Crane Co: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

General

Crane Company has delivered innovation and technology-led solutions for customers since its founding in 1855. Today, Crane is a leading manufacturer of highly engineered components for challenging, mission-critical applications focused on the aerospace, defense, space and process industry end markets. The Company has two reporting segments: Aerospace & Electronics (“A&E”) and Process Flow Technologies (“PFT”).

We have been committed to the highest standards of business conduct since our inception in 1855 when our founder, R.T. Crane, resolved “to conduct my business in the strictest honesty and fairness; to avoid all deception and trickery; to deal fairly with both customers and competitors; to be liberal and just toward employees; and to put my whole mind upon the business.”

Our strategy is to grow earnings and cash flow by focusing on the development and manufacturing of highly engineered industrial products for specific markets where our scale is a relative advantage, and where we can compete based on our proprietary and differentiated technology, our deep vertical expertise, and our responsiveness to unique and diverse customer needs. We continuously evaluate our portfolio, pursue acquisitions that complement our existing businesses and selectively divest businesses where appropriate. We strive to foster a performance-based culture focused on productivity and continuous improvement, to attract and retain a committed management team whose interests are directly aligned with those of our shareholders, and to maintain a focused and efficient corporate structure.

We operate a comprehensive set of business processes, philosophies and operational excellence tools to drive continuous improvement throughout our businesses (collectively, the Crane Business System). Beginning with a core value of integrity, we incorporate “Voice of the Customer” learnings (specific processes designed to capture our customers’ requirements) and a broad range of tools into a disciplined strategy deployment process to continuously improve safety, quality, delivery, cost and growth. An embedded intellectual capital development process helps ensure that we attract, develop, promote and retain the right talent to drive continuity and repeatable results.

Recent Transactions

Divestiture of Engineered Materials

On January 1, 2025, the Company completed the sale of the Engineered Materials segment. We determined that the Engineered Materials segment met the criteria of being reported as a discontinued operation as of December 31, 2024. As a result, the related assets, liabilities and operating results of Engineered Materials are presented as discontinued operations and, as such, have been excluded from both continuing operations and segment results for all periods presented. Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless otherwise indicated, amounts and activity are presented on a continuing operations basis. See Item 8 under Note 3, “Discontinued Operations,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.

Acquisitions

On November 1, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Technifab Products, Inc. (“Technifab”). Technifab is a leading provider of vacuum insulated pipe systems and valves for cryogenic applications. Technifab has been integrated into the Process Flow Technologies segment.

On May 1, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of CryoWorks, Inc. (“CryoWorks”). CryoWorks is a leading supplier of vacuum insulated pipe systems for hydrogen and cryogenic applications. CryoWorks has been integrated into the Process Flow Technologies segment.

On January 2, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Vian Enterprises, Inc. (“Vian”). Vian is a global designer and manufacturer of multi-stage lubrication pumps and lubrication system components technology for critical aerospace and defense applications with sole-sourced and proprietary content on the highest volume commercial and military aircraft platforms. Vian has been integrated into the Aerospace & Electronics segment.

On October 4, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Baum lined piping GmbH (“BAUM”). BAUM is a German based company that designs, manufactures, and distributes lined piping products primarily focused on chemical and industrial end markets. BAUM is included in our Process Flow Technologies segment.

Separation

On April 3, 2023, Crane Holdings, Co. completed the Separation into two independent, publicly-traded companies, Crane NXT, Co. and Crane Company (the “Separation”), through a pro-rata distribution (the "Distribution") of all of the outstanding common stock of Crane Company to the stockholders of Crane Holdings, Co., which on April 3, 2023 was renamed “Crane

NXT, Co.” The Distribution was effective at 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on April 3, 2023. As a result of the Distribution, Crane Company became an independent public company. Our common stock is listed under the symbol "CR" on the New York Stock Exchange. Due to Crane Company’s larger operations, greater tangible assets, greater fair value and greater net sales, in each case, relative to Crane NXT, Co., among other factors, Crane Company was treated as the “accounting spinnor” and therefore was the “accounting successor” to Crane Holdings, Co. for accounting purposes, notwithstanding the legal form of the Separation. Therefore, following the Separation, the historical consolidated financial statements of Crane Company reflect the historical consolidated financial statements of Crane Holdings, Co. with the Payment & Merchandising Technologies segment and other distributed assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations.

Reportable Segments

For additional information on recent business developments and other information about us and our business, please refer to the information set forth under the captions, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in Part II, Item 7 of this report, as well as in Part II, Item 8 under Note 4, “Segment Information,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for sales, operating profit and assets employed by each segment.

Aerospace & Electronics

The Aerospace & Electronics segment supplies critical components and systems, including original equipment and aftermarket parts, primarily for the commercial aerospace, and the military aerospace, defense and space markets. The commercial market and military market accounted for 61% and 39%, respectively, of total segment sales in 2024. Sales to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") and aftermarket customers were 67% and 33%, respectively, in 2024.

We provide mission critical systems that require high reliability and high accuracy, such as pressure sensors for aircraft engine control, aircraft braking systems for commercial aircraft and fighter jets, power conversion solutions for defense and space applications and lubrication systems for the harshest and most hazardous environmental conditions. Crane Company has invented many of the fundamental technologies that are now the industry standard in the areas where we compete, with a track record for performance, reliability and innovation. A&E’s integrated capabilities include the following:

• Power Solutions: Provides enabling technology to accelerate electrification of air, land, space and sea vehicles and systems.
• Sensing Systems: Provides components and systems for condition and position sensing, and pressure and flow measurement, with high-accuracy, reliability and engineering to excel in rugged aerospace environments.
• Fluid & Thermal Management: Designs and manufactures positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps and true mass flowmeters for aerospace and defense applications.
• Landing Systems: Provides hydraulic and electric brake control systems with antiskid and autobrake functionality, as well as electronic and hydraulic subsystems for landing gear control.
• Microwave Solutions: Designs and manufactures high-performance radio frequency and intermediate frequency components and millimeter-wave systems and subsystems for defense, space and commercial end-use customers.

A&E has a long-term growth profile driven by positions on market leading platforms, recent new program wins and continued investment in technology readiness. The segment is also positioned to benefit from underlying market growth driven by increasing new commercial aircraft deliveries, air passenger travel growth, defense investment, ongoing maintenance, repair and overhaul organizations requirements and emerging applications in the space market, as well as a strong trend driving greater electrification for aerospace and defense applications. Our unique position to drive sustained growth is driven by differentiated technology investment focused on high-growth market segments, including next-generation aircraft engines, advanced ground and sea-based radar systems, Low Earth Orbit satellite constellations, as well as high-power and bi-directional power conversion for numerous emerging commercial and military applications, including more-electric and hybrid-electric ground vehicles and hybrid-electric and pure electric-propulsion aircraft.

Facilities are located in the United States, Taiwan, and France.

Process Flow Technologies

The Process Flow Technologies segment is a provider of highly engineered fluid handling equipment for mission critical applications that require high reliability. The segment is comprised of Process Valves and Related Products, Pumps and Systems and Commercial Valves.

• Process Valves and Related Products: Manufactures a wide range of on/off isolation valves, including check valves, sleeved plug valves, lined valves, process ball valves, high performance butterfly valves, bellows sealed globe valves, aseptic and industrial diaphragm valves and multi / quarter-turn valve actuation. Other related products include lined pipe, fittings and hoses, vacuum jacketed air operated diaphragm and peristaltic pumps, instrumentation and sampling systems, valve positioning and control systems, vacuum insulated pipe systems and valve diagnostic and calibration systems. Across the portfolio, the primary focus is on chemical, pharmaceutical, cryogenic and general industrial end markets. Manufacturing facilities, along with sales and service centers, are located across North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Australia.
• Pumps and Systems: Manufactures pumps products for water and wastewater applications, primarily in the United States municipal and industrial markets.
• Commercial Valves: Manufactures valves and related products for the non-residential construction, gas utility and municipal markets. The primary geographies served by the manufacturing operations are the United Kingdom, the Middle East and continental Europe.

Our portfolio strategically targets the higher growth and less cyclical chemical, pharmaceutical, cryogenic, water and wastewater and general industrial industries. We expect these segments to outgrow the overall process market, driven by investment in sustainability and clean energy, aging infrastructure, tightening wastewater regulations and an aging population with a growing demand for healthcare.

Crane has a track record of innovation and being a pioneer in the industry, “writing the book” on the flow of fluids with Technical Paper 410, which is still used as a definitive authority on the topic for engineers, professionals and other practitioners. By focusing on accelerating the rate of innovation through R&D investment, we have driven incremental market capture and improved new product sales vitality to support long term profitable growth.

Other Matters Relating to Our Business as a Whole

Competitive Conditions

Our businesses participate in markets that are highly competitive. Because of the diversity of products manufactured and sold, our businesses typically have a different set of competitors in each geographic area and end market in which they participate. Accordingly, it is not possible to estimate the number of competitors, or precise market share; however, we believe that we are a principal competitor in most of our markets. Our primary basis of competition is providing high quality products, with technological differentiation, at competitive prices, with superior customer service and timely delivery.

Our products are sold into primary end markets which include aerospace, defense and space, process industries, non-residential and municipal construction, along with a wide range of general industrial end markets. As such, our revenues depend on numerous unpredictable factors, including changes in market demand, general economic conditions, customer capital spending, timing and amount of contract awards and credit availability. Since our products are sold in such a wide variety of markets, we do not believe that we can reliably quantify or predict the potential effects of changes in any of the aforementioned factors. Our engineering and product development activities are focused on improving existing products, customizing existing products for particular customer requirements, as well as the development of new products. We own numerous patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and licenses to intellectual property, no one of which is of such importance that termination would materially affect our business. From time to time, however, we do engage in litigation to protect our intellectual property.

Raw Materials

Our manufacturing operations employ a wide variety of raw materials, including steel, copper, cast iron, electronic components, aluminum, plastics and certain petroleum-based products. We purchase raw materials from a large number of independent sources around the world. Although market forces have at times, including in 2024, caused increases in the costs of key raw materials, there have been no raw materials shortages that have had a material adverse impact on our business. We believe that we will generally be able to obtain adequate supplies of major raw material requirements or reasonable substitutes at acceptable costs. For a further discussion of risks related to raw materials, please refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

Government Contracts

We have agreements relating to the sale of products to government entities, primarily involving products in our Aerospace & Electronics segment and, to a lesser extent, our Process Flow Technologies segment. As a result, we are subject to various statutes and regulations that apply to companies doing business with the government. The laws and regulations governing government contracts differ from those governing private contracts. For example, some government contracts require disclosure of cost and pricing data and impose certain sourcing conditions that are not applicable to private contracts. Our failure to comply with these laws could result in suspension of these contracts, criminal or civil sanctions, administrative penalties and fines or suspension or debarment from government contracting or subcontracting for a period of time. For a further discussion of risks related to compliance with government contracting requirements, please refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

Environmental Compliance and Climate Change

We are regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing our use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. Our manufacturing facilities generally do not produce significant volumes or quantities of byproducts that would be considered hazardous waste or otherwise harmful to the environment if not properly handled or maintained. Accordingly, continued compliance with these existing laws has not had a material impact on our capital expenditures or earnings.

However, we occasionally engage in environmental remediation activities as required by federal and state laws. In addition, we may be exposed to other environmental costs including participation in the characterization and remediation of federal Superfund sites, or analogous state sites. When it is reasonably probable we will pay remediation costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for such future costs with a related charge against our earnings. For further discussion of environmental related risks, please refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” For further discussion of our environmental matters, please refer to Part II, Item 8 under Note 13, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Human Capital Resources

To remain a leading manufacturer of highly engineered industrial products, it is important that we continue to attract, develop, and retain exceptional talent across our global enterprise consistent with our culture.

The Company has a diverse global workforce located in 23 countries, spanning five continents. At December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 7,300 persons worldwide, of which substantially all were full time employees. In the United States, we employed approximately 4,200 people across 34 locations. At December 31, 2024, approximately 5% of our U.S. employees were represented by a union under a collective bargaining agreement. Employees based in some foreign countries may, from time to time, be represented by works councils or unions or subject to collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

To maintain the strength of our workforce, we consistently assess the current business environment and labor market to refine our compensation and benefits programs and other resources available to our associates. We are committed to developing our associates personally and professionally by leveraging a structured and disciplined Intellectual Capital (“IC”) process. Our regular IC cadence includes constructive reviews and various talent and leadership development initiatives conducted by the executive management team and provided throughout an associate’s career. Succession planning is a key benefit of our intellectual capital process across all functions. We are also committed to an inclusive and high-performance culture at all levels of the organization, based on trust and respect.

The manufacture and production of our products requires the use of a variety of tools, equipment, materials, and supplies. At Crane, we are strongly committed to the health and safety of our associates and strive to continuously adhere to global regulatory safety requirements and to reduce the incidence and severity of job-related injuries. We utilize strict compliance protocols, training programs, effective risk management practices, and sound science in our operations to minimize risk to our associates.

For a discussion of risks related to employee relations, please refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

Available Information

We file annual, quarterly and current reports and amendments to these reports, proxy statements and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC’s website is www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

We also make our filings available free of charge through our Internet website, as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically with, or furnishing such material, to the SEC. Also posted on our website are our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Standards for Director Independence, Crane Company. Code of Ethics and the charters and a brief description of each of the Audit Committee, the Management Organization and Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee. These items are available in the “Investors – Corporate Governance” section of our website at www.craneco.com (http://www.craneco.com). The content of our website is not part of this report.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be affected by a number of factors including, but not limited to those set forth below. This discussion should be considered in conjunction with the discussion under the caption “Forward-Looking Information” preceding Part I, the information set forth under Item 1, “Business” and with the discussion of the business included in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” These risks comprise the material risks of which we are aware. If any of the events or developments described below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or in any documents that we subsequently file publicly were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Macroeconomic fluctuations may harm our business, results of operations and stock price.

Our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows may be adversely affected by changes in global economic conditions and geopolitical risks, including credit market conditions, trade policies, including recently announced and threatened tariffs on certain raw materials, levels of consumer and business confidence, commodity prices and availability, inflationary pressures, exchange rates, levels of government spending and deficits, political conditions, and other challenges that could affect the global economy, including the ongoing conflict in the Middle East as well as impacts associated with any economic sanctions imposed against Russia, in response to their invasion of the Ukraine. These economic and geopolitical conditions could affect businesses such as ours in a number of ways. Such conditions could have an adverse impact on our flexibility to react to changing economic and business conditions and on our ability to fund our operations, grow through operations or refinance maturing debt balances at economically favorable interest rates. In addition, restrictions on credit availability could adversely affect the ability of our customers to obtain financing for significant purchases and could result in decreases in or cancellation of orders for our products and services as well as impact the ability of our customers to make payments. Similarly, credit restrictions may adversely affect our supplier base and increase the potential for one or more of our suppliers to experience financial distress or bankruptcy. See “Specific Risks Related to Our Business Segments.”

Demand for our products is variable and subject to factors beyond our control, which could result in unanticipated events significantly impacting our results of operations.

A substantial portion of our sales is subject to market conditions which may cause customer demand for our products to fluctuate. Reductions in demand from these industries would reduce the sales and profitability of the affected business segments.

• In our Aerospace & Electronics segment, a significant decline in demand for air travel, or a decline in airline profitability generally, could result in reduced orders for aircraft and could also cause airlines to reduce their purchases of spare parts from our businesses. In addition, our Aerospace & Electronics segment could be impacted to the extent that our major aircraft manufacturing customers encounter problems which impact their production rates and, correspondingly, reduce purchases of our products, or if pricing pressure from aircraft customers caused the manufacturers to press their suppliers to lower prices and/or extend payment terms; in addition, demand for military and defense products is dependent upon government spending in certain areas which can vary year to year.
• Our Process Flow Technologies segment is dependent on global economic conditions, customer capital spending and commodity prices. Deterioration in any of these economic factors could result in sales and profits falling below our current outlook.

In addition, a major hurricane, earthquake, tornado, wildfire, flood, drought or other natural disaster or severe weather event could seriously disrupt our business and impact our results of operations and cash flows.

We conduct a substantial portion of our business outside the U.S. and face risks inherent in non-domestic operations.

Net sales by destination outside the U.S. from continuing operations were 43.2% of our consolidated amounts in 2024. We expect that non-U.S. sales will continue to account for a significant portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. In addition, our operations outside the U.S. are subject to the risks associated with conducting business internationally, including, but not limited to:

• Changes in the U.S. government's approach to trade policy, including in some cases renegotiating and terminating certain existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action related to tariffs or trade agreements or policies (such as those recently announced or threatened by various countries) has the potential to adversely impact demand for our products, our costs, our customers, our suppliers, and the U.S. economy, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
• Economic and political instability, including the risk of geopolitical conflict or territorial incursions, in the countries and regions in which we operate;
• The risks of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily the euro and the British pound, could adversely affect our reported results, primarily in our Process Flow Technologies segment, as amounts earned in other countries are translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes; and
• Any pandemics or public health emergencies could result in disruptions to global supply chains, delays in supplier deliveries, higher raw material prices, delays in deliveries to customers, travel restrictions, site access and quarantine restrictions, and employee absences. The extent to which public health emergencies could impact our operations and financial performance is highly uncertain and would depend on future developments, including the duration of any such public health emergency, potential actions taken by governmental authorities, and how quickly economic conditions stabilize;

We may be unable to identify or to complete acquisitions, or to successfully integrate the businesses we acquire.

We have evaluated, and expect to continue to evaluate, a wide array of potential acquisition transactions. Our acquisition program attempts to address the potential risks inherent in assessing the value, strengths, weaknesses, contingent or other liabilities, systems of internal control and profitability of acquisition candidates, as well as other challenges such as retaining the employees and integrating the operations of the businesses we acquire. Integrating acquired operations involves significant risks and uncertainties, including:

• Maintenance of uniform standards, controls, policies and procedures;
• Unplanned expenses associated with the integration efforts;
• Inability to achieve planned facility repositioning savings or related efficiencies from recent and ongoing investments; and
• Unidentified issues not discovered in the due diligence process, including legal contingencies.

There can be no assurance that suitable acquisition opportunities will be available in the future, that we will continue to acquire businesses or that any business acquired will be integrated successfully or prove profitable, which could adversely impact our growth rate. Our ability to achieve our growth goals depends in part upon our ability to identify and successfully acquire, finance and integrate companies and businesses at appropriate prices and realize anticipated cost savings.

Our ability to source components and raw materials from our suppliers could be disrupted or delayed in our supply chain, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our operations require significant amounts of necessary components and raw materials. We deploy a continuous, company-wide process to source our components and raw materials from fewer suppliers, and to obtain parts from suppliers in low-cost countries where possible. Consistent with the rest of the aerospace and defense industry, our A&E business has been experiencing, and may continue to experience, supply chain disruptions from an insufficient availability of certain components and raw materials. If we are unable to timely source these components or raw materials, our operations may be disrupted, or we could experience a delay or temporary stoppage in certain of our manufacturing operations. We believe that our supply management and production practices are based on an appropriate balancing of the foreseeable risks and the costs of alternative practices. Nonetheless, reduced availability or interruption in supplies, whether resulting from significant changes in demand; more stringent regulatory requirements; supplier financial condition; increases in duties and tariff costs; disruptions in transportation; an outbreak of a severe public health pandemic; severe weather; and the occurrence or threat of wars, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The prices of our components and raw materials could fluctuate dramatically, which may adversely affect our profitability.

The costs of certain components and raw materials that are critical to our profitability can be volatile, which can have a significant impact on our profitability. The costs in our business segments are affected by fluctuations in the price of metals such as steel and copper as well as other raw materials such as resin and electronic components; cost are also impacted by imposed tariffs, which are often unpredictable. We have seen a period of sustained price increases for components and raw materials that may continue into the future as demand increases and supply may remain constrained, notably in our A&E segment, which has resulted in, and may continue to result in, increased costs for us. While we have taken actions aimed at securing an adequate supply of raw materials at prices which are favorable to us, if the prices of critical components and raw materials increase or we are unable to pass increased costs of components and raw materials to customers, our operating profit could be adversely affected.

Any pandemics or public health emergencies could result in disruptions to global supply chains, delays in supplier deliveries, higher raw material prices, delays in deliveries to customers, travel restrictions, site access and quarantine restrictions, and employee absences. The extent to which public health emergencies could impact our operations and financial performance is highly uncertain and would depend on future developments, including the duration of any such public health emergency, potential actions taken by governmental authorities, and how quickly economic conditions stabilize.

We may be unable to successfully develop and introduce new products, which would limit our ability to grow and maintain our competitive position and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Our growth depends, in part, on continued sales of existing products, as well as the successful development and introduction of new products or technologies, which face the uncertainty of customer acceptance and reaction from competitors. Any delay in the development or launch of a new product could result in our not being the first to market, which could compromise our competitive position. Further, the development and introduction of new products may require us to make investments in specialized personnel and capital equipment, increase marketing efforts and reallocate resources away from other uses. We also may need to modify our systems and strategy in light of new products that we develop. If we are unable to develop and introduce new products in a cost-effective manner or otherwise manage effectively the operations related to new products, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely impacted.

We face significant competition which may adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows in the future.

While we are a principal competitor in most of our markets, all of our markets are highly competitive. The competitors in many of our business segments can be expected in the future to improve technologies, reduce costs and develop and introduce new products. The ability of our business segments to achieve similar advances will be important to our competitive positions. Competitive pressures, including those discussed above, could cause one or more of our business segments to lose market share or could result in significant price erosion, either of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We compete with other manufacturing businesses for highly qualified employees in the countries in which we operate, and we may not be able to retain our personnel or hire and retain additional personnel needed for us to sustain and grow our business as planned.

Our business segments and corporate offices are dependent upon highly qualified personnel, and we generally are dependent upon the continued efforts of key management employees. A number of factors may adversely affect the labor force available to us or increase labor costs, including high employment levels, federal unemployment subsidies and other government regulations. We have recently observed an increasingly competitive labor market which has and could continue to result in higher compensation costs. While we believe we have a robust intellectual capital process, we may have difficulty retaining key personnel or locating and hiring additional qualified personnel. The loss of the services of any of such personnel or our failure to attract and retain other qualified and experienced personnel on acceptable terms could impair our ability to successfully sustain and grow our business, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our businesses are subject to extensive governmental regulation; failure to comply with those regulations could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and reputation.

We are required to comply with various import and export control laws, which may affect transactions with certain customers. In certain circumstances, export control and economic sanctions, and other trade-related regulations may prohibit the export of certain products, services and technologies, and in other circumstances we may be required to obtain an export license before exporting the controlled item. A failure to comply with these requirements might result in suspension of associated contracts and suspension or debarment from government contracting or subcontracting. For example, compliance with regulations related to the sourcing of conflict-free minerals mined from the democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries could limit the pool of suppliers who can provide conflict-free minerals to us, and as a result, may cause us to incur additional expenses and may create challenges for us to obtain conflict-free minerals at competitive prices. In addition, we are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper advantage. We are also subject to the anti-bribery laws of other jurisdictions. Failure to comply with any of these and similar regulations could result in civil and criminal liability, monetary and non-monetary penalties, fines, disruptions to our business, limitations on our ability to export products and services, and damage to our reputation.

Our business could be harmed if we are unable to protect our intellectual property.

We rely on a combination of trade secrets, patents, trademarks, copyrights and confidentiality procedures to protect our products and technology. Existing trade secret, patent, trademark and copyright laws offer only limited protection. Our patents could be invalidated or circumvented. In addition, others may develop substantially equivalent, or superseding proprietary technology, or competitors may offer equivalent non-infringing products in competition with our products, thereby substantially reducing the value of our proprietary rights. The laws of some foreign countries in which our products are or may be manufactured or sold may not protect our products or intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S. We cannot assure that the steps we take to protect our intellectual property will be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology. We could incur significant and/or unexpected costs in our efforts to successfully avoid, manage, defend and litigate intellectual property matters. Our inability to protect our intellectual property could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Information systems and technology networks failures and breaches in data security, personally identifiable and other information, non-compliance with our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such information, or a violation of our privacy and security policies with respect to such information, could adversely affect us.

We are dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and, in the normal course of our business, we collect and retain certain types of personally identifiable and other information pertaining to our customers, stockholders and employees. The legal, regulatory and contractual environment surrounding information security and privacy is constantly evolving and companies that collect and retain such information are under increasing attack by cyber-criminals around the world. A theft, loss, fraudulent use or misuse of customer, vendor, employee or our proprietary data by cybercrime or otherwise, non-compliance with our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data or a violation of our privacy and security policies with respect to such data could adversely impact our reputation and could result in costs, fines, litigation or regulatory action against us. Security breaches can create system disruptions and shutdowns that could result in disruptions to our operations. We cannot be certain that advances in criminal capabilities, new vulnerabilities or other developments will not compromise or breach the security solutions protecting our information technology, networks and systems. A cyber-attack on our information systems technology or those of our partners, vendors, suppliers could adversely affect our ability to process orders, maintain proper levels of inventory, collect accounts receivable and pay expenses; all of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Failure to effectively prevent, detect and recover from security breaches, including attacks on information technology and infrastructure by hackers; viruses; breaches due to employee error or actions; or other disruptions could seriously harm our operations as well as the operations of our customers and suppliers. Such serious harm can involve, among other things, misuse of our assets, business disruptions, loss of data, unauthorized access to trade secrets and confidential business information, unauthorized access to personal information, legal claims or proceedings, reporting errors, processing inefficiencies, negative media attention, reputational harm, loss of sales, remediation and increased insurance costs, and interference with regulatory compliance. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience some of these types of cybersecurity threats and incidents, which could be material in the future.

Our future results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted by intangible asset impairment charges.

As of December 31, 2024, we had goodwill and other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, of $821.5 million, which represented approximately 31% of our total assets. Our goodwill is subject to an impairment test on an annual basis and is also tested whenever events and circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. Any excess goodwill resulting from the impairment test must be written off in the period of determination. Intangible assets (other than goodwill) are generally amortized over the useful life of such assets. In addition, from time to time, we may acquire or make an investment in a business that will require us to record goodwill based on the purchase price and the value of the acquired assets. We may subsequently experience unforeseen issues with such business that adversely affect the anticipated returns of the business or value of the intangible assets and trigger an evaluation of the recoverability of the recorded goodwill and intangible assets for such business. Future determinations of significant write-offs of goodwill or intangible assets as a result of an impairment test or any accelerated amortization of other intangible assets could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations expose us to the risk of environmental liabilities, costs, litigation and violations that could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and reputation.

Our operations are subject to extensive environmental and health and safety laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate, which impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the ground, air and water and establish standards for the generation, treatment, use, storage and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes. We must also comply with various health and safety regulations in the U.S. and abroad in connection with our operations. The costs of compliance with these regulations results in ongoing costs that may increase over time. Failure to comply with any of these laws could result in civil and criminal liability, substantial monetary and non-monetary penalties and damage to our reputation. In addition, we cannot provide assurance that our costs related to remedial efforts or alleged environmental damage associated with past or current waste disposal practices or other hazardous materials handling practices will not exceed our estimates or adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Net periodic pension cost and pension contributions associated with our retirement benefit plans may fluctuate significantly depending upon changes in actuarial assumptions and future market performance of plan assets.

Total net periodic pension cost and pension contributions were $4.3 million and $16.6 million, respectively in 2024. The costs of our defined benefit pension plans are dependent upon various factors, including rates of return on investment assets, discount rates for future payment obligations, and expected mortality, among other things. In addition, funding requirements for benefit obligations of our pension plans are subject to legislative and other government regulatory actions. Variances in related estimates could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We could face potential product liability or warranty claims, we may not accurately estimate costs related to such claims, and we may not have sufficient insurance coverage available to cover such claims.

Our products are used in a wide variety of commercial applications and certain residential applications, including, in many cases, in severe service or mission critical applications. We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability or other claims in the event our products are alleged to be defective or that the use of our products is alleged to have resulted in harm to others or to property. We may in the future incur liability if product liability lawsuits against us are successful. Moreover, any such lawsuits, whether or not successful, could result in adverse publicity to us, which could cause our sales to decline.

In addition, consistent with industry practice, we provide warranties on many of our products, and we may experience costs of warranty or breach of contract claims if our products have defects in manufacture or design or they do not meet contractual specifications. We estimate our future warranty costs based on historical trends and product sales, but we may fail to accurately estimate those costs and thereby fail to establish adequate warranty reserves for them.

While we maintain insurance coverage with respect to certain liability claims, that insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all claims that may arise, or we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage in the future at an acceptable cost. Any liabilities not covered by insurance or that exceed our established reserves could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Fluctuations in interest rates could affect our financial results.

Our indebtedness bears interest at variable rates that are linked to changing market interest rates. As a result, an increase in market interest rates would increase our interest expense and our debt service obligations. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $247.5 million of indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates. As of December 31, 2024, a hypothetical 1% increase in prevailing interest rates would increase our 2024 interest expense by approximately $2.5 million.

We may be unable to improve productivity, reduce costs and align manufacturing capacity with customer demand.

We are committed to continuous productivity improvement, and we continue to evaluate opportunities to reduce costs, simplify or improve global processes, and increase the reliability of order fulfillment and satisfaction of customer needs. In order to operate more efficiently and control costs, from time to time we execute restructuring activities, which include workforce reductions and facility consolidations.

Additional tax expense or exposures could affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various international jurisdictions. Our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be affected by changes to tax laws, regulations, accounting principles and judicial rulings, the geographic mix of our earnings, the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the results of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns. By way of example, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has been coordinating negotiations among more than 140 countries with the goal of achieving consensus around substantial changes to international tax policies, including the implementation of a minimum global effective tax rate of 15%. While various countries have implemented legislation as of January 1, 2025, we currently do not expect a resulting material change to our tax liabilities in the near term as additional jurisdictions enact such legislation, nor do we expect our effective tax rate and cash tax payments to significantly increase in future years. We continue to monitor evolving tax legislation in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our financial results or our stock price may be adversely affected.

We believe that we currently have adequate internal control procedures in place for future periods, including processes related to newly acquired businesses; however, increased risk of internal control breakdowns generally exists in any business environment that is decentralized such as ours. In addition, if our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, investors may lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which may adversely affect our stock price.

Specific Risks Relating to Our Reportable Segments

Aerospace & Electronics

Our Aerospace & Electronics segment sales are primarily affected by conditions in the commercial aerospace industry, which is cyclical in nature, and by changes in defense spending by the U.S. government.

Commercial aircraft are procured primarily by airlines, and airline capital spending can be affected by a number of factors including credit availability and related cost, current and expected fuel prices, and current and forecast air traffic demand levels. Air traffic levels are affected by a different array of factors including general economic conditions and global corporate travel spending, although other non-economic events can also adversely impact airline traffic, including terrorism or pandemic health concerns. Our commercial business is also affected by the market for business jets where demand is typically tied to corporate profitability levels, and the freight markets which are most heavily influenced by general economic conditions. Demand for our commercial aftermarket business is closely tied to total aircraft flight hours. Any decrease in demand for new aircraft or equipment, or use of existing aircraft and equipment, would result in decreased sales of our products and services. In addition, our commercial business could also be impacted to the extent that our major aircraft manufacturing customers encounter problems which impact their production rates and, correspondingly, reduce purchases of our products, or if pricing pressure from aircraft customers caused the manufacturers to press their suppliers to lower prices and/or extend payment terms.

The defense portion of the segment’s business is dependent primarily on U.S. government spending, and to a lesser extent, foreign government spending, on the specific military platforms and programs where our business participates. Any reduction in appropriations for these platforms or programs could impact the performance of our business. Our sales to defense customers are also affected by the level of activity in military flight operations.

We rely on certain subcontractors and suppliers to provide and produce raw materials, integrated components and sub-assemblies. If one or more of our suppliers or subcontractors continue to experience delivery delays or other performance problems, we may be unable to meet commitments to our customers and our financial position, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted. In some instances, we depend upon a single source of supply. Any service disruption from one of these suppliers, either due to circumstances beyond the supplier's control, such as geopolitical developments, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet commitments to our customers or increase our operating costs.

We are required to comply with various export control laws, which may affect our transactions with certain customers. In certain circumstances, export control and economic sanctions regulations may prohibit the export of certain products, services and technologies, and in other circumstances we may be required to obtain an export license before exporting the controlled item. We are also subject to investigation and audit for compliance with the requirements governing government contracts, including requirements related to procurement integrity, manufacturing practices and quality procedures, export control, employment practices, the accuracy of records and the recording of costs and information security requirements. A failure to comply with these requirements could result in suspension of these contracts, and suspension or debarment from government contracting or subcontracting. Failure to comply with any of these regulations could result in civil and criminal liability, monetary and non-monetary penalties, fines, disruptions to our business, limitations on our ability to export products and services, and damage to our reputation.

Due to the lengthy research and development cycle involved in bringing commercial and military products to market, we cannot accurately predict the demand levels that will exist once a given new product is ready for market. In addition, if we are unable to develop and introduce new products in a cost-effective manner or otherwise effectively manage the introduction of new products and/or programs, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted. Demand for our products could also be adversely impacted by industry consolidation that could result in greater acceptance of competitors' products.

Process Flow Technologies

Our Process Flow Technologies segment competes in markets that are fragmented and highly competitive. The business competes against large, well-established global companies, as well as smaller regional and local companies. We compete based on our products’ quality, reliability and safety, our brand reputation, value-added technical expertise and customer support and consistent on-time delivery.

Demand for our Process Flow Technologies products is heavily dependent on our customers’ level of new capital investment and planned maintenance expenditures. Customer spending typically depends on general economic conditions, availability of credit, and expectations of future demand. Slowing global economic growth and volatility in commodity prices could both contribute to lower levels of customer spending, and project delays or cancellations.

A portion of this segment’s business is subject to government contracting rules and regulations. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in suspension or debarment from government contracting or subcontracting, civil and criminal liability, monetary and non-monetary penalties, disruptions to our business, limitations on our ability to export products and services, or damage to our reputation. At our foreign operations, results could also be adversely impacted by a weakening of local currencies against the U.S. dollar. Our Process Flow Technologies business has the greatest exposure to the euro and British pound, and lesser exposure to several other currencies.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

Our cybersecurity program is staffed by a team of skilled cybersecurity professionals, including ~20 dedicated internal cybersecurity resources. Four members of the security team currently have Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) credentials, many hold one or more Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC)/The Sans Institute (SANS) cybersecurity certificates, and in total the team has over 70 security and network certifications. Our response team members are in various global locations to ensure 24/7 monitoring and response capabilities and are backed by a 24/7 Managed Security Services Provider (MSSP) who monitors cybersecurity alerts.

We educate and share best practices globally with our employees to raise awareness of cybersecurity threats. As part of our internal training process, we maintain annual training for all employees on cybersecurity standards, as well provide monthly trainings on how to recognize and properly respond to phishing, social engineering schemes and other cyber threats. The Company uses advanced systems to block and analyze all email for threats, as well as equip our employees with an intuitive mechanism to easily report suspicious emails which are analyzed by our security systems and dedicated incident response team. Monthly “test” phishing emails are sent to our associates. Any failures trigger a retraining exercise if not properly reported and a monthly training vignette on cybersecurity awareness. To round out our robust awareness program, we have specific and regular training for our IT professionals, and we regularly engage independent third parties to test our information security processes and systems as part of our overall enterprise risk management program.

Crane Company was separated from its parent company, Crane Holdings, on April 3, 2023, and since the separation and during the preceding 5 years as Crane Holdings, no attempted cyber-attack or other attempted intrusion on our information technology networks has resulted in a material adverse impact on our operations or financial results, in any penalties or settlements, or in the loss or exfiltration of Company data. In the event an attack or other intrusion were to be successful, we have a response team of internal and external resources engaged and prepared to respond. The Company maintains cyber risk and related insurance policies as a measure of added protection.

Cybersecurity Governance

The cybersecurity program is led by Crane Company’s Chief Information Security Officer, who regularly reports to our executive team about our program, including a review of cyber threat trends, our information security organization and staffing, and the status of ongoing efforts and investments to strengthen our cybersecurity defenses.

We utilize a risk-based, multi-layered information security framework following the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) and the Center for Internet Security (CIS) critical security controls. We have adopted and implemented a systematic approach measuring ourselves against this multi-layered framework which we formally review on a quarterly basis (monthly updates as necessary) to identify and mitigate security risks that we believe are commercially reasonable for manufacturing companies of our size and scope and commensurate with the risks we face. In addition, we provide a minimum of two formal program updates each year to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

The following is a summary of our principal facilities as of December 31, 2024:

In our opinion, these properties have been well maintained, are in good operating condition and contain all necessary equipment and facilities for their intended purposes.

Discussion of legal matters is incorporated by reference to Part II, Item 8 under Note 13, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our Consolidated financial statements and related notes included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Crane Company has delivered innovation and technology-led solutions for customers since its founding in 1855. Today, Crane is a leading manufacturer of highly engineered components for challenging, mission-critical applications focused on the aerospace, defense, space and process industry end markets. The Company has two reporting segments: Aerospace & Electronics and Process Flow Technologies.

Our strategy is to grow earnings and cash flow by focusing on the development and manufacturing of highly engineered industrial products for specific markets where our scale is a relative advantage, and where we can compete based on our proprietary and differentiated technology, our deep vertical expertise, and our responsiveness to unique and diverse customer needs. We continuously evaluate our portfolio, pursue acquisitions that complement our existing businesses and are accretive to our growth profile, selectively divest businesses where appropriate, and pursue internal mergers to improve efficiency. We strive to foster a performance-based culture focused on productivity and continuous improvement, to attract and retain a committed management team whose interests are directly aligned with those of our shareholders, and to maintain a focused, efficient corporate structure.

We will continue to execute this strategy while remaining committed to the values of our founder, R.T. Crane, who resolved to conduct business "in the strictest honesty and fairness; to avoid all deception and trickery; to deal fairly with both customers and competitors; to be liberal and just toward employees; and to put my whole mind upon the business."

References to changes in “core sales” or “core growth” in this report include sales and the change in sales excluding the impact of foreign currency translation as well as acquisitions and divestitures from closing up to the first anniversary, of such acquisitions or divestitures.

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this report may not add up precisely to totals we provide, and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

Recent Events and Transactions

Divestiture of Engineered Materials

Effective on January 1, 2025, the Company completed the sale of the Engineered Materials segment to KPS Capital Partners, L.P (“KPS”) for approximately $208.0 million, on a cash-free and debt-free basis. We determined that the Engineered Materials segment met the criteria of being reported as a discontinued operation as of December 31, 2024. As a result, the related assets, liabilities and operating results of Engineered Materials are presented as discontinued operations and, as such, have been excluded from both continuing operations and segment results for all periods presented. Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless otherwise indicated, amounts and activity are presented on a continuing operations basis. See Item 8 under Note 3, “Discontinued Operations,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail.

Marion Site Hurricane Damage and Recovery

In September 2024, our manufacturing site in Marion, North Carolina was directly affected by flooding from Hurricane Helene. Our insurance generally covers the repair or replacement of assets that suffered damage or loss and also provides business interruption coverage, including lost profits, and reimbursement for other expenses and costs that have been incurred relating to the damages and losses suffered. The recovery related to business interruption will be recognized when realized and received. We are working with our insurance carrier to assess the damage and ascertain the amount of insurance recoveries due to us as a result of the damage and loss we incurred, as such the timing of insurance proceeds may lag behind actual losses incurred.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred losses and expenses of $23.3 million related to damages caused by the hurricane, which included professional fees to restore and maintain the site and the write-off of damaged property, equipment and inventory. For the year ended December 31, 2024 we have received insurance recoveries of $20.0 million and have an insurance receivable of $2.8 million, which is net of the $0.5 million deductible. These costs and insurance recoveries are included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Separation

On April 3, 2023, Crane Holdings, Co. completed the Separation into two independent, publicly-traded companies, Crane NXT, Co. and Crane Company (the “Separation”). Crane Holdings, Co. was separated into two independent, publicly-traded companies in a transaction in which Crane Holdings, Co. retained its Payment & Merchandising Technologies segment (Crane NXT) and spun-off its Aerospace & Electronics, Process Flow Technologies and Engineered Materials segments to Crane Holdings, Co. stockholders (Crane Company).

Acquisitions and Items Affecting Comparability of Reported Results

The comparability of our results for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is affected by the following significant items:

Acquisitions

On November 1, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Technifab Products, Inc. (“Technifab”). Technifab, is a leading provider of vacuum insulated pipe systems and valves for cryogenic applications. Technifab has been integrated into the Process Flow Technologies segment.

On May 1, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of CryoWorks, Inc. (“CryoWorks”). CryoWorks, is a leading supplier of vacuum insulated pipe systems for cryogenic and hydrogen applications. CryoWorks has been integrated into the Process Flow Technologies segment.

On January 2, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Vian Enterprises, Inc. (“Vian”). Vian is a global designer and manufacturer of multi-stage lubrication pumps and lubrication system components technology for critical aerospace and defense applications with sole-sourced and proprietary content on the highest volume commercial and military aircraft platforms. Vian has been integrated into the Aerospace & Electronics segment.

On October 4, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Baum lined piping GmbH (“BAUM”). BAUM is a German based company that designs, manufactures, and distributes lined piping products primarily focused on chemical and industrial end markets. BAUM is included in our Process Flow Technologies segment.

Divestiture of asbestos-related assets and liabilities

On August 12, 2022, we recognized a loss on the divestiture of asbestos-related assets and liabilities of $162.4 million. Please refer to item 8 under Note 13, “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Sale of Crane Supply

On May 31, 2022, the Company divested its Crane Supply business. In connection with the divestiture, the Company recognized a total gain on sale of $232.5 million which is presented within Gain on sale of business on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Termination of Agreement to Sell Engineered Materials

In 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell the Engineered Materials segment to Grupo Verzatec S.A. de C.V. (“Verzatec”). In 2022, Verzatec terminated the sale agreement and paid $7.5 million to the Company in termination fees, which is presented within Miscellaneous income, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Restructuring and Related (Gains) Charges, net

In 2022, we recorded net pre-tax restructuring and related charges of $8.2 million primarily related to modest cost reduction efforts across our businesses in response to continued macroeconomic uncertainty. There were no new restructuring programs in 2024 and 2023.

Transaction Related Expenses

In 2024, we recorded pre-tax transaction related expenses of $8.4 million primarily related to the Vian, CryoWorks and Technifab acquisitions and the divestiture of the Engineered Materials segment.

In 2023, we recorded pre-tax transaction related expenses of $39.3 million primarily related to the separation.

In 2022, we recorded pre-tax transaction related expenses of $48.3 million most of which related to the planned separation, coupled with expenses associated with defeasing the asbestos liability and, to a lesser extent, divestiture costs related to the intended sale of Engineered Materials and the completed sale of Crane Supply.

Results from Operations - For the Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(in millions, except %)

(a) Variances designated as “NM” indicates such calculation is not meaningful.

(b) For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, Corporate expense included transaction related expenses of $9.8 million, $41.5 million and $40.5 million, respectively.

(c) For the year ended December 31, 2022, Corporate expense included a $162.4 million loss on the divestiture of asbestos-related assets and liabilities.

OVERALL

2024 compared with 2023

Sales increased by $269.1 million, or 14.5%, to $2,131.2 million in 2024. The year-over-year higher sales included:

• an increase in core sales of $156.0 million, or 8.4%, which was driven primarily by higher pricing and to a lesser extent higher volumes;
• an increase in sales related to the BAUM, Vian, CryoWorks, and Technifab acquisitions of 110.2 million, or 5.9%; and
• favorable foreign currency translation of 2.9 million, or 0.2%.

Cost of sales increased by $152.3 million, or 13.7%, to $1,263.4 million in 2024. The increase is primarily related to the impact from the BAUM, Vian, CryoWorks, and Technifab acquisitions of $90.5 million, or 8.1%, coupled with higher material, labor and other manufacturing costs of $60.5 million, or 5.4%, higher volumes of $24.8 million, or 2.2%, and unfavorable mix of $22.1 million, or 2.0%, partially offset by strong productivity gains of $46.6 million, or 4.2%.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $11.4 million, or 2.3%, to $512.0 million in 2024, primarily driven by higher merit increases, investments in core businesses and the BAUM, Vian, CryoWorks, and Technifab acquisitions, partially offset by the absence of expenses related to the Separation.

Operating profit increased by $105.4 million, or 42.1%, to $355.8 million in 2024. The increase is primarily due to strong productivity gains of $51.0 million, or 20.4%, the absence of expenses related to the Separation and net higher pricing of $46.2 million, or 18.5%, coupled with higher volumes of $26.7 million, or 10.7%, partially offset by unfavorable mix of $22.0 million, or 8.8%.

2023 compared with 2022

Sales increased by $85.4 million, or 4.8%, to $1,862.1 million in 2023. The year-over-year higher sales included:

• an increase in core sales of $175.3 million, or 9.9%, which was driven primarily by higher pricing;
• an increase in sales related to the October 2023 acquisition of BAUM of $15.4 million, or 0.9%;
• favorable foreign currency translation of $0.5 million, and
• a decrease in sales related to the May 2022 divestiture Crane Supply of $105.8 million, or 6.0%.

Cost of sales decreased by $4.4 million, or 0.4%, to $1,111.1 million in 2023. The decrease is primarily related to the sale of Crane Supply of $66.1 million, or 5.9% and strong productivity gains of $34.7 million, or 3.1%, partially offset by an increase in material, labor and other manufacturing costs of $56.2 million, or 5.0%, unfavorable mix net of savings of $23.2 million, or 2.1% and higher volumes of $16.0 million, or 1.4%.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $7.1 million, or 1.4%, to $500.6 million in 2023, reflecting an $17.8 million, or 3.6%, increase in administrative expenses primarily related to the Separation, partially offset by the net impact of the sale of Crane Supply $11.2 million, or 2.3%.

Operating profit increased by $245.1 million, to $250.4 million in 2023. The increase is primarily related to the absence of loss on divestiture of asbestos-related assets and liabilities of $162.4 million, an increase in core sales primarily driven by higher pricing net of inflation of $68.9 million and strong productivity of $38.9 million, partially offset by unfavorable mix of $27.4 million.

Comprehensive income

For the year ended December 31, 2024, comprehensive income before allocation to noncontrolling interests was $290.6 million compared to $286.6 million in 2023. The $4.0 million increase was primarily driven by $38.8 million of higher net income before allocation to noncontrolling interests, a $16.5 million increase primarily related to changes in pension discount rates and a $51.3 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation adjustments, primarily related to the British pound and euro.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, comprehensive income before allocation to noncontrolling interests was $286.6 million compared to $337.8 million in 2022. The $51.2 million decrease was primarily driven by $145.2 million of lower net income before allocation to noncontrolling interests which reflects the 2022 gain on sale of Crane Supply of $232.5 million, a $20.0 million decrease primarily related to changes in pension discount rates and a $114.0 million favorable impact of foreign currency translation adjustments, primarily related to the British pound and euro.

AEROSPACE & ELECTRONICS

2024 compared to 2023

Aerospace & Electronics sales increased $143.4 million, or 18.2%, to $932.7 million in 2024, primarily due to higher volumes and pricing of $102.7 million, or 13.0%, and the impact of Vian acquisition of $40.6 million, or 5.1%. The commercial market and military market accounted for 61% and 39%, respectively, of total segment sales in 2024. Sales to OEM and aftermarket customers in 2024 were 67% and 33% of total segment sales, respectively.

• Sales of Commercial Original Equipment increased by $58.0 million, or 19.9%, to $349.4 million in 2024, primarily reflecting strong demand from aircraft manufacturers and the impact of the Vian acquisition.
• Sales of Military Original Equipment increased by $20.7 million, or 8.2%, to $273.1 million in 2024, primarily reflecting strong demand from defense and space customers and the impact of the Vian acquisition.
• Sales of Commercial Aftermarket Products increased by $38.3 million, or 21.3%, to $218.5 million in 2024, primarily reflecting continued strong demand from airlines due to improving air traffic volumes.
• Sales of Military Aftermarket Products increased by $26.4 million, or 40.4%, to $91.7 million in 2024, reflecting stronger demand for military products, partly in response to heightened geopolitical tensions globally.

Cost of sales increased $79.2 million, or 16.0%, to $574.4 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily reflecting higher material, labor and other manufacturing costs of $40.0 million, or 8.1%, the impact from the Vian acquisition of $38.1 million, or 7.7%, increased volumes of $25.1 million, or 5.1%, partially offset by productivity gains of $20.3 million, or 4.1%, and favorable mix of $3.8 million, or 0.8%.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $14.2 million, or 10.5%, to $149.3 million in 2024, primarily related to higher selling and administrative costs of $19.2 million, or 14.2%, offset by lower engineering costs of $5.0 million, or 3.7%.

Operating profit increased $50.0 million, or 31.4%, to $209.0 million in 2024, the increase primarily reflected the impact from higher volumes of $29.3 million, or 18.4%, coupled with productivity gains of $22.7 million, or 14.3%, partially offset by higher material, labor and other manufacturing costs net of higher pricing of $5.0 million, or 3.1%.

2023 compared to 2022

Aerospace & Electronics sales increased $122.0 million, or 18.3%, to $789.3 million in 2023 primarily due to higher volumes and strong pricing. The commercial market and military market accounted for 60% and 40%, respectively, of total segment sales in 2023. Sales to OEM and aftermarket customers in 2023 were 69% and 31% of total segment sales, respectively.

• Sales of Commercial Original Equipment increased by $40.9 million, or 16.3%, to $291.4 million in 2023, reflecting strong demand from aircraft manufacturers as the industry aircraft build rates continue to recover from the COVID-19 related slowdown, partially offset by component availability constraints.
• Sales of Military Original Equipment increased by $21.2 million, or 9.2%, to $252.4 million in 2023, primarily reflecting strong demand from defense customers.
• Sales of Commercial Aftermarket Products increased by $50.9 million, or 39.4%, to $180.2 million in 2023, reflecting continued strong demand from the airlines due to improving air traffic and inventory restocking.
• Sales of Military Aftermarket Products increased by $9.0 million, or 16.0%, to $65.3 million in 2023, reflecting stronger demand from military customers.

Cost of sales increased $77.5 million, or 18.6%, to $495.2 million in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily reflecting $48.7 million, or 11.7%, of increased material, labor and other manufacturing costs, increased volumes of $29.3 million, or 7.0% and unfavorable mix of $10.1 million, or 2.4%, partially offset by $11.1 million, or 2.7% of productivity gains.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $5.8 million, or 4.5%, to $135.1 million in 2023, primarily reflecting higher engineering, administrative and selling costs of $12.9 million, or 10.0%, partially offset by restructuring savings of $5.1 million, or 4.0%, and productivity gains of $1.9 million, or 1.5%.

Operating profit increased $38.7 million, or 32.2%, to $159.0 million in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily reflecting the impact from higher volumes of $25.4 million, or 21.1%, coupled with higher pricing net of inflation, productivity gains and restructuring savings of $23.2 million, or 19.3%, partially offset by unfavorable mix of $10.1 million, or 8.4%.

Process Flow Technologies

2024 compared to 2023

Sales increased by 125.7 million, or 11.7%, to $1,198.5 million in 2024, primarily driven by the impact of the BAUM, CryoWorks, and Technifab acquisitions of $69.6 million, or 6.5%, higher core sales of $53.3 million, or 5.0%, primarily driven by higher pricing, and to a lesser extent by favorable foreign currency translation of $2.8 million, or 0.2%.

• Sales of Process Valves and Related Products increased by $102.0 million, or 12.6%, to $913.3 million in 2024, primarily driven by the impact of the BAUM, CryoWorks and Technifab acquisitions of $69.6 million, or 8.6%, and higher core sales of $33.4 million, or 4.1%, driven by higher pricing.
• Sales of Commercial Valves increased by $21.5 million, or 18.5%, to $137.9 million in 2024, primarily driven by increase in core sales of $17.5 million, or 15.0%, and favorable foreign currency translation of $4.0 million, or 3.4%, as the British pound strengthened against the U.S. dollar.
• Sales of Pumps and Systems increased by $2.2 million, or 1.5%, to $147.3 million in 2024, reflecting an increase in core sales primarily driven by higher pricing.

Cost of sales increased by $73.1 million, or 11.9%, to $689.0 million, primarily reflecting the impact of the BAUM, CryoWorks, and Technifab acquisitions of $52.4 million, or 8.5%, unfavorable mix of $25.9 million, or 4.2%, and higher material, labor and other manufacturing costs of $20.4 million, or 3.3%, partially offset by productivity gains of $26.3 million, or 4.3%.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $20.8 million, or 8.4%, to $269.2 million, primarily driven by the impact of the BAUM, CryoWorks, and Technifab acquisitions of $16.3 million, or 6.6%, and higher selling expenses net of productivity and cost savings of $4.4 million, or 1.8%.

Operating profit increased by 31.8 million, or 15.3%, to $240.3 million in 2024. The increase is primarily due to productivity gains of $28.3 million, or 13.6 %, and higher net pricing of $27.7 million, or 13.3%, partially offset by unfavorable mix of $25.9 million, or 12.4%.

2023 compared to 2022

Sales decreased by $36.6 million, or 3.3%, to $1,072.8 million in 2023, driven by the impact of the sale of Crane Supply of $105.8 million, or 9.5%, partially offset by the impact of the BAUM acquisition of $15.4 million or 1.4%, and higher core sales of $54.1 million, or 4.9%. Core sales growth was driven by higher pricing.

• Sales of Process Valves and Related Products increased by $61.5 million, or 8.2%, to $811.3 million in 2023. The increase reflected higher core sales of $46.0 million, or 6.1%, driven by higher pricing and the impact of the BAUM acquisition of $15.4 million, or 2.1%.
• Sales of Commercial Valves decreased by $115.8 million, or 49.9%, to $116.4 million in 2023, primarily driven by the impact of the divestiture of Crane Supply of $105.8 million, or 45.6%, and lower core sales of $10.1 million, or 4.3%, primarily as a result of lower sales in the Middle East.
• Sales of Pumps and Systems increased by $17.7 million, or 13.9%, to $145.1 million in 2023, reflecting an increase in core sales primarily driven by higher pricing and higher volumes across all key end markets.

Cost of sales decreased by $81.9 million, or 11.7%, to $615.9 million, primarily related to the net impacts of the sale of Crane Supply and the BAUM acquisition of $66.1 million or 9.5%, productivity gains of $23.6 million, or 3.4%, lower volumes of $13.3 million, or 1.9%, offset by unfavorable mix of 17.3 million, or 2.5%, and modestly higher material, labor and other manufacturing costs of $7.3 million, or 1.0%.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $5.0 million, or 2.0%, to $248.4 million primarily related to higher administrative costs net of productivity savings, offset by the sale of Crane Supply.

Operating profit increased by $40.3 million, or 24.0%, to $208.5 million in 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher pricing net of inflation and productivity of $74.0 million, or 44.0%, partially offset by unfavorable mix of $17.3 million, or 10.3%, and the net impact from the sale of Crane Supply of $13.8 million, or 8.2%.

CORPORATE

Total Corporate expense decreased by $23.6 million, or 20.2%, in 2024, primarily reflecting the absence of separation related expenses of $19.4 million or 16.6%.

Total Corporate expense decreased by $166.1 million, or 58.7%, in 2023, primarily related to the absence of the loss on divestiture of asbestos related assets and liabilities of $162.4 million, or 57.3%.

INTEREST AND MISCELLANEOUS INCOME, NET

2024 compared to 2023

Interest expense increased by $4.5 million, or 19.8%, primarily due to incremental borrowings under the revolving credit facility during 2024 to fund acquisitions. Miscellaneous income, net, increased $4.1 million, primarily due to favorable settlements under the tax matters agreement resulting from the Separation.

2023 compared to 2022

Interest expense increased by $12.6 million, or 124.7%, primarily due to interest on the $300 million, 3-year term loan facility. Miscellaneous expense, net, decreased $5.3 million, or 94.6%, primarily reflecting the absence of the 2022 $7.5 million termination fee paid to the Company related to the termination of agreement to sell the Engineered Materials segment.

INCOME TAX

Our effective tax rate is affected by a number of items, both recurring and discrete, including the amount of income we earn in different jurisdictions and their respective statutory tax rates, acquisitions and dispositions, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws, regulations and accounting principles, the continued availability of statutory tax credits and deductions, and examinations initiated by tax authorities around the world. See "Application of Critical Accounting Policies" included later in this Item 7 for additional information about our provision for income taxes. A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal tax rate to our effective tax rate is set forth under Note 10, "Income Taxes" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our operating philosophy is to deploy cash provided from operating activities, when appropriate, to provide value to shareholders by reinvesting in existing businesses, by making acquisitions that will strengthen and complement our portfolio, by divesting businesses that are no longer strategic or aligned with our portfolio and where such divestitures can generate capacity for strategic investments and initiatives that further optimize our portfolio, and by paying dividends and/or repurchasing shares. At any given time, and from time to time, we may be evaluating one or more of these opportunities, although we cannot assure you if or when we will consummate any such transactions.

The Company raised the 2025 annual dividend by 12% to $0.92 per share.

Our current cash balance, together with cash we expect to generate from future operations and borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility, is expected to be sufficient to finance our short- and long-term capital requirements, as well as to fund expected pension contributions.

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations, a key source of our liquidity, was $257.8 million in 2024, compared to $162.1 million in 2023. The increase in cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was primarily driven by the $109.1 million increase in net income from continuing operations, adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash items.

Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was $162.1 million in 2023, compared to cash used for operating activities from continuing operations of $498.8 million in 2022. The increase in cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was primarily driven by the $550.0 million payment in 2022 related to the divestiture of the asbestos-related assets and liabilities and, to a lesser extent, the $108.6 million increase in net income adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash items.

Investing Activities

Cash flows relating to investing activities from continuing operations consist primarily of cash used for capital expenditures, acquisitions of businesses and cash provided by divestitures of businesses or assets. Cash used for investing activities from continuing operations was $230.0 million in 2024, compared to $128.8 million in 2023. The increase in cash used for investing activities is primarily related to the acquisition of Vian for $99.5 million, the acquisition of CryoWorks for $59.1 million and the acquisition of Technifab for $38.8 million, partially offset by the 2023 acquisition of BAUM for $90.5 million.

Cash used for investing activities from continuing operations was $128.8 million in 2023, compared to cash provided by investing activities from continuing operations of $288.4 million in 2022. The increase in cash used for investing activities is primarily related to the absence of $318.1 million in proceeds from the sale of Crane Supply in 2022, the acquisition of BAUM for $90.5 million and higher capital expenditures of $5.7 million.

Financing Activities

Financing cash flows consist primarily of dividend payments to shareholders, repayments of indebtedness, proceeds from our Credit Facilities and proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with employee stock plans. During the year 2023, financing cash flows also includes activities associated with the distribution of Crane NXT, Co. in support of the Separation.

Cash used by financing activities was $49.7 million in 2024, compared to $423.2 million in 2023. The decrease in cash used for financing activities was driven by:

• $578.1 million related to the Distribution of Crane NXT, Co. in the prior year;
• $10.4 million decrease in dividends paid, reflecting a lower dividend per share established on April 3, 2023 in connection with the Separation;
• $9.0 million decrease in payments for debt issuance costs; offset by
• $201.3 million decrease in net borrowings; and
• $22.7 million increase in payments for taxes related to net share settlements of equity awards, net of proceeds from stock options.

Cash used for financing activities was $423.2 million in 2023, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $106.0 million in 2022. Cash used for financing activities in 2023 was driven by:

• $578.1 million of distribution cash outflows, which was comprised of the $275 million dividend to Crane NXT, Co. and $303.1 million in cash balances at the Crane NXT businesses at time of Separation;
• $400.0 million repayment of the 364-Day Credit Agreement; and
• $50.6 million in prepayments on the 3-year term loan facility.

The above uses were primarily funded by $650 million in proceeds from the term loan facilities, comprised of a $350 million term loan issued to Crane NXT, Co. (discontinued operations) and the $300 million term loan issued to Crane Company.

Financing Arrangements

Total net debt was $247.0 million and $248.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, our total debt to total capitalization ratio was 13.1%, computed as follows:

(in millions)

See Item 8 under Note 14, “Financing,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details regarding our financing arrangements.

Credit Ratings

As of December 31, 2024, we have not sought a rating from the credit agencies, and we have no immediate plans to do so. Although the Company is currently unrated, we believe that we have adequate access to capital through the bank market and our current Revolving Credit Facility.

Contractual Obligations

Under various agreements, we are obligated to make future cash payments in fixed amounts. These include payments under our short-term and long-term debt agreements and rent payments required under operating lease agreements from continuing operations. The following table summarizes our fixed cash obligations as of December 31, 2024:

(in millions)

(a) Debt includes scheduled principal payments.

(b) Pension benefits are primarily funded by the respective pension trusts. Pension benefits are included through 2035.

(c) As the timing of future cash outflows is uncertain, the following long-term liabilities (and related balances) are excluded from the above table: long-term environmental liability of $8.6 million, gross unrecognized tax benefits of $8.4 million and related gross interest and penalties of $2.7 million.

OUTLOOK - CONTINUING OPERATIONS

Overall

Our sales depend heavily on industries that are cyclical in nature or are subject to market conditions, which may cause customer demand for our products to be volatile and unpredictable. Demand in these industries is affected by fluctuations in domestic and international economic conditions, as well as currency fluctuations, commodity costs, and a variety of other factors.

For 2025, we expect a total year-over-year sales increase of approximately 5%, driven by approximately 4% to 6% core growth, and an acquisition benefit of approximately 1% to 2%, partially offset by an approximate 1% headwind from foreign exchange. We expect an improvement in operating profit driven primarily by productivity benefits, operating leverages on higher volumes, lower transaction related expenses, higher pricing net of inflation and contributions from the Technifab and CryoWorks acquisitions, partially offset by unfavorable mix mainly in our Aerospace & Electronics segment (discussed below).

Aerospace & Electronics

In 2025, we expect Aerospace & Electronics sales to increase in the high single-digit range compared to 2024. We expect a substantial improvement in our commercial OEM business driven by higher aircraft build rates, and our military OEM business driven by continued global geopolitical uncertainty which is driving increased demand. We expect growth in our commercial and military aftermarket businesses driven by continued high utilization of aircraft, but at decelerating rates compared to 2023 and 2024 due to increasingly challenging year-over-year comparisons. We expect segment operating profit and operating margin to increase compared to 2024 driven primarily by productivity benefits and the impact of operating leverage on higher volumes, partially offset by unfavorable mix as we expect higher growth in OEM shipments compared to the higher profit aftermarket product shipments.

Process Flow Technologies

In 2025, we expect Process Flow Technologies sales to increase approximately 4% to 5% driven by low- to mid-single digit core

sales growth, a 2% to 3% contribution from the Technifab and CryoWorks acquisitions, partially offset by approximately 1% of

unfavorable foreign exchange.

We expect Process Valves and Related Products sales to increase in the mid-single digit range compared to 2024, driven by contributions from the Technifab and CryoWorks acquisitions, as well as demand in the Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Industrial and Cryogenic markets. We expect Commercial Valves sales to increase in the low- to mid-single digit range driven primarily by higher demand in the UK and Europe for water infrastructure, and we expect Pumps and Systems sales to increase in the mid-single digit range compared to 2024, driven by demand across the business’ end markets. We expect an improvement in segment operating profit and operating margin compared to 2024, driven primarily by strong productivity and higher pricing net of inflation.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Certain accounting policies require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which they are determined to be necessary. The accounting estimates described below are those that most frequently require us to make estimates and judgments and, therefore, are critical to understanding our results of operations. We have discussed the development and selection of these accounting estimates and the related disclosures with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Item 8 under Note 1, “Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Revenue Recognition. We primarily generate revenue through the manufacture and sale of engineered industrial products. Each product within a contract generally represents a separate performance obligation, as we do not provide a significant service of integrating or installing the products, the products do not customize each other, and the products can function independently of each other. Control of products generally transfers to the customer at a point in time, as the customer does not control the products as they are manufactured. We exercise judgment and consider the timing of right to payment, transfer of risk and rewards, transfer of title, transfer of physical possession, and customer acceptance when determining when control transfers to the customer. As a result, revenue from the sale of products is generally recognized at a point in time - either upon shipment or delivery - based on the specific shipping terms in the contract.

When products are customized or products are sold directly to the U.S. government or indirectly to the U.S. government through subcontracts, revenue is recognized over time because control is transferred continuously to customers, as the contract progresses. We exercise judgment to determine whether the products have an alternative use to us. When an alternative use does not exist for these products and we are entitled to payment for performance completed to date which includes a reasonable profit margin, revenue is recognized over time. When a contract with the U.S. government or subcontract for the U.S. government contains clauses indicating that the U.S. government owns any work-in-progress as the contracted product is being built, revenue is recognized over time. The measure of progress applied by us is the cost-to-cost method as this provides the most faithful depiction of the pattern of transfer of control. Under this method, we measure progress by comparing costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs to provide the performance obligation. This method effectively reflects our progress toward completion, as this methodology includes any work-in-process amounts as part of the measure of progress. Costs incurred represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Total revenue recognized and cost estimates are updated monthly. In 2024, the Company recognized approximately $108.0 million in revenue over time related to contracts in progress as of December 31, 2024.

These estimates are subject to uncertainties and require judgment. Estimates of contract costs include labor hours and rates, and material costs. These estimates consider historical performance, the complexity of the work to be performed, the estimated time to complete the project, and other economic factors such as inflation and market rates. We update our estimates on a periodic basis and any revisions to such estimates are recorded in earnings in the period in which they are determined. Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted long-term contracts, are made in the period in which such losses are determined. We do not believe that any discrete event or adjustment to an individual contract within the aggregate changes in contract estimates for 2024, 2023 or 2022 was material to the Consolidated Statement of Operations for such annual periods.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740 “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), which requires an asset and liability approach for the financial accounting and reporting of income taxes. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. These balances are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply in the year(s) in which these temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred income taxes is recognized in income in the period when the change is enacted.

Based on consideration of all available evidence regarding their utilization, we record net deferred tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that they will be realized. Where, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some amount of a deferred tax asset will not be realized, we establish a valuation allowance for the amount that, in our judgment, is sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The evidence we consider in reaching such conclusions includes, but is not limited to; (1) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, (2) future taxable income exclusive of reversing taxable temporary differences, (3) taxable income in prior carryback year(s) if carryback is permitted under the tax law, (4) cumulative losses in recent years, (5) a history of tax losses or credit carryforwards expiring unused, (6) a carryback or carryforward period that is so brief it limits realization of tax benefits, and (7) a strong earnings history exclusive of the loss that created the carryforward and support showing that the loss is an aberration rather than a continuing condition.

We account for unrecognized tax benefits in accordance with ASC 740, which prescribes a minimum probability threshold that a tax position must meet before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation, based solely on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit recognized is the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax expense line of the Consolidated Statement of Operations, while accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. As of December 31, 2024, we had $661.6 million of goodwill and $159.9 million of net intangible assets, of which $21.4 million were intangibles with indefinite useful lives, consisting of trade names. As of December 31, 2023, we had $576.4 million of goodwill and $87.1 million of net intangible assets, of which $22.1 million were intangibles with indefinite useful lives, consisting of trade names.

Our business acquisitions have typically resulted in the recognition of goodwill and other intangible assets. We follow the provisions under ASC Topic 350, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other” (“ASC 350”) as it relates to the accounting for goodwill in the Consolidated Financial Statements. These provisions require that we, on at least an annual basis, evaluate the fair value of the reporting units to which goodwill is assigned and attributed and compare that fair value to the carrying value of the reporting unit to determine if an impairment has occurred. We perform our annual impairment testing during the fourth quarter. Impairment testing takes place more often than annually if events or circumstances indicate a change in status that would indicate a potential impairment. We believe that there have been no events or circumstances which would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting units below its carrying value. A reporting unit is an operating segment unless discrete financial information is prepared and reviewed by segment management for businesses one level below that operating segment (a “component”), in which case the component would be the reporting unit. As of December 31, 2024, we had four reporting units. At December 31, 2024, Goodwill of $171.3 million related to the Engineered Materials reporting unit was classified as held for sale. Please refer to Note 3, “Discontinued Operations” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

When performing our annual impairment assessment, we compare the fair value of each of our reporting units to our respective carrying value. Goodwill is potentially impaired when the net book value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair values are established primarily by discounting estimated future cash flows at an estimated cost of capital which varies for each reporting unit and which, as of our most recent annual impairment assessment, ranged between 9.0% and 9.5% (a weighted average of 9.2%), reflecting the respective inherent business risk of each of the reporting units tested. This methodology for valuing our reporting units (commonly referred to as the Income Method) has not changed since the adoption of the provisions under ASC 350. The determination of discounted cash flows is based on the businesses’ strategic plans and long-range planning forecasts, which change from year to year. The revenue growth rates included in the forecasts represent best estimates based on current and forecasted market conditions. Profit margin assumptions are projected by each reporting unit based on the current cost structure and anticipated net cost increases/reductions.

There are inherent uncertainties related to these assumptions, including changes in market conditions, and management judgment is necessary in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. In addition to the foregoing, for each reporting unit, market multiples are used to corroborate discounted cash flow results where fair value is estimated based on earnings multiples determined by available public information of comparable businesses. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the fair value of our reporting units, it is possible a material change could occur. If actual results are not consistent with management’s estimates and assumptions, goodwill and other intangible assets may then be determined to be overstated and a charge would need to be taken against net earnings. Furthermore, to evaluate the sensitivity of the fair value calculations on the goodwill impairment test, we applied a hypothetical, reasonably possible 10% decrease to the fair values of each reporting unit. The effects of this hypothetical 10% decrease would still result in a fair value calculation exceeding our carrying value for each of our reporting units. No impairment charges have been required during 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Intangibles with indefinite useful lives are tested annually for impairment, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the potential for impairment. If the carrying amount of an indefinite lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, the intangible asset is written down to its fair value. Fair value is calculated using relief from royalty method. We amortize the cost of definite-lived intangibles over their estimated useful lives.

We review all our definite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Examples of events or changes in circumstances could include, but are not limited to, a prolonged economic downturn, current period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of an asset or asset group, or a current expectation that an asset or asset group will be sold or disposed of before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Recoverability is based upon projections of anticipated future undiscounted cash flows associated with the use and eventual disposal of the definite-lived intangible asset (or asset group), as well as specific appraisal in certain instances. Reviews occur at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of cash flows associated with other long-lived assets or asset groups and include estimated future revenues, gross profit margins, operating profit margins and capital expenditures which are based on the businesses’ strategic plans and long-range planning forecasts, which change from year to year. The revenue growth rates included in the forecasts represent our best estimates based on current and forecasted market conditions, and the profit margin assumptions are based on the current cost structure and anticipated net cost increases or reductions. There are inherent uncertainties related to these assumptions, including changes in market conditions, and management’s judgment in applying them to the analysis. If the future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value, then the definite-lived intangible asset is considered impaired and a charge would be taken against net earnings based on the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value. Judgments that we make which impact these assessments relate to the expected useful lives of definite lived assets and its ability to realize any undiscounted cash flows in excess of the carrying amounts of such assets and are affected primarily by changes in the expected use of the assets, changes in technology or development of alternative assets, changes in economic conditions, changes in operating performance and changes in expected future cash flows. Since judgment is involved in determining the recoverable amount of definite-lived intangible assets, there is risk that the carrying value of our definite-lived intangible assets may require adjustment in future periods. Historical results to date have generally approximated expected cash flows for the identifiable cash flow generating level. We believe there have been no events or circumstances which would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our indefinite-lived or definite-lived intangible assets below their carrying value. As of the last annual assessment, fair values have been substantially in excess of carrying values.

Environmental. For environmental matters, we record a liability for estimated remediation costs when it is probable that we will be responsible for such costs and they can be reasonably estimated. Generally, third party specialists assist in the estimation of remediation costs. The environmental remediation liability as of December 31, 2024 is substantially all for the former manufacturing site in Goodyear, Arizona (the "Goodyear Site"). Estimates of our environmental liabilities at the Goodyear Site are based on currently available facts, present laws and regulations and current technology available for remediation, and are recorded on an undiscounted basis. These estimates consider our prior experience in the Goodyear Site investigation and remediation, as well as available data from, and in consultation with, our environmental specialists. Estimates at the Goodyear Site are subject to significant uncertainties caused primarily by the dynamic nature of the Goodyear Site conditions, the range of remediation alternatives available, together with the corresponding estimates of cleanup methodology and costs, as well as ongoing, required regulatory approvals, primarily from the EPA. During the fourth quarter of 2019, we received conceptual agreement from the EPA on an alternative remediation strategy which is expected to further reduce the contaminant plume. Accordingly, we recorded a pre-tax charge of $18.9 million, net of reimbursements, to extend our forecast period through 2027 and reflect our revised workplan. The total estimated gross liability was $16.4 million and $20.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

On July 31, 2006, we entered into a consent decree with the U.S. Department of Justice on behalf of the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy pursuant to which, among other things, the U.S. Government reimburses us for 21% of qualifying costs of investigation and remediation activities at the Goodyear Site. We have recorded a receivable of $3.0 million and $3.8 million for the expected reimbursements from the U.S. Government in respect of the aggregate liability as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Pension Plans. In the United States, we sponsor a defined benefit pension plan that covers approximately 13% of all U.S. employees. Effective January 1, 2013, pension eligible non-union employees no longer earn future benefits in the domestic defined benefit pension plan. The benefits are based on years of service and compensation on a final average pay basis, except for certain hourly employees where benefits are fixed per year of service. Charges to expense are based upon costs computed by an independent actuary. Contributions are intended to provide for future benefits earned to date. Additionally, a number of our non-U.S. subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans cover approximately 10% of all non-U.S. employees. The benefits are typically based upon years of service and compensation. Most of these plans are funded by company contributions to pension funds, which are held for the sole benefit of plan participants and beneficiaries.

The expected return on plan assets component of net periodic benefit cost is determined by applying the assumed expected return on plan assets to the fair value of plan assets. For one of the U.K. pension plans, a market-related value of assets is used in lieu of the fair value of plan assets for this purpose. The net actuarial loss (gain) is amortized to the extent that it exceeds 10% of the greater of the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation. The amortization period is the average life expectancy of plan participants for most plans. The amortization period for plans with a significant number of active participants accruing benefits is the average future working lifetime of plan participants. The prior service cost (credit) is amortized over the average future working lifetime of plan participants whose prior service benefits were changed.

The net periodic pension cost was $4.3 million and $11.2 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and net periodic pension benefit of $2.3 million in 2022. The net periodic pension cost decreased in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily driven by lower interest costs and curtailments for U.S. plans and higher expected return on assets for both U.S. and Non U.S. Plans. Employer cash contributions were $16.6 million, $18.1 million and $17.8 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Holding all other factors constant, a decrease in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by 0.25 percentage points would have increased 2024 pension expense by $1.1 million for U.S. pension plans and $0.6 million for non-U.S. pension plans. Also, holding all other factors constant, a decrease in the discount rate used to determine net periodic pension cost by 0.25 percentage points would have increased 2024 pension expense by less than $0.1 million for U.S. pension plans and $0.1 million for non-U.S. pension plans.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding new accounting pronouncements is included in Item 8 under Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our cash flows and earnings are subject to fluctuations from changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We manage our exposures to these market risks through internally established policies and procedures and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of interest-rate swap agreements and forward exchange contracts. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Total net debt outstanding was $247.0 million as of December 31, 2024. Interest on loans advanced under the Credit Agreement accrues, at our option, at a rate per annum equal to;

(a) adjusted term SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% for the applicable interest period plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 2.25% or

(b) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 1.25%, in each case, with such margin determined based on the lower of the ratings of our senior, unsecured long-term debt and our total net leverage ratio.

The following is an analysis of the potential changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates based upon sensitivity analysis that models effects of shifts in rates. These are not forecasts.

• As of December 31, 2024, a hypothetical 1% increase in prevailing interest rates would increase our variable rate interest expense by approximately $2.5 million.
• Based on a sensitivity analysis as of December 31, 2024, a 10% change in the foreign currency exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2024 would have impacted our net earnings by approximately $10.6 million, due primarily to the British pound and euro. This calculation assumes that all currencies change in the same direction and proportion relative to the U.S. dollar and there are no indirect effects, such as changes in non-U.S. dollar sales volumes or prices.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the year covered by this annual report. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that are filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and the information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that these controls are effective as of the end of the year covered by this annual report.

Change in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. During the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2024, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, identified in connection with our evaluation thereof, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.

Design and Evaluation of Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we included a report of our management’s assessment of the design and effectiveness of our internal controls as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our independent registered public accounting firm also attested to, and reported on, our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our management’s report and our independent registered public accounting firm’s attestation report are set forth in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the captions entitled “Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting” and “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Crane Company

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Crane Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 27, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting” appearing in Item 8. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Stamford, Connecticut

February 27, 2025

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