and operational continuity are critical to our success and the welfare of those we serve, including our ability to safely and reliably deliver energy to our customers through our transmission, distribution, and generation systems. We are committed to maintaining robust governance and oversight of these risks and to investing in the implementation of mechanisms, controls, technologies, and processes designed to help us assess, identify, and manage these risks in an evolving landscape.

To mitigate the threat to our business, we take a comprehensive, cross-functional approach to cybersecurity risk management. Our management team is actively involved in the oversight and implementation of our risk management program, of which cybersecurity represents an important component. At least annually, we conduct a cybersecurity risk assessment that evaluates information from internal stakeholders and external sources. The results of the assessment inform our alignment and prioritization of initiatives to enhance our security controls. As described in more detail below, we have established policies, standards, processes and practices for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats which are designed to follow nationally recognized frameworks. These include, among other things: security awareness training for employees; mechanisms to detect and monitor unusual network activity; services that identify cybersecurity threats; conducting scans of the threat environment; evaluating our industry’s risk profile; utilizing internal and external audits; conducting threat and vulnerability assessments; and containment and incident response tools. We also actively engage with industry groups for benchmarking and awareness of best practices. We maintain controls and procedures that are designed for prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made in a timely manner.

Our approach to cybersecurity risk management includes the following key elements:

• Multi-Layered Defense and Continuous Monitoring: Our approach to cybersecurity involves multiple layers of defense, incorporating detection capabilities, analytics, and real-time monitoring. We utilize data insights to identify potential anomalies, monitor evolving threats, and identify emerging risks. Safeguards are regularly evaluated and refined based on vulnerability assessments, threat intelligence, and insights gained from monitoring activities.
• Information Sharing and Collaboration: We share and receive threat intelligence with industry peers, government agencies, Information Sharing and Analysis Centers ("ISACs"), trade organizations, and cybersecurity forums. These collaborations provide a means for information exchange to improve threat detection and vulnerability mitigation.
• Third-Party Risk Assessments: We engage independent firms to assist with multiple phases of our cybersecurity program. This work includes testing, audits, and consulting to validate and strengthen our cybersecurity posture, and the design and operational effectiveness of our controls.
• Companywide Policies and Procedures: Our companywide cybersecurity policies and procedures cover areas such as encryption standards, endpoint security, remote access protocols, multi-factor authentication, and data protection. These policies undergo regular review to address the latest security standards and operational requirements, and to consider best practices and industry trends.
• Training and Awareness: We provide awareness training to our employees to help identify, avoid and mitigate cybersecurity threats. Our employees routinely participate in simulated phishing campaigns, education that reinforces compliance with our policies, standards and practices, and other awareness training. We also periodically perform tabletops and other exercises with management and incorporate external resources and advisors as needed. Our cybersecurity team collaborates with stakeholders across our business units to further analyze the risk to the Company, and form detection, mitigation and remediation strategies.
• Supplier Engagement: We work collectively with our suppliers to support cybersecurity resiliency in our supply chain. The Company uses a variety of processes to address third-party cybersecurity threats, including reviewing the cybersecurity practices of such provider(s), contractually imposing obligations on the provider(s), notifications in the event of any known or suspected cyber incident, conducting security assessments, and periodic reassessments during the course of the Company’s engagement with such provider(s).

As of the date of this Form 10-K, there have not been any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected our business strategy, critical business operations, results of operations or financial condition. There can be no guarantee that our policies and procedures will be followed or, if followed, will be effective in protecting our systems and information. As such, this could impact, among other considerations, the execution of our business strategy and business operations, our financial condition and/or results of operations, and the security and effectiveness of our information technology systems. For more information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats, please see Item 1A, Risk Factors, which should be read in conjunction with this Item 1C.

Cybersecurity Risk Governance and Oversight

The Company’s Board, in conjunction with its Audit Committee, oversees management’s approach to cybersecurity risk and its alignment with the Company’s enterprise risk management program. The Board and Audit Committee receive reports from Management regarding the prevention, detection, and mitigation of cybersecurity incidents, including security risks and vulnerabilities. Additionally, the Audit Committee receives updates on cybersecurity risk assessments, risk mitigation strategies, and relevant cybersecurity matters. The Company’s information technology team is responsible for developing and implementing its information security program and reporting on cybersecurity matters to the Board of Directors and Audit Committee.

The Company’s Risk Management Committee (RMC), which is chaired by the Chief Policy and Risk Officer, evaluates risks relating to cybersecurity, among other significant risks, and oversees mitigation plans. The RMC is comprised of executive leadership across multiple functions, including individuals with responsibilities and oversight over legal, regulatory, finance and treasury, operations, information technology, business development, and policies and controls. The RMC meets monthly and receives regular updates on security performance metrics, global security risks, security enhancements, and updates on our security posture.

The Company has a cross-functional cybersecurity incident response team (“CIRT”). The Company’s CIRT routinely reviews and updates our incident response plans, procedures and protocols, as well as reports to the Company’s RMC on security matters that impact the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the Company’s data or information systems.

Offices and other operational facilities

We own or lease offices and other operational facilities in our service territories located in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida and Ohio.

Regulated Energy Segment

The following table presents a summary of miles of assets operated by our natural gas distribution, natural gas transmission and electric business units as of December 31, 2024:

(1) Aspire Energy Express had less than 1 mile of natural gas pipeline at December 31, 2024.

Peninsula Pipeline also has a 50 percent jointly owned intrastate transmission pipeline with Seacoast Gas Transmission, LLC ("Seacoast Gas Transmission") in Nassau County, Florida. The 26-mile pipeline serves demand in both Nassau and Duval Counties.

Unregulated Energy Segment

The following table presents propane storage capacity, miles of underground distribution mains and transmission for our Unregulated Energy Segment operations as of December 31, 2024:

See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Note 20, Other Commitments and Contingencies, in the consolidated financial statements), which is incorporated into Item 3 by reference.

This section provides management’s discussion of Chesapeake Utilities and its consolidated subsidiaries, with specific information on results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, as well as discussion of how certain accounting principles affect our financial statements. It includes management’s interpretation of our financial results and our operating segments, the factors affecting these results, the major factors expected to affect future operating results as well as investment and financing plans. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Several factors exist that could influence our future financial performance, some of which are described in Item 1A*, Risk Factors*. They should be considered in connection with forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, or otherwise made by or on behalf of us, since these factors could cause actual results and conditions to differ materially from those set out in such forward-looking statements.

Earnings per share ("EPS") and Adjusted EPS information is presented on a diluted basis, unless otherwise noted.

Acquisition of FCG

On November 30, 2023, we completed the acquisition of FCG for $922.8 million in cash, including working capital adjustments as defined in the agreement that were settled during the first quarter of 2024, pursuant to the stock purchase agreement with Florida Power & Light Company. Upon completion of the acquisition, FCG became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and is included within our Regulated Energy segment. FCG serves approximately 123,000 residential and commercial natural gas customers across eight counties in Florida, including Miami-Dade, Broward, Brevard, Palm Beach, Hendry, Martin, St. Lucie and Indian River. Its natural gas system includes approximately 3,982 miles of distribution main and 80 miles of transmission pipe. Results for FCG are included within our consolidated results from the acquisition date.

In June 2023, FCG received approval from the Florida PSC for a $23.3 million total increase in base revenue in connection with its May 2022 rate case filing. The new rates, which became effective as of May 1, 2023, included the transfer of its SAFE program provisions from a rider clause to base rates, an increase in rates associated with a liquefied natural gas facility, and approval of FCG's proposed reserve surplus amortization mechanism ("RSAM") with a $25.0 million reserve amount. The RSAM is recorded as either an increase or decrease to accrued removal costs on the balance sheet, with a corresponding increase or decrease to depreciation and amortization expense. At December 31, 2024, the RSAM reserve had been completely utilized.

In February 2025, FCG filed a depreciation study with the Florida PSC. The application is requesting approval of revised annual depreciation rates, as well as a reduction related to a reserve imbalance that would be amortized over a two-year period. The outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Florida PSC.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This document, including the tables herein, include references to both Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and non-GAAP financial measures, including Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS. A "non-GAAP financial measure" is generally defined as a numerical measure of a company's historical or future performance that includes or excludes amounts, or that is subject to adjustments, so as to be different from the most directly comparable measure calculated or presented in accordance with GAAP. Our management believes certain non-GAAP financial measures, when considered together with GAAP financial measures, provide information that is useful to investors in understanding period-over-period operating results separate and apart from items that may, or could, have a disproportionately positive or negative impact on results in any particular period.

We calculate Adjusted Gross Margin by deducting the purchased cost of natural gas, propane and electricity and the cost of labor spent on direct revenue-producing activities from operating revenues. The costs included in Adjusted Gross Margin exclude depreciation and amortization and certain costs presented in operations and maintenance expenses in accordance with regulatory requirements. We calculate Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS by deducting non-recurring costs and expenses associated with significant acquisitions that may affect the comparison of period-over-period results. These non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative to, GAAP and should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, the comparable GAAP measures. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are useful and meaningful to investors as a basis for making investment decisions, and provide investors with information that demonstrates the profitability achieved by the Company under allowed rates for regulated energy operations and under the Company's competitive pricing structures for unregulated energy operations. The Company's management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing a business unit's and the overall Company performance. Other companies may calculate these non-GAAP financial measures in a different manner.

The following tables reconcile Gross Margin, Net Income, and EPS, all as defined under GAAP, to our non-GAAP financial measures of Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Adjusted Gross Margin

(in millions)

(in millions)

Chesapeake Utilities Corporation 2024 Form 10-K Page 30

(in millions)

(1) Operations & maintenance expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Income are presented in accordance with regulatory requirements and to provide comparability within the industry. Operations & maintenance expenses which are deemed to be directly attributable to revenue producing activities have been separately presented above in order to calculate Gross Margin as defined under GAAP.

2024 to 2023 Gross Margin (GAAP) Variance – Regulated Energy

Gross Margin (GAAP) for the Regulated Energy segment for 2024 was $341.8 million, an increase of $83.9 million, or 32.5 percent, compared to 2023. Higher gross margin reflects contributions attributable to the acquisition of FCG, incremental margin from regulatory initiatives and infrastructure programs, natural gas organic growth and pipeline expansion projects.

2023 to 2022 Gross Margin (GAAP) Variance – Regulated Energy

Gross Margin (GAAP) for the Regulated Energy segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 is described in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference.

2024 to 2023 Gross Margin (GAAP) Variance – Unregulated Energy

Gross Margin (GAAP) for the Unregulated Energy segment for 2024 was $78.2 million, an increase of $6.4 million, or 8.9 percent, compared to 2023. Higher gross margin resulted from increased levels of virtual pipeline services and increased propane consumption, margins and service fees.

2023 to 2022 Gross Margin (GAAP) Variance – Unregulated Energy

Gross Margin (GAAP) for the Unregulated Energy segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 is described in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS

(1) Transaction and transition-related expenses represent non-recurring costs attributable to the acquisition and integration of FCG including, but not limited to transaction costs, transition services, consulting, system integration, rebranding, and legal fees.

(2) Weighted average shares reflect the impact of 4.4 million common shares issued in November 2023 in connection with the acquisition of FCG. See Notes 4 and 15 for additional details on the acquisition and related equity offering.

2024 to 2023 Net Income (GAAP) Variance

Net income (GAAP) for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $118.6 million, or $5.26 per share, compared to $87.2 million, or $4.73 per share in 2023. Net income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included $2.9 million and $10.6 million, respectively, of transaction and transition-related expenses in connection with the acquisition and integration of FCG. Excluding these costs, net income increased by $23.7 million or 24.2 percent compared to the prior year.

2023 to 2022 Net Income (GAAP) Variance

Net income (GAAP) for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 is described in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference.

OVERVIEW AND HIGHLIGHTS

(1) Weighted average shares reflect the impact of 4.4 million common shares issued in November 2023 in connection with the acquisition of FCG.

(2) Transaction and transition-related expenses represent costs attributable to the acquisition and integration of FCG including, but not limited to, transaction costs, transition services, consulting, system integration, rebranding and legal fees.

2024 compared to 2023

Key variances in operations between 2024 and 2023 included:

(in millions, except per share data)

* See the Major Projects and Initiatives table.

** Transaction and transition-related expenses attributable to the acquisition and integration of FCG have been excluded from the Company’s non-GAAP

measures of adjusted net income and adjusted EPS. See reconciliations above for a detailed comparison to the related GAAP measures.

*** Reflects the impact of 4.4 million common shares issued in November 2023 in connection with the acquisition of FCG and shares also issued in 2024.

SUMMARY OF KEY FACTORS

Recently Completed and Ongoing Major Projects and Initiatives

We constantly pursue and develop additional projects and regulatory initiatives to serve existing and new customers, further grow our businesses and earnings, and increase shareholder value. The following table includes the major projects and initiatives that are currently underway or recently completed. Our practice is to add incremental margin associated with new projects and regulatory initiatives to this table once negotiations or details are substantially final and/or the associated earnings can be estimated. Major projects and initiatives that have generated consistent year-over-year adjusted gross margin contributions are removed from the table at the beginning of the next calendar year.

(in millions)

(1) Includes adjusted gross margin during 2023 comprised of both interim rates and permanent base rates which became effective in March 2023.

(2) Rate case application and depreciation study filed with the Maryland PSC in January 2024. See additional information provided below.

(3) Includes adjusted gross margin attributable to interim rates during 2024. See additional information provided below.

Discussion of Major Projects and Initiatives

Pipeline Expansions

Southern Expansion

Eastern Shore installed a new natural gas driven compressor skid unit at its existing Bridgeville, Delaware compressor station that provides 7,300 Dts of incremental firm transportation pipeline capacity. The project was placed in service in the fourth quarter of 2023. The project generated additional adjusted gross margin of $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and is expected to produce adjusted gross margin of approximately $2.3 million in 2025 and thereafter.

Beachside Pipeline Expansion

In June 2021, Peninsula Pipeline and FCG entered into a Transportation Service Agreement for an incremental 10,176 Dts/d of firm service in Indian River County, Florida, to support FCG's growth along the Indian River's barrier island. As part of this agreement, Peninsula Pipeline constructed approximately 11.3 miles of pipeline from its existing pipeline in the Sebastian, Florida. The project went into service in April 2023. Subsequent to the acquisition of FCG, the agreement is now an affiliate agreement. The project generated additional adjusted gross margin of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and is expected to produce adjusted gross margin of approximately $2.4 million in 2025 and thereafter.

St. Cloud / Twin Lakes Expansion

In July 2022, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for approval of its Transportation Service Agreement with FPU for an additional 2,400 Dts/d of firm service in the St. Cloud, Florida area. As part of this agreement, Peninsula Pipeline constructed a pipeline extension and regulator station for FPU. The extension supports new incremental load due to growth in the area, including providing service, most immediately, to the residential development, Twin Lakes. The expansion also improves reliability and provides operational benefits to FPU’s existing distribution system in the area, supporting future growth. This project was placed into service in July 2023 and generated additional adjusted gross margin of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. We expect this extension to generate annual adjusted gross margin of $0.6 million in 2025 and thereafter.

In February 2024, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for approval of an amendment to its Transportation Service Agreement with FPU for a project that will support additional supply to communities in the St. Cloud, Florida area. The project is driven by the need to expand gas service to future communities that are expected in that area. Peninsula Pipeline will construct pipeline expansions that will allow FPU to serve the expected new growth. The expansion will provide FPU with an additional 10,000 Dts/d. The Florida PSC approved the project in May 2024, and it is expected to be complete in the fourth quarter of 2025. We expect this expansion to generate approximately $2.2 million of adjusted gross margin in 2025 and $3.2 million thereafter.

Wildlight Expansion

In August 2022, Peninsula Pipeline and FPU filed a joint petition with the Florida PSC for approval of its Transportation Service Agreement associated with the Wildlight planned community located in Nassau County, Florida. The project enables us to meet the significant growing demand for service in Yulee, Florida. The agreement enables us to construct the project during the build-out of the community and charge the reservation rate as each phase of the project goes into service. Construction of the pipeline facilities will occur in two separate phases. Phase one consists of three extensions with associated facilities, and a gas injection interconnect with associated facilities. Phase two will consist of two additional pipeline extensions. The petition was approved by the Florida PSC in November 2022. The various phases of the project commenced in the first quarter of 2023, with construction on the overall project continuing through 2025. The project generated additional adjusted gross margin of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and is expected to contribute adjusted gross margin of approximately $3.0 million in 2025 and $4.3 million thereafter.

Lake Wales Expansion

In February 2023, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for approval of its Transportation Service Agreement with FPU for an additional 9,000 Dts/d of firm service in the Lake Wales, Florida area. The PSC approved the petition in April 2023 and Peninsula Pipeline completed the acquisition of an existing pipeline in May 2023 that is being utilized to serve both current and new natural gas customers. The project generated additional adjusted gross margin of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and is expected to contribute adjusted gross margin of approximately $0.5 million in 2025 and thereafter.

Newberry Expansion

In April 2023, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for approval of its Transportation Service Agreement with FPU for an additional 8,000 Dts/d of firm service in the Newberry, Florida area. The petition was approved by the Florida PSC in the third quarter of 2023. Peninsula Pipeline will construct a pipeline extension, which will be used by FPU to support the development of a natural gas distribution system to provide gas service to the City of Newberry. A filing to address the acquisition and conversion of existing Company owned propane community gas systems in Newberry was made in November 2023. The Florida PSC approved it in April 2024, and conversions of the community gas systems commenced in the second quarter of 2024. The project generated adjusted gross margin of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and is expected to contribute adjusted gross margin of approximately $2.6 million in 2025 and thereafter.

Worcester Resiliency Upgrade

In August 2023, Eastern Shore filed an application with the FERC requesting authorization to construct the Worcester Resiliency Upgrade, which consists of a mixture of storage and transmission facilities in Sussex County, DE and Wicomico, Worcester, and Somerset Counties in Maryland. The project will provide long-term incremental supply necessary to support the growing demand of the participating shippers. In January 2025, the FERC approved the project, and construction is expected to be complete in the third quarter of 2025. The project is expected to contribute adjusted gross margin of approximately $3.0 million in 2025 and $13.7 million thereafter.

East Coast Reinforcement Projects (Boynton Beach and New Smyrna Beach)

In December 2023, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for approval of its Transportation Service Agreements with FPU for projects that will support additional supply to communities on the East Coast of Florida. The projects are driven by the need for increased supply to coastal portions of the state that have experienced an increase in population growth. Peninsula Pipeline will construct several pipeline extensions which will support FPU’s distribution system in the areas of Boynton Beach and New Smyrna Beach with an additional 15,000 Dts/d and 3,400 Dts/d, respectively. The Florida PSC approved the projects in March 2024. Construction is projected to be complete in the second and fourth quarters of 2025 for New Smyrna Beach and Boynton Beach, respectively. The projects are expected to contribute adjusted gross margin of approximately $4.8 million in 2025 and $6.0 million in 2026 and thereafter.

Central Florida Reinforcement Projects

In February 2024, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for approval of its Transportation Service Agreements with FPU for projects that will support additional supply to communities located in Central Florida. The projects are driven by the need for increased supply to communities in central Florida that are experiencing significant population growth. Peninsula Pipeline will construct several pipeline extensions which will support FPU’s distribution system in the areas of Plant City and Lake Mattie with an additional 5,000 Dts/d and 8,700 Dts/d, respectively. The Florida PSC approved the projects in May 2024. The Plant City project was completed in the fourth quarter of 2024, and the Lake Mattie project is projected to be completed during the fourth quarter of 2025. The completed project generated adjusted gross margin of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and is expected to contribute adjusted gross margin of approximately $2.0 million in 2025 and $4.3 million thereafter.

Warwick Pipeline Project

In July 2024, we announced plans to extend Eastern Shore's transmission deliverability by constructing an additional 4.4 miles of six inch steel pipeline. The project will reinforce the supply and growth for our Delaware division distribution system and expand natural gas service further into Maryland for anticipated future growth. This project was placed into service during the fourth quarter of 2024, generated adjusted gross margin of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and is expected to contribute adjusted gross margin of approximately $1.9 million in 2025 and thereafter.

Pioneer Supply Header Pipeline Project

In March 2024, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for its approval of Firm Transportation Service Agreements with both FCG and FPU for a project that will support greater supply growth of natural gas service in southeast Florida. The project consists of the transfer of a pipeline asset from FCG to Peninsula Pipeline. Peninsula Pipeline will proceed to provide transportation service to both FCG and FPU using the pipeline asset, which supports continued customer growth and system reinforcement of these distribution systems. The Florida PSC approved the petition in July 2024 and the project was completed in September 2024.

Renewable Natural Gas Supply Projects

In February 2024, Peninsula Pipeline filed a petition with the Florida PSC for its approval of its Transportation Service Agreements with FCG for projects that will support the transportation of additional renewable energy supply to FCG. The projects, located in Florida’s Brevard, Indian River and Miami-Dade counties, will bring renewable natural gas produced from local landfills into FCG’s natural gas distribution system. Peninsula Pipeline will construct several pipeline extensions which will support FCG's distribution system in Brevard County, Indian River County, and Miami-Dade County. Benefits of these projects include increased gas supply to serve expected FCG growth, strengthened system reliability and additional system flexibility. The Florida PSC approved the petition in July 2024 with the projects estimated to be completed in the first half of 2025. These three renewable projects are projected to generate total adjusted gross margin of approximately $5.7 million in 2025 and $6.7 million thereafter.

CNG/RNG/LNG Transportation and Infrastructure

We have made a commitment to meet customer demand for CNG, RNG and LNG in the markets we serve. This has included making investments within Marlin Gas Services to be able to transport these products through its virtual pipeline fleet to customers. To date, we have also made an infrastructure investment in Ohio, enabling RNG to fuel a third party landfill fleet and to transport RNG to end use customers off our pipeline system.

We are also involved in various other projects, all at various stages and all with different opportunities to participate across the energy value chain. In many of these projects, Marlin will play a key role in ensuring the RNG is transported to one of our many pipeline systems where it will be injected. We include our RNG transportation services and infrastructure related adjusted gross margin from across the organization in combination with our CNG and LNG projects.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we generated $5.3 million in additional adjusted gross margin including the margin attributable to the Full Circle Dairy and Noble Road projects described below. We estimate annual adjusted gross margin of approximately $20.0 million in 2025, and $20.7 million in 2026 for these transportation related services, with potential for additional growth in future years.

Full Circle Dairy

In February 2023, we announced plans to construct, own and operate a dairy manure RNG facility at Full Circle Dairy in Madison County, Florida. The project consists of a facility converting dairy manure to RNG and transportation assets to bring the gas to market. The first injection of RNG occurred in the second quarter of 2024.

Noble Road Landfill RNG Project

In October 2021, Aspire Energy completed construction of its Noble Road Landfill RNG pipeline project, a 33.1-mile pipeline, which transports RNG generated from the Noble Road landfill to Aspire Energy’s pipeline system, displacing conventionally produced natural gas. In conjunction with this expansion, Aspire Energy also upgraded an existing compressor station and installed two new metering and regulation sites. The RNG volume represents more than 10 percent of Aspire Energy’s gas gathering volumes.

Regulatory Initiatives (with recent regulatory actions)

Florida GUARD Program

In February 2023, FPU filed a petition with the Florida PSC for approval of the GUARD program. GUARD is a ten-year program to enhance the safety, reliability, and accessibility of portions of our natural gas distribution system. We identified various categories of projects to be included in GUARD, which include the relocation of mains and service lines located in rear easements and other difficult to access areas to the front of the street, the replacement of problematic distribution mains, service lines, and maintenance and repair equipment and system reliability projects. In August 2023, the Florida PSC approved the GUARD program, which included $205 million of capital expenditures projected to be spent over a 10-year period. For the year ended December 31, 2024, there was $3.2 million of incremental adjusted gross margin generated pursuant to the program. The program is expected to generate $6.3 million of adjusted gross margin in 2025 and $8.8 million in 2026.

FCG SAFE Program

In June 2023, the Florida PSC issued the approval order for the continuation of the SAFE program beyond its 2025 expiration date and inclusion of 150 miles of additional mains and services located in rear property easements. The SAFE program is designed to relocate certain mains and facilities associated with rear lot easements to street front locations to improve FCG's ability to inspect and maintain the facilities and reduce opportunities for damage and theft. In the same order, the Commission approved a replacement of 160 miles of pipe that was used in the 1970s and 1980s and shown through industry research to exhibit premature failure in the form of cracking. The program includes projected capital expenditures of $205 million over a 10-year period. For the year ended December 31, 2024, there was $3.8 million of adjusted gross margin generated pursuant to the program. The program is expected to generate $8.3 million of adjusted gross margin in 2025 and $10.9 million in 2026.

In April 2024, FCG filed a petition with the Florida PSC to more closely align the SAFE Program with FPU's GUARD program. Specifically, the requested modifications will enable FCG to accelerate remediation related to problematic pipe and facilities consisting of obsolete and exposed pipe. These efforts will serve to improve the safety and reliability of service to FCG's customers, and the modifications will result in an estimated additional $50.0 million in capital expenditures associated with the SAFE Program which would increase the total projected capital expenditures to approximately $255.0 million over a 10-year period. The Florida PSC approved the modifications in September 2024.

Capital Cost Surcharge Programs

In December 2024, Eastern Shore submitted a filing with the FERC regarding a capital cost surcharge to recover capital costs associated with the replacement of existing Eastern Shore facilities because of mandated highway relocation projects as well as compliance with a PHMSA regulation. The capital cost surcharge mechanism was approved in Eastern Shore's last rate case. In conjunction with the filing of this surcharge, a cumulative adjustment to the existing surcharge to reflect additional depreciation was included. The FERC issued an order approving the surcharge as filed in December 2024. The combined revised surcharge became effective January 1, 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2024, there was $0.4 million of incremental adjusted gross margin generated pursuant to the program. Eastern Shore expects to produce adjusted gross margin of approximately $5.3 million in 2025 and $6.7 million in 2026 from relocation projects, which is ultimately dependent upon the timing of filings and the completion of construction.

Florida Natural Gas Rate Case Proceeding

In May 2022, our legacy natural gas distribution businesses in Florida filed a consolidated natural gas rate case with the Florida PSC. The application included a request for the following: (i) permanent rate relief of approximately $24.1 million, effective January 1, 2023, (ii) a depreciation study also submitted with the filing; (iii) authorization to make certain changes to tariffs to include the consolidation of rates and rate structure across the businesses and to unify the Florida Natural Gas distribution business under FPU; (iv) authorization to retain the acquisition adjustment recorded at the time of the FPU merger in our revenue requirement; and (v) authorization to establish an environmental remediation surcharge for the purposes of addressing future expected remediation costs for FPU MGP sites. In August 2022, interim rates were approved by the Florida PSC in the amount of approximately $7.7 million on an annualized basis, effective for all meter readings in September 2022. In January 2023, the Florida PSC approved the application for consolidation and permanent rate relief of approximately $17.2 million on an annual basis. Actual rates were approved by the Florida PSC in February 2023 with an effective date of March 1, 2023. The proceeding is expected to generate $17.2 million of total adjusted gross margin in 2025 and thereafter.

Maryland Natural Gas Rate Case

In January 2024, our natural gas distribution businesses in Maryland, CUC-Maryland Division, Sandpiper Energy, Inc., and Elkton Gas Company (collectively, “Maryland natural gas distribution businesses”) filed a joint application for a natural gas rate case with the Maryland PSC. In connection with the application, we sought approval of the following: (i) permanent rate relief of approximately $6.9 million with an ROE of 11.5 percent; (ii)authorization to make certain changes to tariffs to include a unified rate structure and to consolidate the Maryland natural gas distribution businesses which we anticipate will be called Chesapeake Utilities of Maryland, Inc.; and (iii) authorization to establish a rider for recovery of the costs associated with our new technology systems. In August 2024, the Maryland natural gas distribution businesses, the Maryland Office of Peoples' Counsel ("OPC") and PSC Staff reached a settlement agreement which provided for, among other things, an increase in annual base rates of $2.6 million. In September 2024, the Maryland Public Utility Judge issued an order approving the settlement agreement in part. The $2.6 million increase in annual base rates was approved and the Company filed the Phase II filing in November 2024 to determine rate design across the Maryland natural gas distribution businesses, consolidation of the applicable tariffs and recovery of technology costs. The hearing has been scheduled for March 2025 and the outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Maryland PSC.

Maryland Natural Gas Depreciation Study

In January 2024, our Maryland natural gas distribution businesses filed a joint petition for approval of their proposed unified depreciation rates with the Maryland PSC. A settlement agreement between the Company, PSC staff and the OPC was reached and the final order approving the settlement agreement went into effect in July 2024, with new depreciation rates effective as of

January 1, 2023. The approved depreciation rates resulted in an annual reduction in depreciation expense of approximately $1.2 million.

Delaware Natural Gas Rate Case

In August 2024, our Delaware natural gas division filed an application for a natural gas rate case with the Delaware PSC. In connection with the application, we are seeking approval of the following: (i) permanent rate relief of approximately $12.1 million with a ROE of 11.5 percent; (ii) proposed changes to depreciation rates which were part of a depreciation study also submitted with the filing; and (iii) authorization to make certain changes to tariffs. Annualized interim rates were approved by the Delaware PSC in the amount of $2.5 million and became effective October 2024. The hearing for the proceeding has been scheduled for May 2025, and the outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Delaware PSC.

FPU Electric Rate Case

In August 2024, our Florida Electric division filed a petition with the Florida PSC seeking a general base rate increase of $12.6 million with a ROE of 11.3 percent based on a 2025 projected test year. Annualized interim rates of approximately $1.8 million were approved with an effective date of November 1, 2024. The outcome of the application is subject to review and approval by the Florida PSC. The hearings for the approval of the revenue requirement and rates are scheduled to occur in March 2025.

Storm Protection Plan

In 2020, the Florida PSC implemented the Storm Protection Plan ("SPP") and Storm Protection Plan Cost Recovery Clause ("SPPCRC"), which require electric utilities to petition the Florida PSC for approval of a Transmission and Distribution Storm Protection Plan that covers the utility’s immediate 10-year planning period with updates to the plan at least every 3 years. The SPPCRC rules allow the utility to file for recovery of associated costs related to its SPP. Our Florida electric distribution operation's SPP and SPPCRC were filed during the first quarter of 2022 and approved in the fourth quarter of 2022, with modifications, by the Florida PSC. In October 2024, the Florida PSC approved the Company's projected 2025 SPP costs for both capital and operating expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2024, this initiative generated incremental adjusted gross margin of $1.9 million, and is expected to generate $5.6 million in 2025 and 2026. We expect continued investment under the SPP going forward.

Other Major Factors Influencing Adjusted Gross Margin

Weather Impact

In 2024, higher consumption which includes the effects of colder weather compared to the prior year resulted in a $0.3 million increase in adjusted gross margin. While temperatures in our Delmarva service territories were colder than the prior year, our Ohio service territories experienced warmer temperatures compared to 2023. In addition, temperatures in the Delmarva and Ohio service territories in 2024 were both approximately 10 percent warmer compared to normal temperatures. The following table summarizes HDD and CDD variances from the 10-year average HDD/CDD ("Normal") for the years ended 2024 compared to 2023, and 2023 compared to 2022.

HDD and CDD Information

Natural Gas Distribution Growth

The average number of residential customers served on the Delmarva Peninsula and our legacy Florida Natural Gas distribution business increased by approximately 4.0 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively, during 2024.

The details are provided in the following table:

(in millions)

(1) Includes growth amounts for our legacy Florida operations, but excludes the effects of FCG.

REGULATED ENERGY

(in millions)

(1) Adjusted Gross Margin is a non-GAAP measure utilized by Management to review business unit performance. For a more detailed discussion on the differences between Gross Margin (GAAP) and Adjusted Gross Margin, see the Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures presented above.

(2) Transaction and transition-related expenses represent costs attributable to the acquisition and integration of FCG including, but not limited to, transaction costs, transition services, consulting, system integration, rebranding and legal fees.

2024 compared to 2023

Operating income for the Regulated Energy segment for 2024 was $196.2 million, an increase of $70.0 million or 55.5 percent compared to 2023. Excluding transaction and transition-related expenses associated with the acquisition of FCG, operating income increased $63.6 million or 46.6 percent compared to the prior year. Higher operating income reflects incremental contributions from the acquisition of FCG, incremental margin from our regulatory initiatives and infrastructure programs, and organic growth in our natural gas distribution businesses and pipeline expansion projects. Excluding the transaction and transition-related expenses described above, operating expenses increased by $42.0 million compared to the prior year primarily attributable to increased FCG operating expenses, higher depreciation, amortization and property taxes and increased facilities expenses, maintenance costs and outside services. Increases in depreciation, amortization and property taxes attributable to growth projects and FCG were offset by lower depreciation rates that were approved as part of the rate filings for our Florida electric operations and Maryland natural gas utilities and a $10.4 million increase in the RSAM adjustment from FCG in 2024 compared to the prior year.

Adjusted Gross Margin

Items contributing to the year-over-year adjusted gross margin increase are listed in the following table:

(in millions)

(1) Includes adjusted gross margin contributions from permanent base rates that became effective in March 2023.

The following narrative discussion provides further detail and analysis of the significant variances in adjusted gross margin detailed above.

Contribution from Acquisition of FCG

FCG contributed incremental adjusted gross margin of $88.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Margin from Regulated Infrastructure Programs

Regulated infrastructure programs generated incremental adjusted gross margin of $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in adjusted gross margin was primarily related to Florida's GUARD program and FPU Electric's SPP. Refer to Note 18, Rates and Other Regulatory Activities, in the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Natural Gas Distribution Customer Growth

We generated additional adjusted gross margin of $5.8 million from natural gas customer growth. Adjusted gross margin increased by $3.7 million for our Florida Natural Gas distribution business and $2.1 million on the Delmarva Peninsula compared to 2023, due primarily to residential customer growth of 3.9 percent and 4.0 percent in Florida and on the Delmarva Peninsula, respectively.

Natural Gas Transmission Service Expansions, including interim services

We generated increased adjusted gross margin of $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from natural gas transmission service expansions of Peninsula Pipeline and Eastern Shore.

Rate Changes Associated with the Florida Natural Gas Base Rate Proceeding

Permanent rates associated with the Florida Natural Gas base rate proceeding, effective on March 1, 2023, contributed additional adjusted gross margin of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 18, Rates and Other Regulatory Activities, in the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Interim Rates from Recent Rate Case Activities

Interim rates associated with the Delaware natural gas rate case and Florida Electric base rate case contributed additional adjusted gross margin of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 18, Rates and Other Regulatory Activities, in the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Expiration of Regulatory Recovery for Pandemic Related Costs

The expiration of regulatory recovery for pandemic related costs offset adjusted gross margin by $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other Operating Expenses

Items contributing to the year-over-year increase in other operating expenses are listed in the following table:

(in millions)

(1) Transaction and transition-related expenses represent costs attributable to the acquisition and integration of FCG including, but not limited to, transaction costs, transition services, consulting, system integration, rebranding and legal fees.

2023 compared to 2022

The results for the Regulated Energy segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 are described in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference.

UNREGULATED ENERGY

(in millions)

(1) Adjusted Gross Margin is a non-GAAP measure utilized by Management to review business unit performance. For a more detailed discussion on the differences between Gross Margin (GAAP) and Adjusted Gross Margin, see the Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures presented above.

2024 Compared to 2023

Operating income for the Unregulated Energy segment for 2024 increased by $7.3 million or 29.9 percent compared to 2023. Adjusted gross margin in the Unregulated Energy segment increased primarily due to increased levels of virtual pipeline services, increased propane consumption including the impact of the December 2023 acquisition, and increased gathering fees and rate changes at Aspire. These increases were partially offset by reduced customer consumption at Aspire primarily from agricultural customers and reduced propane margins and service fees. The increase in operating expenses included higher vehicle expenses and insurance costs which were largely offset by lower payroll, benefits and other employee-related expenses compared to the prior year.

Adjusted Gross Margin

Items contributing to the year-over-year increase in adjusted gross margin are listed in the following table:

(in millions)

The following narrative discussion provides further detail and analysis of the significant items in the foregoing table.

Propane Operations

• Increased propane customer consumption - Adjusted gross margin was positively impacted by $1.8 million as a result of increased customer consumption driven by colder weather experienced in our Mid-Atlantic and North Carolina service areas during the fourth quarter of 2024.
• Contributions from acquisition - Adjusted gross margin increased by $1.0 million from the acquisition of J.T. Lee and Son's that was completed in December 2023.
• Propane margins and fees - Adjusted gross margin decreased by $0.3 million, mainly due to lower margins and customer service fees. These market conditions, which include market pricing and competition with other propane suppliers, as well as the availability and price of alternative energy sources, may fluctuate based on changes in demand, supply and other energy commodity prices.

CNG/RNG/LNG Transportation and Infrastructure

• Increased levels of virtual pipeline services - Adjusted gross margin increased by $4.5 million over 2023 largely due to increased demand for CNG and RNG hold services.

Aspire Energy

• Increase in gathering charges - Adjusted gross margin increased by $1.6 million primarily due to increased gathering charges associated with a large commercial customer.
• Change in customer consumption - Adjusted gross margin decreased by $1.4 million due to lower customer consumption from agricultural customers compared to the prior year.

Other Operating Expenses

Items contributing to the year-over-year increase in other operating expenses are listed in the following table:

(in millions)

2023 compared to 2022

The results for the Unregulated Energy segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 are described in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated by reference.

OTHER INCOME, NET

2024 Compared to 2023

Other income, net, which includes non-operating investment income, interest income, late fees charged to customers, gains or losses from the sale of assets and pension and other benefits expense, amounted to $2.0 million and $1.4 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

INTEREST CHARGES

2024 Compared to 2023

Interest charges for 2024 increased by $31.5 million compared to the same period in 2023. This increase is primarily attributable to the Senior Notes issued in November 2023 in connection with the acquisition of FCG. Higher interest expense on Revolver borrowings driven by higher average outstanding borrowings and rates compared to the prior year also contributed to the increase. The weighted-average interest rate on our Revolver borrowings was 5.68 percent for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 5.41 percent during the prior year. These factors were partially offset by higher capitalized interest of $2.2 million during the current year associated with growth capital projects.

INCOME TAXES

2024 Compared to 2023

Income tax expense was $43.2 million for 2024 compared to $28.1 million for 2023. Our effective income tax rates were 26.7 percent and 24.4 percent for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 included a $2.5 million benefit in deferred tax expense resulting from a reduction in the Pennsylvania state income tax rate. Excluding this change, our effective income tax rate was 26.5 percent in 2023.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our capital requirements reflect the capital-intensive and seasonal nature of our business and are principally attributable to investment in new plant and equipment, retirement of outstanding debt and seasonal variability in working capital. We rely on cash generated from operations, short-term borrowings, and other sources to meet normal working capital requirements and to temporarily finance capital expenditures. We may also issue long-term debt and equity to fund capital expenditures and to maintain our capital structure within our target capital structure range. We maintain effective shelf registration statements with the SEC, as applicable, for the issuance of shares of common stock under various types of equity offerings, including the DRIP and under an ATM equity program. Depending on our capital needs and subject to market conditions, in addition to other possible debt and equity offerings, we may consider issuing additional shares under the direct share purchase component of the DRIP and/or under our ATM equity program.

Our energy businesses are weather-sensitive and seasonal. We normally generate a large portion of our annual net income and subsequent increases in our accounts receivable in the first and fourth quarters of each year due to significant volumes of natural gas, electricity, and propane delivered by our distribution operations, and our natural gas transmission operations to customers during the peak heating season. In addition, our natural gas and propane inventories, which usually peak in the fall months, are largely drawn down in the heating season and provide a source of cash as the inventory is used to satisfy winter sales demand.

Capital expenditures for investments in new or acquired plant and equipment are our largest capital requirements. Our capital expenditures were $355.8 million in 2024.

The following table shows total capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2024 by segment and by business line:

(in millions)

In the table below, we have provided a range of our forecasted capital expenditures by segment and business line for 2025:

(in millions)

The 2025 forecast excludes potential acquisitions due to their opportunistic nature.

The Company continues to re-affirm its capital guidance for the five-year period ended 2028 of $1.5 billion to $1.8 billion, and projects capital expenditures of $325 million to $375 million for 2025.

The capital expenditure projection is subject to continuous review and modification. Actual capital requirements may vary from the above estimates due to a number of factors, including changing economic conditions, supply chain disruptions, capital delays that are greater than currently anticipated, customer growth in existing areas, regulation, new growth or acquisition opportunities and availability of capital and other factors discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors. Historically, actual capital expenditures have typically lagged behind the budgeted amounts. The timing of capital expenditures can vary based on delays in regulatory approvals, securing environmental approvals and other permits. The regulatory application and approval process has lengthened in the past few years, and we expect this trend to continue.

Capital Structure

We are committed to maintaining a sound capital structure and strong credit ratings. This commitment, along with adequate and timely rate relief for our regulated energy operations, is intended to ensure our ability to attract capital from outside sources at a reasonable cost, which will benefit our customers, creditors, employees and stockholders.

The following tables present our capitalization as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and includes the impacts associated with financing the FCG acquisition:

(dollars in millions)

(dollars in millions)

Our target ratio of equity to total capitalization, including short-term borrowings, is between 50 and 60 percent. We seek to align permanent financing with the in-service dates of our capital projects. We may utilize more temporary short-term debt when the financing cost is attractive as a bridge to the permanent long-term financing or if the equity markets are volatile. We expect to move closer to our target capital structure over the next couple of years.

In November 2023, in connection with our acquisition of FCG, we completed an overnight offering resulting in the issuance of 4.4 million shares of our common stock at a price per share of $82.72 (net of underwriter discounts and commissions). We received net proceeds of $366.4 million which were used to partially finance the acquisition.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we received net proceeds of $72.5 million associated with shares issued under the direct stock purchase and waiver components of the DRIP. During 2023, there were no issuances under the DRIP.

Shelf Agreements

We have entered into Shelf Agreements with Prudential and MetLife with terms that extend through February 2026, however neither of such lenders have any obligation to purchase debt thereunder. At December 31, 2024, a total of $255.0 million of borrowing capacity was available under these agreements.

Long-Term Debt

All of our outstanding Senior Notes set forth certain business covenants to which we are subject when any note is outstanding, including covenants that limit or restrict our ability, and the ability of our subsidiaries, to incur indebtedness, or place or permit liens and encumbrances on any of our property or the property of our subsidiaries.

On November 1, 2024, we issued 5.20 percent Senior Notes due in November 2029 in the aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million. The proceeds received were used to reduce short-term borrowings under our Revolver and to fund capital expenditures. These Senior Notes have similar covenants and default provisions as our other Senior Notes, and have semi-annual interest payments due on May 1 and November 1 of each year beginning in 2025.

On November 20, 2023, we issued Senior Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $550.0 million at an average interest rate of 6.54 percent that were used to partially finance our acquisition of FCG. These notes have varying maturity dates of between three and 15 years, and the outstanding principal balance of the notes (net of annual payments on the 6.73 percent notes which begin in 2029) will be due on their respective maturity dates with interest payments payable semiannually until the principal has been paid in full. These Senior Notes have similar covenants and default provisions as our other Senior Notes.

On March 14, 2023, we issued 5.43 percent Senior Notes due in March 2038 in the aggregate principal amount of $80.0 million and used the proceeds received from the issuances of the Senior Notes to reduce short-term borrowings under our Revolver and to fund capital expenditures. These Senior Notes have similar covenants and default provisions as our other Senior Notes, and have an annual principal amortization payment beginning in the sixth year after the issuance.

Short-Term Borrowings

We are authorized by our Board of Directors to borrow up to $450.0 million of short-term debt, as required. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $196.5 million and $179.9 million, respectively, of short-term borrowings outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 5.06 percent and 5.83 percent, respectively. There were no borrowings outstanding under the sustainable investment sublimit of the 364-day tranche at December 31, 2024.

In August 2024, we amended and restated our revolving credit agreement, which increased the total borrowing capacity under the Revolver to $450.0 million, including $250.0 million available under the 364-day tranche which now expires in August 2025 and $200.0 million available under the five-year tranche which now expires in August 2029. We may also request increases under the Revolver of up to $50.0 million under the 364-day tranche and up to $100.0 million under the five-year tranche, with the lenders having sole discretion of whether to approve each requested increase. Borrowings under both tranches of the Revolver continue to be subject to a pricing grid, including the commitment fee and the interest rate charged based upon our total indebtedness to total capitalization ratio for the prior quarter. The 364-day tranche continues to bear interest (i) based upon the SOFR, plus a 10-basis point credit spread adjustment, and an applicable margin of 1.05 percent or less, with such margin based on total indebtedness as a percentage of total capitalization or (ii) the base rate, solely at our discretion. The five-year tranche continues to bear interest (i) based upon the SOFR, plus a 10-basis point credit spread adjustment, and an applicable margin of 1.25 percent or less, with such margin based on total indebtedness as a percentage of total capitalization or (ii) the base rate, solely at our discretion.

We also utilize interest rate swaps to manage rate risk under our Revolver. For additional information on interest rate swaps, including swaps currently in place related to our short-term borrowings, see Note 8, Derivative Instruments.

The availability of funds under the Revolver is subject to conditions specified in the credit agreement, all of which we currently satisfy. These conditions include our compliance with financial covenants and the continued accuracy of representations and warranties contained in the Revolver's loan documents. We are required by the financial covenants in the Revolver to maintain, at the end of each fiscal year, a funded indebtedness ratio of no greater than 65 percent. As of December 31, 2024, we are in compliance with this covenant.

Our total available credit under the Revolver at December 31, 2024 was $250.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, we had issued $6.9 million in letters of credit to various counterparties under the Revolver. These letters of credit are not included in the outstanding short-term borrowings and we do not anticipate that they will be drawn upon by the counterparties. The letters of credit reduce the available borrowings under the Revolver.

In connection with our acquisition of FCG, we entered into a 364-day Bridge Facility commitment with Barclays Bank PLC and other lending parties for up to $965.0 million. Upon closing of the FCG acquisition in November 2023, and with the completion of other financing activities as defined in the lending agreement, this facility was terminated with no funds drawn to finance the transaction. For additional information regarding the acquisition and related financing, see Note 4, Acquisitions, Note 12, Long-Term Debt and Note 15, Stockholders Equity.

Key statistics regarding our unsecured short-term credit facilities (our Revolver and previous bilateral lines of credit and revolving credit facility) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

(dollars in millions)

Cash Flows

The following table provides a summary of our operating, investing and financing cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities

Changes in our cash flows from operating activities are attributable primarily to changes in net income, adjusted for non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization, changes in deferred income taxes, share based compensation expense and changes in working capital. Working capital requirements are determined by a variety of factors, including weather, the prices of natural gas, electricity and propane, the timing of customer collections, payments for purchases of natural gas, electricity and propane, and deferred fuel cost recoveries.

We normally generate a large portion of our annual net income and related increases in our accounts receivable in the first and fourth quarters of each year due to significant volumes of natural gas and propane delivered to customers during the peak heating season by our natural gas and propane operations and our natural gas supply, gathering and processing operation. In addition, our natural gas and propane inventories, which usually peak in the fall months, are largely drawn down in the heating season and provide a source of cash as the inventory is used to satisfy winter sales demand.

During 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $239.4 million. Operating cash flows were primarily impacted by the following:

• Net income, adjusted for non-cash adjustments, provided a $202.1 million source of cash; and
• An increased level of deferred taxes associated largely with incremental tax depreciation from growth investments resulted in a source of cash of $36.4 million.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $349.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, largely driven by $355.3 million for new capital expenditures partially offset by $5.2 million of proceeds from asset sales.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $113.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This source of cash was largely related to:

• A net increase in long-term debt borrowings resulting in a net source of cash of $81.0 million, including $99.5 million from issuances partially offset by long-term repayments of $18.5 million;
• Net proceeds of $72.6 million from the issuance of common stock under the DRIP;
• Net borrowings under the Revolver of $14.1 million; partially offset by
• A $54.2 million use of cash for dividend payments in 2024.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

We have the following contractual obligations and other commercial commitments as of December 31, 2024:

(in millions)

(1) This represents principal payments on long-term debt. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12*, Long-Term Debt*, for additional information. The expected interest payments on long-term debt are $63.9 million, $118.3 million, $87.7 million and $126.0 million, respectively, for the periods indicated above. Expected interest payments for all periods total $395.9 million.

(2) See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 14*, Leases*, for additional information.

(3) See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 20*, Other Commitments and Contingencies*, for additional information.

(4) These amounts associated with our unfunded post-employment and post-retirement benefit plans are based on expected payments to current retirees and assume a retirement age of 62 for currently active employees. There are many factors that would cause actual payments to differ from these amounts, including early retirement, future health care costs that differ from past experience and discount rates implicit in calculations. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16*, Employee Benefit Plan*s, for additional information on the plans.

(5) The FPU Pension Plan was in a $3.6 million over funded position at December 31, 2024. The assets funding this plan are in a separate trust and are not considered assets of ours or included in our balance sheets. We do not expect to make payments to the trust funds in 2025. Additional contributions may be required in future years based on the actual return earned by the plan assets and other actuarial assumptions, such as the discount rate and long-term expected rate of return on plan assets. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16*, Employee Benefit Plan*s, for further information on the plans. Additionally, the Contractual Obligations table above includes deferred compensation obligations totaling $14.4 million, funded with Rabbi Trust assets in the same amount. The Rabbi Trust assets are recorded under Investments on the consolidated balance sheets. We assume a retirement age of 65 for purposes of distribution from this trust.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

Our Board of Directors has authorized us to issue corporate guarantees securing obligations of our subsidiaries and to obtain letters of credit securing our subsidiaries' obligations. The maximum authorized liability under such guarantees and letters of credit as of December 31, 2024 was $38.0 million. The aggregate amount guaranteed related to our subsidiaries at December 31, 2024 was approximately $28.4 million with the guarantees expiring on various dates through November 2025. In addition, the Board has authorized us to issue specific purpose corporate guarantees. The amount of specific purpose guarantees outstanding at December 31, 2024 was $5.2 million.

As of December 31, 2024, we have issued letters of credit totaling approximately $6.9 million related to various transportation, transmission, capacity and storage agreements as well as our primary insurance carriers. These letters of credit have various expiration dates through October 2025. There have been no draws on these letters of credit as of December 31, 2024. We do not anticipate that the counterparties will draw upon these letters of credit, and we expect that they will be renewed to the extent necessary in the future. Additional information is presented in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 20*, Other Commitments and Contingencies* in the consolidated financial statements.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Application of these accounting principles requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingencies during the reporting period. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since a significant portion of our businesses are regulated and the accounting methods used by these businesses must comply with the requirements of the regulatory bodies, the choices available are limited by these regulatory requirements. In the normal course of business, estimated amounts are subsequently adjusted to actual results that may differ from the estimates.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

As a result of the ratemaking process, we record certain assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 980, Regulated Operations, and consequently, the accounting principles applied by our regulated energy businesses differ in certain respects from those applied by the unregulated businesses. Amounts are deferred as regulatory assets and liabilities when there is a probable expectation that they will be recovered in future revenues or refunded to customers as a result of the regulatory process. This is more fully described in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2*, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,* in the consolidated financial statements. If we were required to terminate the application of ASC Topic 980, we would be required to recognize all such deferred amounts as a charge or a credit to earnings, net of applicable income taxes. Such an adjustment could have a material effect on our results of operations.

Financial Instruments

We utilize financial instruments to mitigate commodity price risk associated with fluctuations of natural gas, electricity and propane and to mitigate interest rate risk. We continually monitor the use of these instruments to ensure compliance with our risk management policies and account for them in accordance with GAAP, such that every derivative instrument is recorded as either an asset or a liability measured at its fair value. It also requires that changes in the derivatives' fair value are recognized in the current period earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. If these instruments do not meet the definition of derivatives or are considered “normal purchases and normal sales,” they are accounted for on an accrual basis of accounting.

Additionally, GAAP also requires us to classify the derivative assets and liabilities based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the fair value of the assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.

We determined that certain propane put options, call options, swap agreements and interest rate swap agreements met the specific hedge accounting criteria. We also determined that most of our contracts for the purchase or sale of natural gas, electricity and propane either: (i) did not meet the definition of derivatives because they did not have a minimum purchase/sell requirement, or (ii) were considered “normal purchases and normal sales” because the contracts provided for the purchase or sale of natural gas, electricity or propane to be delivered in quantities that we expect to use or sell over a reasonable period of time in the normal course of business. Accordingly, these contracts were accounted for on an accrual basis of accounting.

Additional information about our derivative instruments is disclosed in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 8, Derivative Instruments, in the consolidated financial statements.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We test goodwill for impairment at least annually in December, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We generally use a present value technique based on discounted cash flows to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. An impairment charge is recognized if the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its fair value. The annual impairment testing for 2024, 2023 and 2022 indicated that goodwill was not impaired. At December 31, 2024, our goodwill balance totaled $507.7 million including $460.9 million attributable to the acquisition of FCG. Additional information is presented in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, Acquisitions, and Note 10*, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,* in the consolidated financial statements.

Other Assets Impairment Evaluations

We periodically evaluate whether events or circumstances have occurred which indicate that long-lived assets may not be recoverable. When events or circumstances indicate that an impairment is present, we record an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset's carrying value over its fair value, if any.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

Pension and other postretirement plan costs and liabilities are determined on an actuarial basis and are affected by numerous assumptions and estimates including the market value of plan assets, estimates of the expected returns on plan assets, assumed discount rates, the level of contributions made to the plans, and current demographic and actuarial mortality data. The assumed discount rates and the expected returns on plan assets are the assumptions that generally have the most significant impact on the pension costs and liabilities. The assumed discount rates, the assumed health care cost trend rates and the assumed rates of retirement generally have the most significant impact on our postretirement plan costs and liabilities. Additional information is presented in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16*, Employee Benefit Plans,* in the consolidated financial statements, including plan asset investment allocation, estimated future benefit payments, general descriptions of the plans, significant assumptions, the impact of certain changes in certain assumptions, and significant changes in estimates.

At December 31, 2024, actuarial assumptions include expected long-term rates of return on plan assets for FPU's pension plan of 6.00 percent and a discount rate of 5.50 percent. The discount rate was determined by management considering high-quality corporate bond rates, such as the Empower curve index and the FTSE Index, changes in those rates from the prior year and other pertinent factors, including the expected lives of the plans and the availability of the lump-sum payment option. A 25 basis point increase or decrease in the discount rate would not have a material impact on our pension and postretirement liabilities and related costs.

Actual changes in the fair value of plan assets and the differences between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan assets could have a material effect on the amount of pension benefit costs that we ultimately recognize for our funded pension plan. A 25 basis point change in the rate of return would not have a material impact on the funded status of our FPU pension plan and related costs.

INTEREST RATE RISK

The fluctuation in interest rates expose us to potential increased cost we could incur when we issue debt instruments or to provide financing and liquidity for our business activities. We evaluate whether to refinance existing debt or permanently refinance existing short-term borrowings based in part on the fluctuation in interest rates. We utilize interest rate swap agreements to mitigate short-term borrowing rate risk. Additional information about our long-term debt and short-term borrowing is disclosed in Note 12, Long-Term Debt, and Note 13, Short-Term Borrowings, respectively, in the consolidated financial statements.

COMMODITY PRICE RISK

Regulated Energy Segment

We have entered into agreements with various wholesale suppliers to purchase natural gas and electricity for resale to our customers. Our regulated energy distribution businesses that sell natural gas or electricity to end-use customers have fuel cost recovery mechanisms authorized by the PSCs that allow us to recover all of the costs prudently incurred in purchasing natural gas and electricity for our customers. Therefore, our regulated energy distribution operations have limited commodity price risk exposure.

Unregulated Energy Segment

Our propane operations are exposed to commodity price risk as a result of the competitive nature of retail pricing offered to our customers. In order to mitigate this risk, we utilize propane storage activities and forward contracts for supply and sales activities.

We can store up to approximately 8.5 million gallons of propane (including leased storage and rail cars) during the winter season to meet our customers’ peak requirements and to serve metered customers. Decreases in the wholesale price of propane may cause the value of stored propane to decline, particularly if we utilize fixed price forward contracts for supply. To mitigate the risk of propane commodity price fluctuations on the inventory valuation, we have a Risk Management Policy that allows our propane distribution operation to enter into fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or other economic hedges of our inventory.

Aspire Energy is exposed to commodity price risk, primarily during the winter season, to the extent we are not successful in balancing our natural gas purchases and sales and have to secure natural gas from alternative sources at higher spot prices. In order to mitigate this risk, we procure firm capacity that meets our estimated volume requirements and we continue to seek out new producers in order to fulfill our natural gas purchase requirements.

The following table reflects the changes in the fair market value of financial derivatives contracts related to propane purchases and sales from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024:

(in millions)

There were no changes in the methods of valuations during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following is a summary of fair market value of financial derivatives as of December 31, 2024, by method of valuation and by maturity for each fiscal year period.

(in millions)

WHOLESALE CREDIT RISK

The Risk Management Committee reviews credit risks associated with counterparties to commodity derivative contracts prior to such contracts being approved.

Additional information about our derivative instruments is disclosed in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 8, Derivative Instruments, in the consolidated financial statements.

INFLATION

Inflation affects the cost of supply, labor, products and services required for operations, maintenance and capital improvements. To help cope with the effects of inflation on our capital investments and returns, we periodically seek rate increases from regulatory commissions for our regulated operations and closely monitor the returns of our unregulated energy business operations. To compensate for fluctuations in propane gas prices, we adjust propane sales prices to the extent allowed by the market.

EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with the participation of other Company officials, have evaluated our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2024. Based upon their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

CHANGE IN INTERNAL CONTROLS

During the fourth quarter of 2024, we implemented a new customer billing system. Throughout the system implementation, we appropriately considered internal controls over financial reporting. The implementation did not result in a change in the design or operations of our internal controls over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

CEO AND CFO CERTIFICATIONS

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have filed with the SEC the certifications required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, on June 6, 2024 our Chief Executive Officer certified to the NYSE that he was not aware of any violation by us of the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records which in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in an updated report entitled “Internal Control - Integrated Framework,” issued in May 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The scope of this assessment at December 31, 2024 included FCG, which was acquired on November 30, 2023.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management has evaluated and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Baker Tilly US, LLP, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, as stated in its attestation report which appears under Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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