Optimum Communications, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2025

This Form 10-Q contains statements that constitute forward-looking information within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Act of 1934, as amended. In this Form 10-Q there are statements concerning our future operating results and future financial performance. Words such as "expects", "anticipates", "believes", "estimates", "may", "will", "should", "could", "potential", "continue", "intends", "plans" and similar words and terms used in the discussion of future operating results, future financial performance and future events identify forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned that such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, results or events and involve risks and uncertainties and that actual results or developments may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors.

We operate in a highly competitive, consumer and technology driven and rapidly changing business that is affected by government regulation and economic, strategic, technological, political and social conditions. Various factors could adversely affect our operations, business or financial results in the future and cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. In addition, important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in our forward-looking statements include:

• competition for broadband, video and telephony customers from existing competitors (such as broadband communications companies, direct broadcast satellite providers, wireless data and telephony providers, and Internet-based providers) and new fiber-based competitors entering our footprint;
• changes in consumer preferences, laws and regulations or technology that may cause us to change our operational strategies;
• increased difficulty negotiating programming agreements on favorable terms, if at all, resulting in increased costs to us and/or the loss of popular programming;
• increasing programming costs and delivery expenses related to our products and services;
• our ability to achieve anticipated customer and revenue growth, to successfully introduce new products and services and to implement our growth strategy;
• our ability to complete our capital investment plans on time and on budget, including our plan to build a parallel fiber-to-the-home ("FTTH") network;
• our ability to develop mobile voice and data services and our ability to attract customers to these services;
• the effects of economic conditions or other factors which may negatively affect our customers’ demand for our current and future products and services;
• the effects of industry conditions;
• demand for digital and linear advertising products and services;
• our substantial indebtedness and debt service obligations;
• adverse changes in the credit market;
• changes as a result of any tax reforms that may affect our business;
• financial community and rating agency perceptions of our business, operations, financial condition and the industries in which we operate;
• the restrictions contained in our financing agreements;
• our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service obligations;
• fluctuations in interest rates which may cause our interest expense to vary from quarter to quarter;
• technical failures, equipment defects, physical or electronic break-ins to our services, computer viruses and similar problems;
• cybersecurity incidents as a result of hacking, phishing, denial of service attacks, dissemination of computer viruses, ransomware and other malicious software, misappropriation of data, and other malicious attempts;
• disruptions to our networks, infrastructure and facilities as a result of natural disasters, power outages, accidents, maintenance failures, telecommunications failures, degradation of plant assets, terrorist attacks and similar events;
• labor shortages and supply chain disruptions;
• our ability to obtain necessary hardware, software, communications equipment and services and other items from our vendors at reasonable costs;
• our ability to effectively integrate acquisitions and to maximize expected operating efficiencies from our acquisitions, if any;
• significant unanticipated increases in the use of bandwidth-intensive Internet-based services;
• the outcome of litigation, government investigations and other proceedings; and
• other risks and uncertainties inherent in our cable and broadband communications businesses and our other businesses, including those listed under the captions "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 13, 2025 (the "Annual Report").

These factors are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. Other unknown or unpredictable factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any of our forward-looking statements.

Given these uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. Except to the extent required by law, we do not undertake, and specifically decline any obligation, to update any forward-looking statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of such statements to reflect future events or developments. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.

You should read this Quarterly Report with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

Certain numerical figures included in this Quarterly Report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, such numerical figures shown as totals in various tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.

All dollar amounts, except per customer and per share data, included in the following discussion, are presented in thousands.

Overview

Our Business

We principally provide broadband communications and video services in the United States and market our services under the Optimum brand. We deliver broadband, video, telephony, and mobile services to approximately 4.5 million residential and business customers across our footprint. Our footprint extends across 21 states (primarily in the New York metropolitan area and various markets in the south-central United States) through a fiber-rich hybrid-fiber coaxial ("HFC") broadband network and a FTTH network with approximately 9.9 million total passings as of March 31, 2025. Additionally, we offer news programming and advertising services.

Key Factors Impacting Operating Results and Financial Condition

Our future performance is dependent, to a large extent, on the impact of direct competition, general economic conditions (including capital and credit market conditions), our ability to manage our businesses effectively, and our relative strength and leverage in the marketplace, both with suppliers and customers. For more information, see "Risk Factors" and "Business-Competition" included in our Annual Report and the cautionary statement regarding forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report.

We derive revenue principally through monthly charges to residential customers of our broadband, video, telephony and mobile services. We also derive revenue from digital video recorder, video-on-demand ("VOD"), pay-per-view, installation and home shopping commissions. Our residential broadband, video, telephony and mobile services accounted for approximately 42%, 31%, 3%, and 2%, respectively, of our consolidated revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025. We also derive revenue from the sale of a wide and growing variety of products and services to both large enterprise and small and medium-sized business ("SMB") customers, including broadband, telephony, networking, video, and mobile services. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, 17% of our consolidated revenue was derived from these business services. In addition, we derive revenue from the sale of advertising inventory available on the programming carried on our cable television systems, as well as other systems (linear revenue), digital advertising, data analytics and affiliation fees for news programming, which accounted for approximately 5% of our consolidated revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Our other revenue (which includes mobile equipment revenue) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 accounted for approximately 1% of our consolidated revenue.

Revenue is impacted by rate increases, changes in promotional offerings, changes in the number of customers that subscribe to our services, including additional services sold to our existing customers, programming package changes by our video customers, speed tier changes by our broadband customers, acquisitions/dispositions, and construction of cable systems that result in the addition of new customers. Additionally, the allocation of revenue between the residential offerings is impacted by changes in the standalone selling price of each performance obligation within our promotional bundled offers.

We operate in a highly competitive consumer-driven industry and we compete against a variety of broadband, video, mobile, fixed wireless broadband and fixed-line telephony providers and delivery systems, including broadband communications companies, wireless data and telephony providers, fiber-based service providers, satellite delivered video signals, Internet-delivered video content and broadcast television signals available to residential and business customers in our service areas. Our competitors include AT&T Inc., DirecTV (which is co-owned by AT&T), DISH Network (a wholly-owned subsidiary of EchoStar Corporation), Frontier Communications Parent, Inc., Lumen Technologies, Inc., T-Mobile US, Inc., and Verizon Communications Inc. Consumers' selection of an alternate source of service, whether due to economic constraints, technological advances, or preference, negatively impacts the demand for our services. For more information on our competitive landscape, see "Risk Factors" and "Business-Competition" included in our Annual Report.

Our programming costs, which are the most significant component of our operating expenses, are impacted by increases in contractual rates, changes in the number of customers receiving certain programming services, new channel launches, and channel drops. We expect contractual rates to increase in the future. See "Results of Operations" below for more information regarding the key factors impacting our revenues and operating expenses.

Historically, we have made substantial investments in our network and the development of new and innovative products and other service offerings for our customers as a way of differentiating ourselves from our competitors and we expect to do so in the future. Our ongoing FTTH network build has enabled us to deliver multi-gig broadband speeds to FTTH customers in order to meet the growing data needs of residential and business customers. Additionally, we are investing in our HFC network which includes a multi-gig network upgrade plan through targeted mid-split upgrades. Finally, we offer a full service mobile offering to consumers across our footprint. We may incur greater than anticipated capital expenditures in connection with these initiatives, fail to realize anticipated benefits, experience delays and business disruptions or encounter other challenges to executing them as planned. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources- Capital Expenditures" for additional information regarding our capital expenditures.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We define Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as net income (loss) excluding income taxes, non-operating income or expenses, gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt and write-off of deferred financing costs, gain (loss) on interest rate swap contracts, gain (loss) on derivative contracts, gain (loss) on investments and sale of affiliate interests, interest expense, net, depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, restructuring, impairments and other operating items (such as significant legal settlements and contractual payments for terminated employees). See reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA below.

Adjusted EBITDA eliminates the significant non-cash depreciation and amortization expense that results from the capital-intensive nature of our business and from intangible assets recognized from acquisitions, as well as certain non-cash and other operating items that affect the period-to-period comparability of our operating performance. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA is unaffected by our capital and tax structures and by our investment activities.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is an appropriate measure for evaluating our operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA and similar measures with similar titles are common performance measures used by investors, analysts and peers to compare performance in our industry. Internally, we use revenue and Adjusted EBITDA measures as important indicators of our business performance and evaluate management’s effectiveness with specific reference to these indicators. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides management and investors a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business and operating results by excluding items that are not comparable across reporting periods or that do not otherwise relate to our ongoing operating results. Adjusted EBITDA should be viewed as a supplement to and not a substitute for operating income (loss), net income (loss), and other measures of performance presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Since Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with GAAP, this measure may not be comparable to similar measures with similar titles used by other companies.

We also use Free Cash Flow (defined as net cash flows from operating activities less cash capital expenditures) as a liquidity measure. We believe this measure is useful to investors in evaluating our ability to service our debt and make continuing investments with internally generated funds, although it may not be directly comparable to similar measures reported by other companies.

Results of Operations - Altice USA

(unaudited)

31

The following is a reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA (unaudited):

The following is a reconciliation of net cash flow from operating activities to Free Cash Flow (Deficit) (unaudited):

32

The following table sets forth certain customer metrics (unaudited):

(in thousands)

(a) Represents the estimated number of single residence homes, apartments and condominium units passed by our HFC and FTTH network in areas serviceable without further extending the transmission lines. In addition, it includes commercial establishments that have connected to our HFC and FTTH network. Broadband services were not available to approximately 25 thousand passings and telephony services were not available to approximately 450 thousand passings.

(b) Represents number of households/businesses that receive at least one of our fixed-line services. Customers represent each customer account (set up and segregated by customer name and address), weighted equally and counted as one customer, regardless of size, revenue generated, or number of boxes, units, or outlets on our HFC and FTTH network. Free accounts are included in the customer counts along with all active accounts, but they are limited to a prescribed group. Most of these accounts are also not entirely free, as they typically generate revenue through other pay services and certain equipment fees. Free status is not granted to regular customers as a promotion. In counting bulk residential customers, such as an apartment building, we count each subscribing unit within the building as one customer, but do not count the master account for the entire building as a customer. We count a bulk commercial customer, such as a hotel, as one customer, and do not count individual rooms at that hotel. Total customer relationships exclude mobile-only customer relationships.

(c) Represents the number of total customer relationships divided by total passings.

(d) Calculated by dividing the average monthly revenue for the respective quarter (fourth quarter for annual periods) derived from the sale of broadband, video, telephony and mobile services to residential customers by the average number of total residential customers for the same period (excluding mobile-only customer relationships).

(e) Mobile lines represent the number of residential and business customers’ wireless connections, which include mobile phone handsets and other mobile wireless connected devices. An individual customer relationship may have multiple mobile lines. The total mobile ending lines as of March 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 include approximately 7.5 thousand, 4.4 thousand lines and 1.9 thousand lines related to business customers, respectively. The service revenue related to these business customers is reflected in business services and wholesale in the table above.

(f) Represents the estimated number of single residence homes, apartments and condominium units passed by the FTTH network in areas serviceable without further extending the transmission lines. In addition, it includes commercial establishments that have connected to our FTTH network.

(g) Represents number of households/businesses that receive at least one of our fixed-line services on our FTTH network. FTTH customers represent each customer account (set up and segregated by customer name and address), weighted equally and counted as one customer, regardless of size, revenue generated, or number of boxes, units, or outlets on our FTTH network. Free accounts are included in the customer counts along with all active accounts, but they are limited to a prescribed group. Most of these accounts are also not entirely free, as they typically generate revenue through pay-per view or other pay services and certain equipment fees. Free status is not granted to regular customers as a promotion. In counting bulk residential customers, such as an apartment building, we count each subscribing unit within the building as one customer, but do not count the master account for the entire building as a customer. We count a bulk commercial customer, such as a hotel, as one customer, and do not count individual rooms at that hotel.

(h) Represents the number of total FTTH customer relationships divided by FTTH total passings.

Comparison of Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Broadband Revenue

Broadband revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $899,561 and $916,994, respectively. Broadband revenue is derived principally through monthly charges to residential subscribers of our broadband services. Broadband revenue decreased $17,433 (2%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was due primarily to declines in broadband customers, partially offset by higher average recurring broadband revenue per broadband subscriber, primarily driven by certain rate increases and an increase in value added service revenue.

Video Revenue

Video revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $665,568 and $755,594, respectively. Video revenue is derived principally through monthly charges to residential customers of our video services. Video revenue decreased $90,026 (12%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was due primarily to declines in video customers and higher customer credits attributable to the temporary interruption of certain video programming, partially offset by higher average recurring video revenue per video customer, primarily driven by certain rate increases.

Telephony Revenue

Telephony revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $66,412 and $70,965, respectively. Telephony revenue is derived principally through monthly charges to residential customers of our telephony services. Telephony revenue decreased $4,553 (6%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was due to declines in telephony customers, partially offset by higher average recurring revenue per telephony customer.

Mobile Service Revenue

Mobile service revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $36,699 and $24,893, respectively. The increase of $11,806 (47%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in mobile customers as compared to the prior year.

Business Services and Wholesale Revenue

Business services and wholesale revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $363,545 and $364,861, respectively. Business services and wholesale revenue is derived primarily from the sale of fiber-based telecommunications services to the business market, and the sale of broadband, video, telephony, and mobile services to SMB customers. Business services and wholesale revenue decreased $1,316 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in SMB customers and a decrease in wholesale revenue, partially offset by an increase in revenue from our Lightpath business.

News and Advertising Revenue

News and advertising revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $102,410 and $105,725, respectively. News and advertising revenue is primarily derived from the sale of (i) advertising inventory available on the programming carried on our cable television systems, as well as other systems (linear revenue), (ii) digital advertising, (iii) data analytics, and (iv) affiliation fees for news programming.

News and advertising revenue decreased $3,315 (3%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower linear advertising, partially offset by an increase in revenue resulting from an acquisition in the third quarter of 2024.

Other Revenue

Other revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $18,087 and $11,903, respectively. Other revenue includes revenue from sales of mobile equipment and other miscellaneous revenue streams. Other revenue increased $6,184 (52%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher mobile equipment sales during 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.

Programming and Other Direct Costs

Programming and other direct costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 amounted to $670,531 and $743,887, respectively. Programming and other direct costs include cable programming costs, which are costs paid to programmers (net of amortization of any incentives received from programmers for carriage) for cable content (including costs of VOD and pay-per-view) and are generally paid on a per-customer basis. These costs are impacted by increases in contractual rates, changes in the number of customers receiving certain programming services, new channel launches, and channel drops. These costs also include interconnection, call completion, circuit and transport fees paid to other telecommunication companies for the transport and termination of voice and data services, which typically vary based on rate changes and the level of usage by our customers. These costs also include franchise fees which are payable to the state governments and local municipalities where we operate and are primarily based on a percentage of certain categories of revenue derived from the provision of video service over our cable systems, which vary by state and municipality. These costs change in relation to changes in such categories of revenues or rate changes. Additionally, these costs include the cost of media for advertising spots sold, the cost of mobile devices sold to our customers and direct costs of providing mobile services.

The decrease in programming and other direct costs of $73,356 (10%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the following:

Programming costs

Programming costs aggregated $504,756 and $595,702, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our programming costs in 2025 will continue to be impacted by changes in the number of video customers, and by changes in programming rates, the latter of which we expect will increase.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 amounted to $698,186 and $674,250, respectively. Other operating expenses include staff costs and employee benefits including salaries of company employees and related taxes, benefits and other employee related expenses, as well as third-party labor costs. Other operating expenses also include network management and field service costs, which represent costs associated with the maintenance of our broadband network, including costs of certain customer connections and other costs associated with providing and maintaining services to our customers.

Customer installation and network repair and maintenance costs may fluctuate as a result of changes in the level of capitalizable activities, maintenance activities and the utilization of contractors as compared to employees. Costs associated with the initial deployment of new customer premise equipment necessary to provide services are capitalized. The costs of redeployment of customer premise equipment are expensed as incurred.

Other operating expenses also include costs related to our call center operations that handle customer inquiries and billing and collection activities, and sales and marketing costs, which include advertising production and placement costs associated with acquiring and retaining customers. These costs vary period to period and certain of these costs, such as sales and marketing, may increase with intense competition. Additionally, other operating expenses include various other administrative costs.

The increase in other operating expenses of $23,936 (4%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was attributable to the following:

Restructuring, Impairments and Other Operating Items

Restructuring, impairments and other operating items for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 amounted to $21,622 and $51,253, respectively, and comprised the following:

(a) Includes estimated amounts relating to certain legal matters and costs to early terminate contracts with vendors.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 amounted to $418,485 and $388,391, respectively.

The increase in depreciation and amortization of $30,094 (8%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was due to increased depreciation related to asset additions in 2024 and 2025, including losses related to the disposal of plant and equipment and accelerated depreciation. This was partially offset by decreased expense related to assets that had become fully depreciated.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA amounted to $799,014 and $846,555 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that is defined as net income (loss) excluding income taxes, non-operating income or expenses, gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt and write-off of deferred financing costs, gain (loss) on interest rate swap contracts, gain (loss) on derivative contracts, gain (loss) on investments and sale of affiliate interests, interest expense, net, depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, restructuring, impairments and other operating items (such as significant legal settlements and contractual payments for terminated employees). See reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA above.

The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA of $47,541 (6%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was due to decreases in revenue, partially offset by net decreases in operating expenses during 2025 (excluding depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, restructuring, impairments and other operating items), as discussed above.

Free Cash Flow (Deficit)

Free Cash Flow (Deficit) was $(168,641) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $63,566 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in Free Cash Flow of $232,207 was due to a decrease in net cash provided by operating activities (primarily from an increase in interest payments of $145,170) and an increase in capital expenditures.

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net was $428,016 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $437,141 for the same period in the prior year. The decrease of $9,125 (2%) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was attributable to the following:

Gain (Loss) on Interest Rate Swap Contracts, net

Gain (loss) on interest rate swap contracts, net was $(1,719) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $42,303 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. These amounts represent the change in the fair value of our interest rate swap contracts. These swap contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. The gain for the three months ended March 31, 2024 included the gain related to our CSC Holdings interest rate swap agreements with an aggregate notional value of $3,000,000 that were terminated in September 2024.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt and Write-off of Deferred Financing Costs

Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of deferred financing costs amounted to $7,035 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and related to the following:

Other Expense, net

Other expense, net amounted to $963 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $1,545 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. These amounts include the non-service benefit or cost components of our pension plans.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded a tax benefit of $15,964 on pre-tax loss of $87,235. The effective tax rate was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the increase in tax deficiencies on share-based compensation.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a tax expense of $2,924 on pre-tax loss of $9,972, resulting in an effective tax rate that was higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate. The higher tax rate was primarily due to the impact of state tax expense, certain non-deductible expenses, and tax deficiencies on share-based compensation.

CSC HOLDINGS, LLC

The consolidated statements of operations of CSC Holdings are essentially identical to the consolidated statements of operations of Altice USA, except for the following (unaudited):

Refer to Altice USA's Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations herein.

The following is a reconciliation of CSC Holdings' net income to Adjusted EBITDA (unaudited):

Refer to Item 2. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" above.

The following is a reconciliation of CSC Holdings' net cash flow from operating activities to Free Cash Flow (Deficit) (unaudited):

The differences in Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow between CSC Holdings and Altice USA relate to Captive who holds certain workers' compensation, general and automobile liabilities. See Note 14.

CSC HOLDINGS RESTRICTED GROUP

For financing purposes, CSC Holdings is structured as a restricted group (the "Restricted Group") and an unrestricted group, which includes certain designated subsidiaries and investments (the "Unrestricted Group"). The Restricted Group is comprised of CSC Holdings and substantially all of its wholly-owned operating subsidiaries. These Restricted Group subsidiaries are subject to the covenants and restrictions of the CSC Holdings’ credit facility and indentures governing the notes issued by CSC Holdings.

Presented below is financial information that reflects a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited).

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Altice USA has no operations independent of its subsidiaries. Funding for our subsidiaries has generally been provided by cash flow from their respective operations, cash on hand and borrowings under the CSC Holdings revolving credit facility and the proceeds from the issuance of debt securities and borrowings under syndicated term loan facilities. Our decision as to the use of cash generated from operating activities, cash on hand, borrowings under the revolving credit facility or accessing the capital or credit markets has been based upon an ongoing review of the funding needs of the business, the optimal allocation of cash resources, the timing of cash flow generation, the cost of borrowing under the revolving credit facility, and market conditions (including cost and availability of capital) in the debt capital and syndicated loan markets. We calculate net leverage ratios for our CSC Holdings Restricted Group and Lightpath debt silos as net debt to L2QA EBITDA (Adjusted EBITDA for the two most recent consecutive fiscal quarters multiplied by 2.0).

We expect to utilize free cash flow and availability under the CSC Holdings Restricted Group and Lightpath revolving credit facilities, as well as future refinancing transactions, to further extend the maturities of, or reduce the principal on, our debt obligations. The timing and terms of any refinancing transactions will be subject to, among other factors, market conditions. Additionally, we may, from time to time, depending on market conditions and other factors, use cash on hand and the proceeds from other borrowings to repay the outstanding debt through open market purchases, privately negotiated purchases, tender offers, exchange offers or redemptions, or engage in similar transactions.

We believe existing cash balances, operating cash flows and availability under the CSC Holdings Restricted Group and Lightpath revolving credit facilities will provide adequate funds to support our current operating plan, make planned capital expenditures and fulfill our debt service requirements for the next twelve months. However, our ability to fund our operations, make planned capital expenditures, make scheduled payments on our indebtedness and repay at, or refinance our indebtedness prior to, maturity depends on our future operating performance and cash flows and our ability to access the capital and credit markets, which, in turn, are subject to prevailing economic conditions and to financial, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. Competition, market disruptions or a deterioration in economic conditions could lead to lower demand for our products, as well as lower levels of advertising, and increased incidence of customers' inability to pay for the services we provide. These events could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial position. Although we currently believe amounts available under the CSC Holdings Restricted Group and Lightpath revolving credit facilities will be available when, and if, needed, we can provide no assurance that access to such funds will not be impacted by adverse conditions in the financial markets or other conditions. The obligations of the financial institutions under the CSC Holdings Restricted Group and Lightpath revolving credit facilities are several and not joint and, as a result, a funding default by one or more institutions does not need to be made up by the others.

In the longer term, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash from operations to fund anticipated capital expenditures, meet all existing future contractual payment obligations and repay our debt at maturity. As a result, we will be dependent on our ability to access the capital and credit markets to issue additional debt or equity or refinance existing debt obligations. We intend to raise significant amounts of funding over the next several years to fund capital expenditures, repay existing obligations and meet other obligations, and the failure to do so successfully could adversely affect our business. If we are unable to do so, we will need to take other actions including deferring capital expenditures, selling assets, seeking strategic investments from third parties or reducing discretionary uses of cash.

Debt Outstanding

The following tables summarize the carrying value of our outstanding debt, net of unamortized deferred financing costs, discounts and premiums (excluding accrued interest) as of March 31, 2025, as well as interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

(a) Excludes principal balance of notes payable to affiliate reflected on CSC Holdings balance sheet and the related interest expense which are eliminated in the Altice USA consolidated financial statements. See Note 14.

Payment Obligations Related to Debt

As of March 31, 2025, total amounts payable in connection with our outstanding obligations, including related interest, but excluding finance lease obligations and the impact of our interest swap agreements, are as follows:

(a) Includes $1,906,850 principal amount related to the CSC Holdings' Incremental Term Loan B-6 that is due on the earlier of (i) January 15, 2028 and (ii) April 15, 2027 if, as of such date, any Incremental Term Loan B-5 borrowings are still outstanding, unless the Incremental Term Loan B-5 maturity date has been extended to a date falling after January 15, 2028.

For financing purposes, we have two debt silos: CSC Holdings and Lightpath. The CSC Holdings silo is structured as a restricted group (the "CSC Holdings Restricted Group") and an unrestricted group, which includes Lightpath and certain designated subsidiaries. The CSC Holdings Restricted Group is comprised of CSC Holdings and substantially all of its wholly-owned operating subsidiaries excluding Lightpath. These CSC Holdings Restricted Group subsidiaries are subject to the covenants and restrictions of CSC Holdings' credit facility and indentures governing the notes issued by CSC Holdings. The Lightpath silo includes all of its operating subsidiaries which are subject to the covenants and restrictions of the Lightpath credit facility and indentures governing the notes issued by Lightpath.

CSC Holdings Restricted Group

Sources of cash for the CSC Holdings Restricted Group include primarily cash flow from the operations of the businesses in the CSC Holdings Restricted Group, borrowings under its credit facility and issuance of securities in the capital markets, contributions from its parent, and, from time to time, distributions or loans from its subsidiaries. The CSC Holdings Restricted Group's principal uses of cash include: capital spending, in particular, the capital requirements associated with the upgrade of our digital broadband, video and telephony services, including costs to build our FTTH network; debt service; other corporate expenses and changes in working capital; and investments that it may fund from time to time.

CSC Holdings Credit Facilities

In October 2015, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Altice USA, which merged with and into CSC Holdings on June 21, 2016, entered into a senior secured credit facility, which, as amended, currently provides for U.S. dollar term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $5,001,942, comprising (i) an incremental term loan amount of $3,000,000 ($2,850,000 outstanding at March 31, 2025) (the "Incremental Term Loan B-5") and (ii) and an incremental term loan in an aggregate amount of $2,001,942 ($1,961,903 outstanding at March 31, 2025) (the "Incremental Term Loan B-6"), and (iii) U.S. dollar revolving loan commitments in an aggregate principal amount of $2,475,000 ($2,000,000 outstanding at March 31, 2025) (the "CSC Revolving Credit Facility" and, together with the Incremental Term Loan B-5 and Incremental Term Loan B-6, the "CSC Credit Facilities"), which are governed by a credit facilities agreement entered into by, inter alios, CSC Holdings, certain lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and security agent (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the "CSC Credit Facilities Agreement").

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, CSC Holdings borrowed $450,000 under the CSC Revolving Credit Facility and repaid $150,000 of amounts outstanding under the CSC Revolving Credit Facility.

At March 31, 2025, $163,613 of the CSC Revolving Credit Facility was restricted for certain letters of credit issued on our behalf and $311,387 was undrawn and available, subject to covenant limitations.

As of March 31, 2025, CSC Holdings was in compliance with applicable financial covenants under the CSC Credit Facilities.

See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding the CSC Credit Facilities Agreement.

Senior Guaranteed Notes and Senior Notes

As of March 31, 2025, CSC Holdings was in compliance with applicable financial covenants under each respective indenture by which the senior guaranteed notes and senior notes were issued.

Lightpath

Sources of cash for Lightpath include existing cash balances, operating cash flows from its operating subsidiaries and availability under its revolving credit facility.

Lightpath Credit Facility

Lightpath is party to an amended credit agreement (the "Amended Credit Agreement") which provides a term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $676,000 ($674,240 outstanding at March 31, 2025) and revolving loan commitments (the "Lightpath Revolving Credit Facility") in an aggregate principal amount of $115,000. As of March 31, 2025, $114,850 of the $115,000 from the Lightpath Revolving Credit Facility was undrawn and available.

Under the Amended Credit Agreement, $95,000 of the aggregate principal amount of the Lightpath Revolving Credit Facility will mature on the earlier of (i) June 15, 2027 and (ii) the date that is five business days after any Extension Breach Date (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement). The remaining $20,000 of the aggregate principal amount of the Lightpath Revolving Credit Facility will mature on November 30, 2025 (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement).

In January 2025, Lightpath entered into a refinancing amendment (the "Refinancing Amendment") to its Amended Credit Agreement, which refinanced all of the term loans outstanding immediately prior to giving effect to the Refinancing Amendment in order to reduce the applicable margins with respect thereto from (i) with respect to any alternate base rate loan, 2.25% per annum to 2.00% per annum and (ii) with respect to any Term SOFR loan, 3.25% per annum to 3.00%. Additionally, after giving effect to the Refinancing Amendment, interest on borrowings made under the refinanced term loan facility are calculated without giving effect to the spread adjustments (0.11448%, 0.26161% and 0.42826% for interest periods of one, three and six months, respectively) initially provided for under the Amended Credit Agreement.

As of March 31, 2025, Lightpath was in compliance with applicable financial covenants under the Amended Credit Agreement and with applicable financial covenants under each respective indenture by which its senior secured notes and senior notes were issued.

See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for further information on the above debt obligations.

Lightpath Senior Secured Notes and Senior Notes

As of March 31, 2025, Lightpath was in compliance with applicable financial covenants under each respective indenture by which the senior secured notes and senior notes were issued.

Fair Value of Debt

At March 31, 2025, the fair value of our fixed rate debt, comprised of our senior guaranteed and senior secured notes, senior notes, and supply chain financing of $13,118,759 was lower than its carrying value of $17,719,420 by $4,600,661. The fair value of these financial instruments is estimated based on reference to quoted market prices for these or comparable securities. Our floating rate borrowings, comprised of our term loans and revolving credit facilities bear interest in reference to current SOFR-based market rates and thus their principal values approximate fair value. The effect of a hypothetical 100 basis point decrease in interest rates prevailing at March 31, 2025 would increase the estimated fair value of our fixed rate debt by $455,565 to $13,574,324. This estimate is based on the assumption of an immediate and parallel shift in interest rates across all maturities.

Interest Rate Risk

To manage interest rate risk, we have from time to time entered into interest rate swap contracts to adjust the proportion of total debt that is subject to variable and fixed interest rates. Such contracts effectively fix the borrowing rates on floating rate debt to provide an economic hedge against the risk of rising rates and effectively convert fixed rate borrowings to variable rates to permit us to realize lower interest expense in a declining interest rate environment. We monitor the financial institutions that are counterparties to our interest rate swap contracts and we only enter into interest rate swap contracts with financial institutions that are rated investment grade. All such contracts are carried at their fair market values on our consolidated balance sheets, with changes in fair value reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of interest rate swap contracts outstanding at March 31, 2025. Our outstanding interest rate swap contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the changes in the fair value of these interest rate swap contracts are recorded through the statements of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded a loss on interest rate swap contracts of $1,719, and had a fair value at March 31, 2025 of $4,970 recorded as other assets, long-term and $369 recorded as other liabilities, long-term on the consolidated balance sheet.

As of March 31, 2025, we did not hold and have not issued derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Capital Expenditures

The following table presents our capital expenditures:

Customer premise equipment includes expenditures for drop cable, fiber gateways, modems, routers, and other equipment installed at customer locations. Network infrastructure includes (i) scalable infrastructure, such as headend and related equipment, (ii) line extensions, such as fiber and coaxial cable, amplifiers, electronic equipment, and design and engineering costs to expand the network, and (iii) upgrade and rebuild, including costs to modify or replace existing segments of the network. Support and other capital expenditures include costs associated with the replacement or enhancement of non-network assets, such as software systems, vehicles, facilities, and office equipment. Business services capital expenditures include primarily equipment, support and other costs related to our fiber-based telecommunications business serving enterprise customers.

Cash Flow Discussion

Altice USA

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to $187,483 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $399,661 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities of $212,178 in 2025 as compared to 2024 resulted from a decrease in net income before depreciation and amortization and other non-cash items of $257,494, partially offset by an increase of $45,316 due to changes in working capital (including an increase in interest payments of $145,170 and a decrease in tax payments of $12,428) as a result of the timing of payments of liabilities, and collections of accounts receivable, among other items.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $363,549 compared to $335,777 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Our investing activities consisted primarily of capital expenditures of $356,124 and $336,095 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities amounted to $198,727 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $(80,876) for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

In 2025, our financing activities consisted primarily of proceeds from long-term debt of $450,000, partially offset by the repayment of debt of $220,014, principal payments on finance lease obligations of $17,262 and other cash payments of $13,997.

In 2024, our financing activities consisted primarily of the repayment of debt of $2,967,306 and principal payments on finance lease obligations of $35,396 partially offset by proceeds from long-term debt of $2,950,000.

CSC Holdings

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to $189,707 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $399,662 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The decrease in cash provided by operating activities of $209,955 in 2025 as compared to 2024 resulted from a decrease in net income before depreciation and amortization and other non-cash items of $259,940, partially offset by an increase of $49,985 due to changes in working capital (including an increase in interest payments of $146,507 and a decrease in tax payments of $12,428) as a result of the timing of payments of liabilities and collections of accounts receivable, among other items.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $363,549 compared to $335,777 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. CSC Holdings' investing activities consisted primarily of capital expenditures of $356,124 and $336,095 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities amounted to $196,677 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $(80,876) for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

In 2025, CSC Holdings' financing activities consisted primarily of proceeds from long-term debt of $450,000, partially offset by repayment of debt of $222,014, principal payments on finance lease obligations of $17,262, distributions to parent of $8,547 and other cash payments of $5,500.

In 2024, CSC Holdings' financing activities consisted primarily of the repayment of debt of $2,967,306 and principal payments on finance lease obligations of $35,396, partially offset by proceeds from long-term debt of $2,950,000.

Commitments and Contingencies

As of March 31, 2025, our commitments and contingencies not reflected on our balance sheet decreased to approximately $4,700,000 as compared to approximately $4,900,000 as of December 31, 2024. This decrease relates primarily to payments made in 2025 pursuant to programming commitments and a reduction in programming commitments due to a decrease in the number of video customers as of March 31, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. For a complete discussion of the accounting judgments and estimates that we have identified as critical in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, please refer to our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report.

Information relating to market risk is included in Item 2, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the captions "Fair Value of Debt" and "Interest Rate Risk."

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of Altice USA's management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under SEC rules). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the design and operation of these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.