Triumph Financial, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2025

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This section presents management’s perspective on our financial condition and results of operations. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Company’s interim consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and other detailed information appearing in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. To the extent that this discussion describes prior performance, the descriptions relate only to the periods listed, which may not be indicative of our future financial outcomes. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause results to differ materially from management’s expectations. See the “Forward-Looking Statements” section of this discussion for further information on forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a financial holding company headquartered in Dallas, Texas and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act, that offers a diversified line of banking, factoring, payments, and intelligence services. Our principal subsidiary is TBK Bank, SSB, a Texas state savings bank and the entity through which we offer substantially all of our products and services. Effective January, 1, 2025, we merged Triumph Financial Services LLC, the entity through which we previously conducted all of our factoring operations, with and into TBK Bank, SSB. As of June 30, 2025, we had consolidated total assets of $6.495 billion, total loans held for investment of $4.953 billion, total deposits of $5.186 billion and total stockholders’ equity of $912.4 million.

We offer traditional banking services, commercial lending product lines focused on businesses that require specialized financial solutions and national lending product lines that further diversify our lending operations. Our banking operations commenced in 2010 and include a branch network developed through organic growth and acquisition, including concentrations the front range of Colorado, the Quad Cities market in Iowa and Illinois and a full-service branch in Dallas, Texas. Our traditional banking offerings include a full suite of lending and deposit products and services. These activities are focused on our local market areas and some products are offered on a nationwide basis. They generate a stable source of core deposits and a diverse asset base to support our overall operations. Our asset-based lending and equipment lending products are offered on a nationwide basis and generate attractive returns. Additionally, we offer mortgage warehouse lending and purchase liquid credit lending products on a nationwide basis to provide further asset base diversification and our mortgage warehouse lending generates stable deposits. Our Banking products and services share basic processes and have similar economic characteristics.

In addition to our traditional banking operations, we also operate a factoring business focused primarily on serving the over-the-road trucking industry. This business involves the provision of working capital to the trucking industry through the purchase of invoices generated by small to medium sized trucking fleets ("Carriers") at a discount to provide immediate working capital to such Carriers. In 2024, our factoring business also launched its Factoring as a Service ("FaaS") product. As part of our FaaS product, we offer certain back-office factoring services to the over-the-road transportation industry, enabling our FaaS customers to either supplement their own factoring operations or to offer factoring services to their customers wholly supported by our platform. Our factoring business operates in a highly specialized niche with unique processes and earns substantially higher yields on its factored accounts receivable portfolio than our other lending products described above.

Our payments business is a payments network for the over-the-road trucking industry. This platform was originally designed to manage Carrier payments for third party logistics companies, or 3PLs ("Brokers") and the manufacturers and other businesses that contract directly for the shipment of goods (“Shippers”), with a focus on increasing on-balance sheet factored receivable transactions through the offering of quick pay transactions for Carriers receiving such payments through the network. During 2021, we acquired HubTran, Inc., a software platform that offers workflow solutions for the processing and approval of Carrier Invoices for approval by Brokers or purchase by the factoring businesses providing working capital to Carriers ("Factors"). Following such acquisition, our strategy shifted from a capital-intensive on-balance sheet product with a greater focus on interest income to a network for the trucking industry with an additional focus on fee revenue. Our network connects Brokers, Shippers, Factors and Carriers through forward-thinking solutions that help each party successfully manage the life cycle of invoice presentment for services provided by Carrier through the processing and audit of such invoice to its ultimate payment to the Carrier or the Factor providing working capital to such Carrier. During 2024, we introduced our LoadPay product; a digital bank account developed for Carriers. LoadPay provides a user experience and financial products, including small business checking accounts, tailored to the financial needs of the small trucking companies that are the ultimate payees inside of the network. A key feature of the LoadPay product is our ability to rapidly fund invoices approved for payment through the network or approved for purchase as part of our factoring operations to the LoadPay account without the need for such payments to be processed through traditional payment rails such as ACH transfers. We also offer supply chain finance to Brokers, allowing them to pay their Carriers faster and drive Carrier loyalty. In addition, through the network, we provide tools and services to increase automation, mitigate fraud, create back-office efficiency and improve the payment experience. Our payments business also operates in a highly specialized niche with unique processes and key performance indicators.

Our data intelligence business, which we call Intelligence, was launched at the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2024 to turn the over-the-road trucking data collected through our services into actionable insights for our customers. This launch coincided with our acquisition of the assets of Isometric Technologies Inc., a company that provides service and performance scoring and benchmarking capabilities to the over-the-road trucking industry. During the second quarter of 2025, we also acquired Greenscreens AI, Inc. ("Greenscreens"), a company that provides a pricing solution for the logistics industry that delivers short-term freight market pricing intelligence and business insights. Data has the ability to drive efficiency, enhance decision-making, and enable Shippers, Brokers, and Carriers to operate more profitably in a very competitive over-the-road trucking market. With our access to data from our payments network and other sources, we believe we can develop products and services to offer to logistics service providers, allowing them to better plan for peak periods, competitively source freight capacity, and allocate resources efficiently, thus improving their profitability. Intelligence operates in a highly specialized niche with unique processes and key performance indicators.

At June 30, 2025, our business is primarily focused on providing financial services to participants in the for-hire trucking ecosystem in the United States, including Brokers, Shippers, Factors and Carriers. Within such ecosystem, we operate our payments platform, which connects such parties to streamline and optimize the presentment, audit and payment of transportation invoices. We also act as capital provider to the Carrier industry through our factoring business. We also offer data services through our intelligence offerings. Our traditional banking operations provide stable, low cost deposits to support our operations, a diversified lending portfolio to add stability to our balance sheet, and a suite of traditional banking products and services to participants in the for-hire trucking ecosystem to deepen our relationship with such clients.

We have determined our reportable segments are Banking, Factoring, Payments and Intelligence. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, our Banking segment generated 59% of our total segment revenue (comprised of interest and noninterest income), our Factoring segment generated 30% of our total segment revenue, our Payments segment generated 10% of our total segment revenue, and our Intelligence segment generated 1% of our total segment revenue.

Second Quarter 2025 Overview

Net income available to common stockholders for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $3.6 million, or $0.15 per diluted share, compared to net income available to common stockholders for the three months ended June 30, 2024 of $1.9 million, or $0.08 per diluted share. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, our return on average common equity was 1.68% and our return on average assets was 0.28%.

Net income available to common stockholders for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $2.8 million, or $0.12 per diluted share, compared to net income available to common stockholders for the six months ended June 30, 2024 of $5.3 million, or $0.22 per diluted share. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, our return on average common equity was 0.66% and our return on average assets was 0.14%.

At June 30, 2025, we had total assets of $6.495 billion, including gross loans held for investment of $4.953 billion, compared to $5.949 billion of total assets and $4.547 billion of gross loans held for investment at December 31, 2024. Total loans held for investment increased $406.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. Our Banking loans, which constitute 72% of our total loan portfolio at June 30, 2025, increased from $3.340 billion in aggregate as of December 31, 2024 to $3.549 billion as of June 30, 2025, an increase of 6.3%. Our Factoring factored receivables, which constitute 24% of our total loan portfolio at June 30, 2025, increased from $1.033 billion in aggregate as of December 31, 2024 to $1.175 billion as of June 30, 2025, an increase of 13.7%. Our Payments factored receivables, which constitute 5% of our total loan portfolio at June 30, 2025, increased from $171.7 million in aggregate as of December 31, 2024 to $226.5 million as of June 30, 2025, an increase of 32.0%.

At June 30, 2025, we had total liabilities of $5.582 billion, including total deposits of $5.186 billion, compared to $5.058 billion of total liabilities and $4.821 billion of total deposits at December 31, 2024. Deposits increased $365.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

At June 30, 2025, we had total stockholders' equity of $912.4 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, total stockholders’ equity increased $21.5 million. Capital ratios remained strong with Tier 1 capital and total capital to risk weighted assets ratios of 9.98% and 11.95%, respectively, at June 30, 2025.

The total dollar value of invoices purchased by our Factoring segment during the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $2.874 billion with an average invoice size of $1,693. The average transportation invoice size for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $1,663. This compares to invoice purchase volume of $2.542 billion with an average invoice size of $1,775 and average transportation invoice size of $1,738 during the same period a year ago.

Our Payments segment processed 8.5 million invoices paying Carriers a total of $10.081 billion during the three months ended June 30, 2025. This compares to processed volume of 6.1 million invoices for a total of $6.688 billion during the same period a year ago.

2025 Items of Note

Greenscreens.ai

On May 8, 2025, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary TBK Bank, SSB, acquired Greenscreens AI, Inc. ("Greenscreens"), a pricing solution for the logistics industry that delivers short-term freight market pricing intelligence and business insights, for $139.1 million in cash and $12.7 million of our common stock.

For further information on the above transactions see Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures in the accompanying condensed notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

USPS Settlement

As of June 30, 2025, we carried a receivable (the “Misdirected Payments Receivable”) payable by the United States Postal Service (“USPS”) arising from accounts factored to a large carrier. The balance of such Misdirected Payments Receivable, net of customer reserves, was $19.4 million. The amounts represented by this receivable were paid by the USPS directly to such customer in contravention of notices of assignment delivered to, and previously honored by, the USPS, which amount was then not remitted back to us by such customer as required. The USPS disputed their obligation to make such payment, citing purported deficiencies in the notices delivered to them. We have been a party to litigation in the United States Court of Federal Claims against the USPS seeking a ruling that the USPS was obligated to make the payments represented by this receivable directly to us. On June 30, 2025, we reached an agreement with the USPS ("the USPS Settlement") whereby the USPS agreed to pay us $47.5 million to settle the litigation in the United States Court of Federal Claims and certain other related proceedings. Such settlement was entered into as part of a global settlement of the disputes related to the Misdirected Payments Receivable, other amounts we asserted were due to us from USPS for other balances owed to us as a result of their failure to honor our notices of assignment, and certain claims of the large carrier involved in this matter against the USPS for underpayment on certain transportation contracts in which we had a security interest. We received the full $47.5 million settlement proceeds on July 10, 2025. The proceeds of the USPS Settlement will be applied as follows:

• $11.5 million to the aforementioned large carrier,
• $19.4 million to relieve the entire balance of Misdirected Payments Receivable, net of customer reserves,
• $1.1 million of interest and fees,
• $7.9 million of legal expense recovery
• $3.8 million to recovery of previously charged-off acquired over-formula advances related to the aforementioned large carrier, and
• $3.8 million to CVLG in accordance with the amended terms of the CVLG transaction.

The USPS Settlement had a $12.4 million and $11.5 million positive impact on pretax net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively made up of the prior period impacts of the interest and fees, legal expense recovery, and the recovery of the previously charged-off acquired over-formula advances. The $19.4 million Misdirected Payments Receivable balance was legally discharged upon receipt of the settlement proceeds on July 10, 2025.

2024 Items of Note

Isometric Technologies Inc

On December 1, 2024, we acquired the assets of Isometric Technologies Inc. ("ISO"), a freight technology company, for $10.0 million in cash. Isometric Technologies provides service and performance scoring and benchmarking capabilities to the over-the-road trucking industry.

For further information on the above transactions see Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures in the accompanying condensed notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Triumph Financial Headquarters Purchase

On March 20, 2024, we purchased a building in Dallas, TX that will be the future headquarters for Triumph Financial. The purchase price, including direct costs, was $54.6 million with approximately $51.7 million allocated to land and building and $2.9 million allocated to lease-related intangibles.

Trucking transportation and factoring

The largest driver of changes in revenue at our Factoring segment, and to a lesser extent, our Payments segment, is fluctuation in the freight markets, particularly in brokered freight, which is priced largely off the spot market (a reflection of real-time balance of carrier supply and shipper demand in the market) and subject to variability in diesel prices. The softness in freight during 2023, 2024 and into the first half of 2025 was a combination of falling volumes and excess capacity. In recent quarters, average rates per mile have decreased and returned spot rates to levels last seen in 2019. For the spot rate market, the drop was a little higher than the drop in diesel prices over the same period. Spot rates had fallen below the cost per mile to operate for many carriers. As a result, we have observed a number of small and medium-sized trucking companies either leave the market by signing on with larger carriers or electing to sell their fleets or companies and move on to other endeavors, though the pace of these exits has slowed recently. The confluence of these circumstances has resulted in persistently low invoice prices and decreased prices of new and used equipment. Such invoice prices and prices of new and used equipment remain consistently below the years leading up to 2023. This has put pressure on the revenue of our Factoring segment as well as our equipment finance borrowers, resulting in increased equipment finance delinquencies and loan modifications. Equipment finance losses have been manageable, but continued softness in the freight markets could cause the Company to experience adverse effects on its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows that are not possible to predict at June 30, 2025.

Though the transportation factoring industry continues to fight headwinds due to higher cost of capital and lower average invoices, we have sufficient access to capital, manageable funding costs, and an ability to diversify transportation and factoring income. We continue to focus our efforts on technology initiatives to be more efficient, support the enterprise, and enhance our customer experience while delivering various products to strengthen our clients throughout their business lifecycle. Our plan is for managed growth in our factoring segment with a greater emphasis on enhancing efficiency and profitability. These plans may include use of new technology tools, including those that integrate artificial intelligence capabilities.

Financial Highlights

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

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(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(1) The Company uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the Company’s operational performance and to enhance investors’ overall understanding of such financial performance. The non-GAAP measures used by the Company include the following:

• "Tangible common stockholders' equity" is defined as common stockholders' equity less goodwill and other intangible assets.
• “Total tangible assets” is defined as total assets less goodwill and other intangible assets.
• “Tangible book value per share” is defined as tangible common stockholders’ equity divided by total common shares outstanding. This measure is important to investors interested in changes from period-to-period in book value per share exclusive of changes in intangible assets.
• “Tangible common stockholders’ equity ratio” is defined as the ratio of tangible common stockholders’ equity divided by total tangible assets. We believe that this measure is important to many investors in the marketplace who are interested in relative changes from period-to period in common equity and total assets, each exclusive of changes in intangible assets.
• “Return on average tangible common equity” is defined as net income available to common stockholders divided by average tangible common stockholders’ equity.

(2) Asset quality ratios exclude loans held for sale, except for non-performing assets to total assets.

(3) Net charge-offs to average loans ratios are for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024.

GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We believe the non-GAAP financial measures included above provide useful information to management and investors that is supplementary to our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows computed in accordance with GAAP; however, we acknowledge that our non-GAAP financial measures have a number of limitations. The following reconciliation table provides a more detailed analysis of the non-GAAP financial measures:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

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Results of Operations

Three months ended June 30, 2025 compared with three months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Income

We earned net income of $4.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to net income of $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $1.7 million or 60.9%.

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Details of the changes in the various components of net income are further discussed below.

Net Interest Income

Our operating results heavily depend on our net interest income, which is the difference between interest income on interest earning assets, including loans and securities, and interest expense incurred on interest bearing liabilities, including deposits and other borrowed funds. Interest rate fluctuations, as well as changes in the amount and type of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, combine to affect net interest income. Our net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, referred to as a “volume change.” It is also affected by changes in yields earned on interest earning assets and rates paid on interest bearing liabilities, referred to as a “rate change.”

The following table presents the distribution of average assets, liabilities and equity, as well as interest income and fees earned on average interest earning assets and interest expense paid on average interest bearing liabilities. Average balances and interest are inclusive of assets and deposits classified as held for sale.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Balance totals include respective nonaccrual assets.

(2) Net interest spread is the yield on average interest earning assets less the rate on interest bearing liabilities.

(3) Net interest margin is the ratio of net interest income to average interest earning assets.

(4) Ratios have been annualized.

The following table presents loan yields earned on our loan portfolios:

(Dollars in thousands)

We earned net interest income of $88.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $87.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $0.8 million, or 0.9%, primarily driven by the following factors.

Interest income increased $2.2 million, or 2.0%, due to changes in average interest earning assets which increased $533.3 million, or 10.7%, including an increase in average total loans of $529.6 million, or 12.6%. The average balance of our higher yielding Factoring factored receivables increased $162.7 million, or 16.7%, and we experienced an increase in average Payments factored receivables. Average Banking loans increased $346.3 million, or 11.4% due to increases in the average balances of residential real estate, consumer, and mortgage warehouse loans. Interest income from our Banking loans is impacted by our lower yielding mortgage warehouse lending product. The average mortgage warehouse lending balance was $1.068 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $681.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Interest expense increased $1.4 million, or 7.5%, primarily driven by higher average interest-bearing liabilities which increased in total period over period, including average total interest bearing deposits which increased $135.4 million, or 5.1%. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by decreased rates on our interest bearing liabilities. Average noninterest bearing demand deposits grew $334.5 million.

Net interest margin decreased to 6.43% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 from 7.07% for the three months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of 64 basis points or 9.1%.

The decrease in our net interest margin was most impacted by a decrease in our yield on interest earning assets of 69 basis points to 7.92% for the three months ended June 30, 2025. This decrease was primarily driven by lower yields on loans which decreased 69 basis points to 8.41% for the period. Yield on our Banking loans decreased 77 basis points period over period driving much of the decrease in the yield on our overall loan portfolio. Our yield on Factoring and Payments factored receivables also decreased period over period. That said, our higher yielding Factoring and Payments factored receivables as a percentage of the total loan portfolio increased period over period which had an upward impact on our overall loan yield. Non-loan yields were lower across the board period over period.

The decrease in our net interest margin was also impacted by a decrease in our average cost of interest bearing liabilities of 9 basis points. This decrease in average cost was caused by decreased rates across our interest bearing liabilities period over period.

Our mortgage warehouse business has nearly self-funded for several quarters due to the servicing deposits of its customers. The average balance of such deposits was $781.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. These deposits are noninterest bearing deposits on our balance sheet. Despite their classification, many of these deposits are not truly free of cost as our clients are compensated for these balances in the form of an earnings interest rebate rather than deposit interest. As a result, such noninterest bearing deposits decrease our loan yield rather than increase our deposit rates. It is important to note that our net interest margin is not affected by this arrangement. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, these deposits decreased our overall yield on loans by 58 bps and our overall cost of deposits and cost of funds would have been 56 bps and 51 bps higher, respectively.

The following table shows the effects that changes in average balances (volume) and average interest rates (rate) had on the interest earned on our interest earning assets and the interest incurred on our interest bearing:

(Dollars in thousands)

Credit Loss Expense

Credit loss expense is the amount of expense that, based on our judgment, is required to maintain the allowances for credit losses (“ACL”) at an appropriate level under the current expected credit loss model. The determination of the amount of the allowance is complex and involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity. Refer to Note 1 of the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K for detailed discussion regarding ACL methodologies for available for sale debt securities, held to maturity securities and loans held for investment.

The following table presents the major categories of credit loss expense:

(Dollars in thousands)

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For available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company evaluates the securities at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an ACL on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. At June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company determined that all impaired available for sale securities experienced a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis due to noncredit-related factors. Therefore, the Company carried no ACL at those respective dates and there was no credit loss expense recognized by the Company during the three months ended June 30, 2025. The same was true for the same period in the prior year.

The ACL on held to maturity ("HTM") securities is estimated at each measurement date on a collective basis by major security type. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s held to maturity securities consisted of investments in the subordinated notes of collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) funds. Expected credit losses for these securities are estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology which considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. At June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company carried $3.2 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of these HTM securities at amortized cost. The required ACL on these balances was $1.4 million at June 30, 2025 and $1.5 million at March 31, 2025. We recognized a benefit to credit loss expense of $0.1 million during the current quarter. Credit loss expense during the three months ended June 30, 2024 was $27 thousand. None of the overcollateralization triggers tied to the CLO securities were tripped as of June 30, 2025. Ultimately, the realized cash flows on CLO securities such as these will be driven by a variety of factors, including credit performance of the underlying loan portfolio, adjustments to the portfolio by the asset manager, and the timing of a potential call.

Our ACL on loans was $38.7 million as of June 30, 2025, compared to $40.7 million as of December 31, 2024, representing an ACL to total loans ratio of 0.78% and 0.90%, respectively.

Our credit loss expense on loans decreased $4.6 million, or 112.7%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024.

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company acquired a $23.4 million nonperforming equipment finance commercial loan for $3.3 million. The loan was purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") and a $10.8 million ACL was established on Day 1 resulting in a discount of $9.3 million. Prior to June 30, 2025, the Company determined that the $10.8 million ACL was uncollectible and charged off the entire amount. Such charge-off had no impact on credit loss expense.

The decrease in credit loss expense was primarily driven by net charge-off activity. Excluding the $10.8 million charge-off on the acquired PCD loan which had no impact on credit loss expense, we had a net recovery of $3.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to net charge-offs of $2.7 million during the same period a year ago. Such net recovery for the three months ended June 20, 2025 includes the aforementioned $3.8 million recovery resulting from the USPS Settlement. Changes to projected loss drivers and prepayment speeds that the Company forecasted over the reasonable and supportable forecast periods to calculate expected losses resulted in a benefit to credit loss expense of $0.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $1.1 million of credit loss expense during the same period a year ago.

The decrease in credit loss expense was partially offset by changes in required specific reserves. Such specific reserves increased $1.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to an insignificant increase during the same period a year ago. Further, changes in volume and mix of the loan portfolio resulted in credit loss expense of $1.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $0.2 million of credit loss expense during the same period a year ago.

Credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures decreased $0.1 million, primarily due to changes to outstanding commitments to fund and changes to assumed loss rates period over period.

Noninterest Income

The following table presents our major categories of noninterest income:

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest income increased $2.2 million, or 12.9%. Changes in selected components of noninterest income in the above table are discussed below.

• Fee income. Fee income increased $4.2 million due to a $1.8 million increase in fee income from our Payments segment, a $1.6 million increase in fee income from our Intelligence segment mostly driven by the acquisition of Greenscreens during the three months ended June 30, 2025, and a $0.7 million increase in fee income from insurance services period over period.
• Other. Other noninterest income decreased $1.6 million due to a $0.5 million gain on sale of equity securities during the three months ended June 30, 2024 that did not repeat during the current period and a $1.4 million decrease in rental income generated by the property purchased by the Company during late March of 2024 period over period. These decreases were partially offset by a $0.4 million increase in bank owned life insurance income period over period.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents our major categories of noninterest expense:

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest expense increased $3.5 million, or 3.6%. Details of the more significant changes in the various components of noninterest expense are further discussed below.

• Salaries and Employee Benefits. Salaries and employee benefits expenses increased $3.9 million, or 6.9%. Employee salaries and payroll taxes increased $2.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Our average full-time equivalent employees were 1,576.0 and 1,571.0 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Temporary labor expense decreased $0.5 million, bonus expense increased $0.7 million and commissions expense increased $0.7 million period over period. Additionally, employee benefits expense such as 401(k) benefits match, employee insurance and stock based compensation decreased $0.1 million.
• Professional Fees. Professional fees decreased $4.9 million, or 107.0%, primarily due to the recovery of $7.4 million of previously expensed legal fees through the USPS Settlement during the three months ended June 30, 2025. This decrease was partially offset by $3.0 million of professional fees incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025 as a result of the Greenscreens acquisition.
• Amortization of Intangible Assets. Amortization of intangible assets increased $0.5 million, or 18.5%, primarily due to the amortization of addition of intangible assets resulting from the Greenscreens acquisition.
• Communication and Technology. Communication and technology decreased $2.0 million, or 13.9%, primarily due to decreased IT professional services fees.
• Software Amortization. Software amortization expense increased $1.5 million, or 111.1%, primarily due to additional software assets coming on line during late 2024 and early 2025.
• Other. Other noninterest expense includes loan-related expenses, training and recruiting, postage, insurance, and subscription services. Other noninterest expense increased $4.7 million, or 84.9% primarily due to a $2.0 million settlement of litigation (unrelated to the USPS Settlement) during the three months ended June 30, 2025, $1.8 million of current period lease termination payments related to the building we acquired during March 2024, and an increase of $0.7 million in loan-related expenses period over period. There were no other significant variances in other noninterest expense period over period.

Income Taxes

The amount of income tax expense is influenced by the amount of pre-tax income, the amount of tax-exempt income and the effect of changes in valuation allowances maintained against deferred tax benefits.

Income tax expense increased $2.7 million, from $0.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 to $3.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The effective tax rate was 44% for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to 23% for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was impacted by limited restricted stock stock-based compensation deductibility, higher state tax rates, and higher disallowed expenses including some transaction costs paid in connection with the Greenscreens acquisition.

Operating Segment Results

Our reportable segments are Banking, Factoring, Payments, and Intelligence, which have been determined based upon their business processes and economic characteristics. This determination also gave consideration to the structure and management of various product lines. The Banking segment includes the community banking products and services offered through TBK Bank. Our Banking segment derives its revenue principally from investments in interest earning assets as well as noninterest income typical for the banking industry. The Factoring segment derives its revenue from factoring services. The Payments segment includes the operations of TBK Bank's presentment, audit, and payment solutions to Shipper, Broker, and Factor clients in the trucking industry. The Payments segment derives its revenue from transaction fees and interest income on factored receivables related to invoice payments. These factored receivables consist of both invoices where we offer a Carrier a quickpay opportunity to receive payment at a discount in advance of the standard payment term for such invoice in exchange for the assignment of such invoice to us and from offering Brokers the ability to settle their invoices with us on an extended term following our payment to their Carriers as an additional liquidity option for such Brokers. Our data intelligence segment was launched at the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2024 to turn the over-the-road trucking data collected through our services into actionable insights for our customers. This launch coincided with our acquisition of the assets Isometric Technologies Inc., a company that provides service and performance scoring and benchmarking capabilities to the over-the-road trucking industry. The operations of this segment were further supplemented with our acquisition of Greenscreens AI, Inc., a pricing solution for the logistics industry that delivers short-term freight market pricing intelligence and business insights, during the quarter ended June 30, 2025. The revenue for Intelligence offerings is derived through access and subscription fees, as well as seat licenses where applicable. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2024, there were no individuals allocated specifically to our data intelligence segment and an explicit data intelligence segment did not exist. Therefore, revision of prior period segment operating results is not applicable.

Prior to September 30, 2024, the Company disclosed Corporate as a reportable segment. The Company has determined that what was previously deemed the Corporate reportable segment consists of other business activities that do not represent a reportable segment, but rather, such activities belong in a Corporate and Other category as reported in the tabular disclosure below. It should be noted that such restructuring of the tabular disclosure did not result in any changes to the Company's revenue and expense allocation methodology described below. The Company restructured prior period tabular disclosures to achieve appropriate comparability.

Expenses that are directly attributable to the Company's Banking, Factoring, Payments, and Intelligence segments such as, but not limited to, occupancy, salaries and benefits to employees that are fully dedicated to the segment, and certain technology costs that can be attributed to specific users or functional areas within the segment are allocated as such. The Company continues to make considerable investments in shared services that benefit the entire organization and these expenses are allocated to the Corporate and Other category. The Company allocates such expenses to the Corporate and Other category in order for the Company's chief operating decision maker and investors to have clear visibility into the operating performance of each reportable segment.

We allocate intersegment interest expense to the Factoring and Payments segments based on one-month term SOFR for their funding needs. When the Payments segment is self-funded, with customer deposit funding in excess of its factored receivables, intersegment interest income is allocated based on the Federal Funds effective rate. Management believes that such intersegment interest allocations appropriately reflect the current interest rate environment and the relatively quick turn of the underlying receivables.

Reported segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Additionally, because of the interrelationships of the various segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities. Changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in future changes to previously reported segment financial data. The accounting policies of the segments are substantially the same as those described in the “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Note 1 of the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Transactions between segments consist primarily of borrowed funds, payment network fees, and servicing fees. Intersegment interest expense is allocated to the Factoring and Payments segments as described above. Payment network fees are paid by the Factoring segment to the Payments segment for use of the payments network. Servicing fees are paid by the Payments segment to the Factoring segment for servicing factoring transactions with freight broker clients transferred from our Factoring segment to our Payments segment to align with the supply chain finance product offerings for this business. Beginning prospectively on January 1, 2024, the Factoring and Payments segments began paying fees to our Banking segment for the Banking segment's execution of various banking services that benefit those segments. Credit loss expense is allocated based on the segment’s ACL determination. Noninterest income and expense directly attributable to a segment are assigned to it with various shared service costs such as human resources, accounting, finance, risk management and information technology expense assigned to the Corporate and Other category if they are not directly attributable to a segment. Other segment expense consists of various loan and card related expenses and other insignificant miscellaneous costs not specifically reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision maker. Taxes are paid on a consolidated basis and are not allocated for segment purposes.

The following tables present our primary operating results for our operating segments:

(Dollars in thousands)

(Dollars in thousands)

63

(1) Includes revenue and expense from the Company’s holding company, which does not meet the definition of an operating segment. Also includes corporate shared service costs such as the majority of salaries and benefits expense for our executive leadership team, as well as other selling, general, and administrative shared services costs including human resources, accounting, finance, risk management and a significant amount of information technology expense.

(2) Net intersegment noninterest income (expense) includes:

(Dollars in thousands)

(Dollars in thousands)

64

Banking

(Dollars in thousands)

Our Banking segment’s operating income decreased $3.9 million, or 12.9%.

Interest income decreased $2.0 million, or 3.1%, at our Banking segment primarily as a result of decreased yields at our Banking segment in spite of increased average balances of interest earning assets. More specifically, average loans in our Banking segment, excluding intersegment loans, increased 11.4% from $3.036 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2024 to $3.382 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025; however, this increase was more than offset by decreased yields. Intersegment interest income allocated to our Banking segment decreased period over period due to increased funding provided by our Payments segment resulting in increased intersegment interest allocation to such segment. The decrease in intersegment interest income allocated to our Banking segment was also a result of decreased intercompany borrowing rates charged to our Factoring segment driven by decreases in rates in the macroeconomy.

Interest expense increased $2.1 million, or 12.6%, primarily driven by higher average interest-bearing liabilities which increased in total period over period, including average total interest bearing deposits which increased $135.4 million, or 5.1%. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by decreased rates on our interest bearing liabilities. Further, our Banking segment experienced an increased usage of higher-priced brokered time deposits period over period.

Credit loss expense at our Banking segment is made up of credit loss expense related to loans and credit loss expense related to off balance sheet commitments to lend. Credit loss expense related to loans was $2.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to credit loss expense on loans of $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in credit loss expense was the result of increased specific reserves and an increase driven by changes in the volume and mix of our Banking segment's loan portfolio period over period. Such increases were partially offset by a decrease driven by changes to the projected loss drivers and prepayment speeds that the Company forecasted over the reasonable and supportable forecast periods and a decrease driven by a decrease in net charge-offs period over period.

Credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures decreased $0.2 million, from $0.1 million of credit loss expense for the three months ended June 30, 2024 to a benefit of $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to changes to outstanding commitments to fund and changes to assumed loss rates period over period.

Noninterest income at our Banking segment increased period over period due to a $0.8 million increase in fee income and a $0.4 million increase in bank owned life insurance income period over period. These increases were partially offset by a $0.5 million decrease in gain on sale of equity securities. There were no other significant changes in the components of noninterest income at our Banking segment period over period.

Noninterest expense at our Banking segment decreased period over period the details of which are illustrated in the table above.

Year to date, our aggregate outstanding balances for our banking products, excluding intercompany loans, has increased $208.9 million, or 6.3%, to $3.549 billion as of June 30, 2025. The following table sets forth our banking loans:

(Dollars in thousands)

Factoring

(Dollars in thousands)

66

(1) Operating margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used as a supplemental measure to evaluate the performance of our Factoring segment. It provides meaningful supplemental information regarding the segment's operational performance and enhances investors' overall understanding of the Factoring segment's profitability and operational efficiency. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, operating income and factoring total revenue were impacted by $1.2 million of interest and fees resulting from the USPS Settlement and such settlement further impacted operating income by $7.4 million of legal expense accrual reversal and $3.8 million of recovery of factoring balances charged off in a prior period. Operating income was also impacted by a $2.0 million legal settlement that was unrelated to the USPS Settlement. Such items had a 24.71% impact on operating margin, a 0.43% impact on yield on average receivables, and a 0.46% impact on yield on average net funds employed for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

(2) The current quarter charge-off rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 reflects a $3.8 million recovery of factoring balances charged off in a prior period. Such recovery impacted the current quarter charge-off rate for that period by (0.33%).

Our Factoring segment’s operating income increased $15.1 million, or 326.9%.

Our average invoice size decreased 4.6% from $1,775 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 to $1,693 for the three months ended June 30, 2025. This decrease is the result of a broad drop in transportation invoice prices across the industry as well as a change in mix as we add more short-haul fleets to our factoring purchases. That said, the number of invoices purchased increased 18.5% period over period.

Net interest income at our Factoring segment increased period over period. Overall average net funds employed (“NFE”) increased 22.0% during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in average NFE was the result of increased invoice purchase volume in the face of decreased average invoice sizes. See further discussion under the Recent Developments: Trucking Transportation section. We maintained a high concentration in transportation factoring balances, which typically generate a higher yield than our non-transportation factoring balances. This concentration was at 96% at June 30, 2025 and 97% at June 30, 2024. Net interest income at our Factoring segment was also impacted by a relatively flat intersegment interest allocation charge period over period driven by decreased rates in the macroeconomy offset by higher average balances at our Factoring segment.

Credit loss expense at our Factoring segment is made up of credit loss expense related to factored receivables and loans at our Factoring segment as well as credit loss expense related to off balance sheet commitments to lend. Credit loss expense related to factored receivables and loans was a benefit of $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to credit loss expense on factored receivables of $2.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in credit loss expense on factored receivables and loans was driven by decreased net charge-offs period over period including the $3.8 million recovery resulting from the USPS settlement. The decrease was also driven by a decrease in required specific reserves. These decreases were partially offset by increases to the ACL driven by changes in volume and mix of the portfolio period over period and changes in loss assumptions period over period. We experienced no credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2025 as there were no such commitments to lend at that time.

Noninterest income at our Factoring segment decreased slightly period over period with no significant variances in its components period over period.

Noninterest expense at our Factoring segment decreased period over period the details of which are illustrated in the table above. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, professional fees, a component of noninterest expense, at our Factoring segment reflect a $7.4 million recovery of previously expensed legal fees associated with the USPS Settlement. Other noninterest expense at our Factoring segment reflects a $2.0 million expense driven by settlement of litigation unrelated to the USPS Settlement for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

Payments

(Dollars in thousands)

68

(1) Earnings (losses) before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") and EBITDA margin (the ratio of EBITDA to total revenue) are non-GAAP financial measures used to provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the segment's operational performance and to enhance investors' overall understanding of such financial performance.

Our Payments segment's operating loss decreased $3.3 million, or 83.5%.

The number of invoices processed by our Payments segment increased 40.2% from 6,062,779 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 to 8,500,565 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, and the amount of payments processed increased 50.7% from $6.688 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2024 to $10.081 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

A "network transaction" occurs when a fully integrated payor payments client receives an invoice from a fully integrated payee payments client. All network transactions are included in our payment processing volume above. These transactions are facilitated through our payments application programming interfaces ("APIs") with parties on both sides of the transaction using structured data; similar to how a credit card works at a point-of-sale terminal. The integrations largely automate the process and make it cheaper, faster and safer. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, we processed 1,004,603 network invoices representing a network payment volume of $1.580 billion. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we processed 701,768 network invoices representing a network payment volume of $1.133 billion.

Net interest income increased due to increased average balance of interest earning assets at our Payments segment and increased intersegment interest allocation period over period. These increases were partially offset by decreased average rates at our Payments segment.

Noninterest income increased due to a $1.8 million increase in payment and audit fees earned from our payments and audit business during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period a year ago. There were no other significant changes in the components of noninterest income at our Payments segment period over period.

Noninterest expense at our Payments segment decreased period over period the details of which are illustrated in the table above.

The acquisition of HubTran during the year ended December 31, 2021 allowed us to create a fully integrated payments network for transportation; servicing Brokers and Factors. Prior to the HubTran acquisition, our payments platform already offered tools and services to increase automation, mitigate fraud, create back-office efficiency and improve the payment experience. Through the acquisition of HubTran, we created additional value through the enhancement of its presentment, audit, and payment capabilities for Shippers, third party logistics companies (i.e., Brokers) and their Carriers, and Factors. The acquisition of HubTran was a meaningful inflection point in the operations of our payments and audit business as our strategy shifted from a capital-intensive on-balance sheet product with a focus on interest income to an open-loop payments network for the trucking industry with an additional focus on fee revenue. It is for this reason that management believes that earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization enhance investors' overall understanding of the financial performance of the Payments segment.

Intelligence

(Dollars in thousands)

Our Intelligence segment's operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $6.0 million. As previously disclosed, prior to the fourth quarter of 2024, the data intelligence line of business did not exist. Therefore, there are no comparative periods to discuss regarding our Intelligence segment. As illustrated in the table above, to date, the majority of the expense related to our Intelligence segment is salaries and benefits expense and professional fees. A majority of the professional fees recognized at our Intelligence segment during the three months ended June 30, 2025 relate to our acquisition of Greenscreens.

Corporate and Other

(Dollars in thousands)

Corporate and other is not a reportable segment, but rather includes certain revenue and expense from the Company's holding company as well as activities not allocated to specific business segments. Corporate and other reported an operating loss of $31.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to an operating loss of $27.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

The increased operating loss was driven by increased noninterest expense which was the result of a $1.3 million increase in salaries and benefits expense. Further, Corporate experienced a $1.1 million increase in professional fees and a $1.9 million increase in other noninterest expense driven by $1.8 million of current period lease termination payments related to the building we acquired during March 2024. Noninterest income at our Corporate segment decreased primarily due to a $1.4 million decrease in rental income from the same property. Additionally, Corporate experienced a $0.7 million decrease in interest expense period over period as a result of decreased average borrowings.

Results of Operations

Six months ended June 30, 2025 compared with six months ended June 30, 2024

Net Income

We earned net income of $4.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $6.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $2.5 million or 35.7%.

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Details of the changes in the various components of net income are further discussed below.

Net Interest Income

Our operating results depend primarily on our net interest income, which is the difference between interest income on interest earning assets, including loans and securities, and interest expense incurred on interest bearing liabilities, including deposits and other borrowed funds. Interest rate fluctuations, as well as changes in the amount and type of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, combine to affect net interest income. Our net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, referred to as a “volume change.” It is also affected by changes in yields earned on interest earning assets and rates paid on interest bearing liabilities, referred to as a “rate change.”

The following table presents the distribution of average assets, liabilities and equity, as well as interest income and fees earned on average interest earning assets and interest expense paid on average interest bearing liabilities. Average balances and interest are inclusive of assets and deposits classified as held for sale.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Balance totals include respective nonaccrual assets.

(2) Net interest spread is the yield on average interest earning assets less the rate on interest bearing liabilities.

(3) Net interest margin is the ratio of net interest income to average interest earning assets.

(4) Ratios have been annualized.

The following table presents loan yields earned on our loan portfolios:

(Dollars in thousands)

We earned net interest income of $173.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $174.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $0.9 million, or 0.5%, primarily driven by the following factors.

Interest income increased $2.5 million, or 1.2%, due to changes in average interest earning assets which increased $530.1 million, or 10.9% including an increase in average total loans of $478.7 million, or 11.6%. The average balance of our higher yielding Factoring factored receivables increased $140.6 million, or 14.7%, and we experienced an increase in average Payments factored receivables. We experienced an increase in average Banking loans of $326.1 million, or 10.9% due to increases in the average balances of construction, land development, and land, residential real estate, consumer, and mortgage warehouse loans. Interest income from our Banking loans is impacted by our lower yielding mortgage warehouse lending product. The average mortgage warehouse lending balance was $1.003 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $657.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Interest expense increased $3.4 million, or 9.7%, primarily driven by higher average interest-bearing liabilities which increased in total period over period, including average total interest bearing deposits which increased $205.2 million, or 8.0%. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by decreased rates on almost all of our interest bearing liabilities. Average noninterest bearing deposits grew $304.2 million.

Net interest margin decreased to 6.46% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 from 7.18% for the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of 72 basis points, or 10.0%.

Our net interest margin was impacted by a decrease in yield on our interest earning assets of 74 basis points to 7.89% for the six months ended June 30, 2025. This decrease was primarily driven by lower yields on loans which decreased 71 basis points to 8.39% for the period. Yield on our Banking loans decreased 71 basis points period over period driving much of the decrease in the yield on our overall loan portfolio. Our yield on Factoring and Payments factored receivables also decreased period over period. That said, our higher yielding Factoring and Payments factored receivables as a percentage of the total loan portfolio increased period over period which had an upward impact on our overall loan yield. Non-loan yields were lower across the board period over period.

The decrease in our net interest margin was also impacted by a decrease in our average cost of interest bearing liabilities of 2 basis points. This decrease in average cost was caused by decreased rates across our interest bearing liabilities period over period.

Our mortgage warehouse business has nearly self-funded for several quarters due to the servicing deposits of its customers. The average balance of such deposits was $713.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. These deposits are noninterest bearing deposits on our balance sheet. Despite their classification, many of these deposits are not truly free of cost as our clients are compensated for these balances in the form of an earnings interest rebate rather than deposit interest. As a result, such noninterest bearing deposits decrease our loan yield rather than increase our deposit rates. It is important to note that our net interest margin is not affected by this arrangement. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, these deposits decreased our overall yield on loans by 55 bps and our overall cost of deposits and cost of funds would have been 52 bps and 49 bps higher, respectively.

The following table shows the effects that changes in average balances (volume) and average interest rates (rate) had on the interest earned on our interest earning assets and the interest incurred on our interest bearing liabilities:

(Dollars in thousands)

Credit Loss Expense

Credit loss expense is the amount of expense that, based on our judgment, is required to maintain the allowances for credit losses (“ACL”) at an appropriate level under the current expected credit loss model. The determination of the amount of the allowance is complex and involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity. Refer to Note 1 of the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K for detailed discussion regarding ACL methodologies for available for sale debt securities, held to maturity securities and loans held for investment.

The following table presents the major categories of credit loss expense:

(Dollars in thousands)

75

For available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company evaluates the securities at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an ACL on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. At December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2025, the Company determined that all impaired available for sale securities experienced a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis due to noncredit-related factors. Therefore, the Company carried no ACL at those respective dates and there was no credit loss expense recognized by the Company during the six months ended June 30, 2025. The same was true for the same period in the prior year.

The ACL on held to maturity securities is estimated at each measurement date on a collective basis by major security type. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s held to maturity securities consisted investments in the subordinated notes of collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) funds. Expected credit losses for these securities are estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology which considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company carried $3.2 million and $5.4 million of these HTM securities at amortized cost, respectively. The ACL on these balances was $1.4 million at June 30, 2025 and $3.5 million at December 31, 2024. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company charged off one of its three investments in these CLO funds in the amount of $2.2 million. The charge-off was fully reserved in a prior period and as a result, there was no impact to credit loss expense during the six months ended June 30, 2025. We recognized credit loss expense of $48 thousand during the six months ended June 30, 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized a benefit to credit loss expense of $28 thousand. None of the overcollateralization triggers tied to the CLO securities were tripped as of June 30, 2025. Ultimately, the realized cash flows on CLO securities such as these will be driven by a variety of factors, including credit performance of the underlying loan portfolio, adjustments to the portfolio by the asset manager, and the timing of a potential call.

Our ACL on loans was $38.7 million as of June 30, 2025, compared to $40.7 million as of December 31, 2024, representing an ACL to total loans ratio of 0.78% and 0.90% respectively.

Our credit loss expense on loans decreased $8.2 million, or 91.1%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company acquired a $23.4 million nonperforming loan for $3.3 million. The loan was purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") and therefore, a $10.8 million ACL was established on Day 1 resulting in a discount of $9.3 million. Prior to June 30, 2025, the Company determined that the $10.8 million ACL was uncollectible and charged off the entire amount. Such charge-off had no impact on credit loss expense.

The decrease in credit loss expense was primarily driven by a decrease in required specific reserves. Such specific reserves decreased $4.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to an increase in specific reserves of $1.4 million during the same period a year ago. The decrease in credit loss expense was also driven by net charge-off activity. Excluding the $10.8 million charge-off on the acquired PCD loan which had no impact on credit loss expense, we had a net charge-offs of $2.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to net charge-offs of $4.6 million during the same period a year ago. Such net charge-offs for the six months ended June 20, 2025 includes the aforementioned $3.8 million recovery resulting from the USPS Settlement. Changes to projected loss drivers and prepayment speeds that the Company forecasted over the reasonable and supportable forecast periods to calculate expected losses resulted in $0.3 million of credit loss expense during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $2.0 million of credit loss expense during the same period a year ago.

The decrease in credit loss expense was partially offset by changes in volume and mix of the loan portfolio which resulted in credit loss expense of $1.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $1.0 million of credit loss expense during the same period a year ago.

Credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures decreased $1.3 million, primarily due to changes to outstanding commitments to fund and assumed loss rates period over period.

Noninterest Income

The following table presents our major categories of noninterest income:

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest income increased $4.4 million, or 13.7%. Changes in selected components of noninterest income in the above table are discussed below.

• Fee income. Fee income increased $4.7 million, or 27.1% due to a $2.9 million increase in fee income from our Payments segment, a $1.9 million increase in fee income from our Intelligence segment mostly driven by the acquisition of Greenscreens during the three months ended June 30, 2025, and a $0.8 million increase in fee income from insurance services period over period.
• Insurance commissions. Insurance commissions decreased $0.5 million, or 17.6%, due to lower volumes of processed policies.
• Other. Other noninterest income increased $0.3 million, or 7.2% primarily due to a $0.8 million increase in BOLI income and a $0.6 million increase in gain on sale of business assets period over period. These increases were partially offset by a $0.5 million gain on sale of equity securities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 that did not repeat during the current period and a $0.3 million gain on a revenue share asset for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to a $0.9 million gain for the same period a year ago. We also experienced a $0.5 million decrease in rental income generated by the property purchased by the Company during late March of 2024 period over period.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents our major categories of noninterest expense:

(Dollars in thousands)

77

Noninterest expense increased $13.3 million, or 7.1%. Details of the more significant changes in the various components of noninterest expense are further discussed below.

• Salaries and Employee Benefits. Salaries and employee benefits expenses increased $8.4 million, or 7.6%. Employee salaries and payroll tax expense increased $6.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The size of our workforce increased period over period due to organic growth within the Company. Our average full-time equivalent employees were 1,561.8 and 1,544.7 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Bonus expense increased $0.9 million, commissions expense increased $0.8 million, and temporary labor expense increased $0.1 million period over period. Employee benefits expense such as 401(k) matching, employee insurance, and stock based compensation paid to employees increased $0.2 million.
• Professional Fees. Professional fees decreased $2.4 million, or 29.1%, primarily due to the recovery of $6.5 million of previously expensed legal fees through the USPS Settlement during the six months ended June 30, 2025. This decrease was partially offset by $4.0 million of professional fees incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as a result of the Greenscreens acquisition.
• Communications and Technology. Communications and technology expenses decreased $1.6 million, or 6.3%, primarily due to decreased IT professional services fees.
• Software amortization. Software amortization increased $2.3 million, or 91.9%, primarily due to additional software assets coming on line during late 2024 and early 2025.
• Other. Other noninterest expense includes loan-related expenses, training and recruiting, postage, insurance, and subscription services. Other noninterest expense increased $5.4 million, or 48.2% primarily due to a $2.0 million settlement of litigation (unrelated to the USPS Settlement) during the six months ended June 30, 2025, $2.4 million of current period lease termination payments related to the building we acquired during March 2024, and an increase of $0.7 million in loan-related expenses period over period. There were no other significant variances in other noninterest expense period over period.

Income Taxes

The amount of income tax expense is influenced by the amount of pre-tax income, the amount of tax-exempt income and the effect of changes in valuation allowances maintained against deferred tax benefits.

Income tax expense increased $2.1 million, or 146.0%, from $1.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The effective tax rate was 44% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 17% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was impacted by limited restricted stock stock-based compensation deductibility, higher state tax rates, and higher disallowed expenses including some transaction costs paid in connection with the Greenscreens acquisition. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was impacted by an adjustment to our disallowance related to highly compensated individuals.

Operating Segment Results

Our reportable segments are Banking, Factoring, Payments, and Intelligence, which have been determined based upon their business processes and economic characteristics. This determination also gave consideration to the structure and management of various product lines. The Banking segment includes the community banking products and services offered through TBK Bank. Our Banking segment derives its revenue principally from investments in interest earning assets as well as noninterest income typical for the banking industry. The Factoring segment derives its revenue from factoring services. The Payments segment includes the operations of TBK Bank's presentment, audit, and payment solutions to Shipper, Broker, and Factor clients in the trucking industry. The Payments segment derives its revenue from transaction fees and interest income on factored receivables related to invoice payments. These factored receivables consist of both invoices where we offer a Carrier a quickpay opportunity to receive payment at a discount in advance of the standard payment term for such invoice in exchange for the assignment of such invoice to us and from offering Brokers the ability to settle their invoices with us on an extended term following our payment to their Carriers as an additional liquidity option for such Brokers. Our data intelligence segment was launched at the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2024 to turn the over-the-road trucking data collected through our services into actionable insights for our customers. This launch coincided with our acquisition of the assets Isometric Technologies Inc., a company that provides service and performance scoring and benchmarking capabilities to the over-the-road trucking industry. The operations of this segment were further supplemented with our acquisition of Greenscreens AI, Inc., a pricing solution for the logistics industry that delivers short-term freight market pricing intelligence and business insights, during the quarter ended June 30, 2025. The revenue for Intelligence offerings is derived through access and subscription fees, as well as seat licenses where applicable. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2024, there were no individuals allocated specifically to our data intelligence segment and an explicit data intelligence segment did not exist. Therefore, revision of prior period segment operating results is not applicable.

Prior to September 30, 2024, the Company disclosed Corporate as a reportable segment. The Company has determined that what was previously deemed the Corporate reportable segment consists of other business activities that do not represent a reportable segment, but rather, such activities belong in a Corporate and Other category as reported in the tabular disclosure below. It should be noted that such restructuring of the tabular disclosure did not result in any changes to the Company's revenue and expense allocation methodology described below. The Company restructured prior period tabular disclosures to achieve appropriate comparability.

Expenses that are directly attributable to the Company's Banking, Factoring, Payments, and Intelligence segments such as, but not limited to, occupancy, salaries and benefits to employees that are fully dedicated to the segment, and certain technology costs that can be attributed to specific users or functional areas within the segment are allocated as such. The Company continues to make considerable investments in shared services that benefit the entire organization and these expenses are allocated to the Corporate and Other category. The Company allocates such expenses to the Corporate and Other category in order for the Company's chief operating decision maker and investors to have clear visibility into the operating performance of each reportable segment.

We allocate intersegment interest expense to the Factoring and Payments segments based on one-month term SOFR for their funding needs. When the Payments segment is self-funded, with customer deposit funding in excess of its factored receivables, intersegment interest income is allocated based on the Federal Funds effective rate. Management believes that such intersegment interest allocations appropriately reflect the current interest rate environment and the relatively quick turn of the underlying receivables.

Reported segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Additionally, because of the interrelationships of the various segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities. Changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in future changes to previously reported segment financial data. The accounting policies of the segments are substantially the same as those described in the “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Note 1 of the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Transactions between segments consist primarily of borrowed funds, payment network fees, and servicing fees. Intersegment interest expense is allocated to the Factoring and Payments segments as described above. Payment network fees are paid by the Factoring segment to the Payments segment for use of the payments network. Servicing fees are paid by the Payments segment to the Factoring segment for servicing factoring transactions with freight broker clients transferred from our Factoring segment to our Payments segment to align with the supply chain finance product offerings for this business. Beginning prospectively on January 1, 2024, the Factoring and Payments segments began paying fees to our Banking segment for the Banking segment's execution of various banking services that benefit those segments. Credit loss expense is allocated based on the segment’s ACL determination. Noninterest income and expense directly attributable to a segment are assigned to it with various shared service costs such as human resources, accounting, finance, risk management and information technology expense assigned to the Corporate and Other category if they are not directly attributable to a segment. Other segment expense consists of various loan and card related expenses and other insignificant miscellaneous costs not specifically reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision maker. Taxes are paid on a consolidated basis and are not allocated for segment purposes.

The following tables present our primary operating results for our operating segments:

(Dollars in thousands)

80

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Includes revenue and expense from the Company’s holding company, which does not meet the definition of an operating segment. Also includes corporate shared service costs such as the majority of salaries and benefits expense for our executive leadership team, as well as other selling, general, and administrative shared services costs including human resources, accounting, finance, risk management and a significant amount of information technology expense.

(2) Net intersegment noninterest income (expense) includes:

(Dollars in thousands)

(Dollars in thousands)

81

(Dollars in thousands)

Banking

(Dollars in thousands)

Our Banking segment’s operating income decreased $4.5 million, or 7.7%.

Total interest income decreased $2.6 million, or 1.9%, at our Banking segment primarily as a result of decreased yields at our Banking segment in spite of increased average balances of interest earning assets. More specifically, average loans in our Banking segment, excluding intersegment loans, increased 10.9% from $2.984 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $3.310 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025; however, this increase was more than offset by decreased yields. Intersegment interest income allocated to our Banking segment decreased period over period due to increased funding provided by our Payments segment resulting in increased intersegment interest allocation to such segment. The decrease in intersegment interest income allocated to our Banking segment was also a result of decreased intercompany borrowing rates charged to our Factoring segment driven by decreases in rates in the macroeconomy.

Interest expense increased $4.8 million, or 15.9% primarily due to higher higer average balances in our Banking interest bearing liabilities. Average total interest bearing deposits increased $205.2 million, or 8.0%. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by decreased rates on our interest bearing liabilities. Further, our Banking segment experienced an increased usage of higher-priced brokered time deposits period over period.

Credit loss expense at our Banking segment is made up of credit loss expense related to loans and credit loss expense related to off balance sheet commitments to lend. Credit loss expense related to loans was $2.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $6.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in credit loss expense was the result of decreased required specific reserves, changes to the projected loss drivers and prepayment speeds that the Company forecasted over the reasonable and supportable forecast period, and a decrease driven by changes in the volume and mix of our loan portfolio at our Banking segment period over period. These decreases were partially offset by increased net charge-offs period over period.

Credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures decreased $0.4 million from credit loss expense of $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to a $0.2 million benefit to credit loss expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to changes to outstanding commitments to fund and assumed loss rates period over period.

Noninterest income at our Banking segment increased period over period due to a $0.7 million increase in fee income at our Banking segment and a $0.8 million increase in BOLI income at our Banking segment. These increases were partially offset by a $0.5 million decrease in gain on sale of equity securities and a $0.5 million decrease of insurance commissions at our Banking segment.

Noninterest expense at our Banking segment decreased period over period the details of which are illustrated in the table above.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the aggregate outstanding balances of our banking products increased $208.9 million, or 6.3%, to $3.549 billion as of June 30, 2025. See the Financial Condition section below for further discussion of changes in loan balances:

(Dollars in thousands)

83

Factoring

(Dollars in thousands)

84

(1) Operating margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used as a supplemental measure to evaluate the performance of our Factoring segment. It provides meaningful supplemental information regarding the segment's operational performance and enhances investors' overall understanding of the Factoring segment's profitability and operational efficiency. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, operating income and factoring total revenue were impacted by $1.2 million of interest and fees resulting from the USPS Settlement and such settlement further impacted operating income by $6.5 million of legal expense accrual reversal and $3.8 million of recovery of factoring balances charged off in a prior period. Operating income was also impacted by a $2.0 million legal settlement that was unrelated to the USPS Settlement. Such items had a 12.00% impact on operating margin, a 0.23% impact on yield on average receivables, and a 0.24% impact on yield on average net funds employed for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

(2) The current quarter charge-off rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 reflects a $3.8 million recovery of factoring balances charged off in a prior period. Such recovery impacted the current quarter charge-off rate for that period by (0.34%).

Our Factoring segment’s operating income increased $15.0 million, or 127.6%.

Our average invoice size decreased 2.4% from $1,790 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $1,747 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 This decrease is the result of a broad drop in transportation invoice prices across the industry as well as a change in mix as we add more short-haul fleets to our factoring purchases. The number of invoices purchased increased 14.1% period over period.

Net interest income at our Factoring segment increased period over period. Overall average net funds employed (“NFE”) increased 17.6% during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in average NFE was the result of increased invoice purchase volume in the face of decreased average invoice sizes. See further discussion under the Recent Developments: Trucking Transportation section. We maintained high concentration in transportation factoring balances, which typically generate a higher yield than our non-transportation factoring balances. This concentration, calculated based on receivables held for investment and held for sale, was at 97% at June 30, 2024 and 96% at June 30, 2025. Net interest income at our Factoring segment was also impacted by a decrease in its intersegment interest allocation charge period over period driven by lower intercompany rates consistent with lower rates in the broader macro economy.

Credit loss expense at our Factoring segment is made up of credit loss expense related to factored receivables and loans at our Factoring segment as well as credit loss expense related to off balance sheet commitments to lend to the extent there are any such commitments. Credit loss expense related to factored receivables and loans was a benefit of $2.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to credit loss expense of $2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in credit loss expense on factored receivables and loans was driven by decreased net charge-offs period over period including the $3.8 million recovery resulting from the USPS settlement. The decrease was also driven by a decrease in required specific reserves. These decreases were partially offset by increases to the ACL driven by changes in volume and mix of the portfolio period over period and changes in loss assumptions period over period. Credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures was $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 as there were no commitments to lend at the end of the current period.

The decrease in noninterest income at our Factoring segment was due to a $0.8 million decrease in early termination fees and a $0.6 million decrease in gains on our revenue share asset period over period. There were no other significant variances in noninterest income at our Factoring segment.

Noninterest expense at our Factoring segment decreased period over period the details of which are illustrated in the table above. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, professional fees, a component of noninterest expense, at our Factoring segment reflect a $6.5 million recovery of previously expensed legal fees associated with the USPS Settlement. Other noninterest expense at our Factoring segment reflects a $2.0 million expense driven by settlement of litigation unrelated to the USPS Settlement for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Payments

(Dollars in thousands)

86

(1) Earnings (losses) before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") and EBITDA margin (the ratio of EBITDA to total revenue) are non-GAAP financial measures used to provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the segment's operational performance and to enhance investors' overall understanding of such financial performance.

Our Payments segment's operating loss decreased $4.5 million, or 55.4%.

The number of invoices processed by our Payments segment increased 33.1% from 11,779,795 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to 15,682,609 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and the amount of payments processed increased 44.3% from $13.067 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $18.859 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

We began processing network transactions during the first quarter of 2022. When a fully integrated payments customer payor receives an invoice from a fully integrated payments customer payee, we call that a “network transaction.” All network transactions are included in our payment processing volume above. These transactions are facilitated through payments platform APIs with parties on both sides of the transaction using structured data; similar to how a credit card works at a point-of-sale terminal. The integrations largely automate the process and make it cheaper, faster and safer. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we processed 1,724,134 network invoices representing a network payment volume of $2.747 billion. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we processed 1,322,977 network invoices representing a network payment volume of $2,168.2 million.

Net interest income increased due to increased average balance of interest earning assets at our Payments segment and increased intersegment interest allocation period over period. Changes in average rates at our Payments segment were little changed period over period.

Noninterest income increased due to a $2.9 million increase in payment processing and audit fees earned during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period a year ago. There were no other significant changes in the components of noninterest income at our Payments segment period over period.

Noninterest expense at our Payments segment was relatively flat period over period the details of which are illustrated in the table above.

The acquisition of HubTran during 2021 allowed us to create a fully integrated payments network for trucking; servicing brokers and factors. Our payments platform already offered tools and services to increase automation, mitigate fraud, create back-office efficiency and improve the payment experience. Through the acquisition of HubTran, we created additional value through the enhancement of its presentment, audit, and payment capabilities for third party logistics companies (i.e., freight brokers) and their carriers, and factors. The acquisition of HubTran was a meaningful inflection point in the operations of our payments and audit business as our strategy shifted from a capital-intensive on-balance sheet product with a focus on interest income to an open-loop payments network for the trucking industry with a focus on fee revenue. It is for this reason that management believes that earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization and the adjustment to that metric enhance investors' overall understanding of the financial performance of the Payments segment.

Intelligence

(Dollars in thousands)

Our Intelligence segment's operating loss for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $8.6 million. As previously disclosed, prior to the fourth quarter of 2024, the data intelligence line of business did not exist. Therefore, there are no comparative periods to discuss regarding our Intelligence segment. As previously disclosed, prior to the fourth quarter of 2024, the data intelligence line of business did not exist. Therefore, there are no comparative periods to discuss regarding our Intelligence segment. As illustrated in the table above, to date, the majority of the expense related to our Intelligence segment is salaries and benefits expense and professional fees. A majority of the professional fees recognized at our Intelligence segment during the six months ended June 30, 2025 relate to our acquisition of Greenscreens.

Corporate and Other

(Dollars in thousands)

Corporate and other is not a reportable segment, but rather includes certain revenue and expense from the Company's holding company as well as activities not allocated to specific business segments. Corporate and other reported an operating loss of $60.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to an operating loss of $53.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

The increased operating loss was driven by increased noninterest expense which was the result of a $3.4 million increase in salaries and benefits expense. Further, Corporate experienced a $1.6 million increase in professional fees and a $2.6 million increase in other noninterest expense driven by $2.4 million of current period lease termination payments related to the building we acquired during March 2024. Noninterest income at our Corporate segment decreased primarily due to a $0.5 million decrease in rental income from the same property. Additionally, Corporate experienced a $1.4 million decrease in interest expense period over period as a result of decreased average borrowings.

Financial Condition

Assets

Total assets were $6.495 billion at June 30, 2025, compared to $5.949 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $545.8 million, the components of which are discussed below.

Loan Portfolio

Loans held for investment were $4.953 billion at June 30, 2025, compared with $4.547 billion at December 31, 2024.

The following table shows our total loan portfolio by portfolio segments:

(Dollars in thousands)

Commercial Real Estate Loans. Our commercial real estate loans decreased $23.2 million, or 3.0%, due to paydowns that outpaced new origination activity. A significant portion of our loan portfolio at June 30, 2025 consisted of commercial real estate loans secured by properties. Such loans can involve high principal loan amounts, and the repayment of these loans is dependent, in large part, on a borrower's ongoing business operations or on income generated from the properties. The table below sets forth the Company's commercial real estate loan portfolio, by portfolio industry sector and collateral location as of June 30, 2025.

(Dollars in thousands)

Construction and Development Loans. Our construction and development loans increased $17.6 million, or 8.6%, due to origination and draw activity that outpaced paydowns and conversions to term loans.

Residential Real Estate Loans. Our one-to-four family residential loans increased $18.3 million, or 11.9%, due to new origination activity that outpaced paydowns.

Farmland Loans. Our farmland loans decreased $12.3 million, or 21.8%, due to paydowns that outpaced modest origination activity.

Commercial Loans. Our commercial loans held for investment increased $13.0 million, or 1.2%, due to increased equipment lending balances and other commercial lending balances. This increase was partially offset by decreases in asset-based lending, liquid credit lending, and agriculture lending. Our other commercial lending products, comprised primarily of general commercial loans originated in our community banking markets, increased $13.6 million, or 4.7%.

The following table shows our commercial loans:

(Dollars in thousands)

Factored Receivables. Our factored receivables increased $196.9 million, or 16.3%. See discussion of our factoring subsidiary in the Operating Segment Results for analysis of the key drivers impacting the change in the ending factored receivables balance during the period.

Consumer Loans. Our consumer loans increased $9.5 million, or 119.0%, due to origination activity that outpaced paydowns during the period.

Mortgage Warehouse. Our mortgage warehouse facilities increased $186.4 million, or 18.2%, due to seasonal changes in utilization. Client utilization of mortgage warehouse facilities may experience significant fluctuation on a day-to-day basis given mortgage origination market conditions. Our average mortgage warehouse lending balance was $1.068 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $681.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and $1.003 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $657.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

The following tables set forth the contractual maturities, including scheduled principal repayments, of our loan portfolio and the distribution between fixed and floating interest rate loans:

(Dollars in thousands)

As of June 30, 2025, most of the Company’s non-factoring business activity is with customers located within certain states. The states of Texas (21%), Colorado (11%), Illinois (10%), and Iowa (4%) make up 46% of the Company’s gross loans, excluding factored receivables. Therefore, the Company’s exposure to credit risk is affected by changes in the economies in these states. At December 31, 2024, the states of Texas (22%), Illinois (12%), Colorado (10%), and Iowa (4%) made up 48% of the Company’s gross loans, excluding factored receivables.

Further, a majority (97%) of our factored receivables, representing approximately 27% of our total loan portfolio as of June 30, 2025, are receivables purchased from trucking fleets, owner-operators, and freight brokers in the transportation industry. Although such concentration may cause our future interest income with respect to our factoring operations to be correlated with demand for the transportation industry in the United States generally, we feel that the credit risk with respect to our outstanding portfolio is appropriately mitigated as we limit the amount of receivables acquired from individual debtors and creditors thereby achieving diversification across a number of companies and industries. At December 31, 2024, 97% of our factored receivables, representing approximately 26% of our total loan portfolio, were receivables purchased from trucking fleets, owner-operators, and freight brokers in the transportation industry.

Nonperforming Assets

We have established procedures to assist us in maintaining the overall quality of our loan portfolio. In addition, we have adopted underwriting guidelines to be followed by our lending officers and require senior management review of proposed extensions of credit exceeding certain thresholds. When delinquencies exist, we monitor them for any negative or adverse trends. Our loan review procedures include approval of lending policies and underwriting guidelines by the board of directors of our bank subsidiary, independent loan review, approval of large credit relationships by our bank subsidiary’s Management Loan Committee and loan quality documentation procedures. We, like other financial institutions, are subject to the risk that our loan portfolio will be subject to increasing pressures from deteriorating borrower credit due to general economic conditions.

To manage the credit risks associated with its loan portfolio, management may, depending on current or anticipated economic conditions and related exposures, apply enhanced risk management measures to loans through analysis of a specific borrower's financial condition, including cash flow, collateral values, and guarantees, among other credit factors. In response to the current market dynamics, including economic uncertainties and elevated market interest rates since 2022, the Company has enhanced its stress testing to mitigate interest rate reset risk with a specific emphasis on borrowers’ abilities to absorb the impact of higher interest loan rates.

The following table sets forth the allocation of our nonperforming assets among our different asset categories as of the dates indicated. We classify nonperforming assets as nonaccrual loans and securities, factored receivables greater than 90 days past due, OREO, and other repossessed assets. The balances of nonperforming loans reflect the recorded investment in these assets, including deductions for purchase discounts.

(Dollars in thousands)

93

Nonperforming loans decreased $55.8 million, or 49.2%, due to a $7.5 million payoff of a nonperforming multifamily relationship, a $24.9 million decrease in nonperforming equipment finance relationships, a $7.2 million decrease in nonperforming liquid credit relationships, a $1.5 million payoff of a nonperforming farmland relationship, $1.2 million of partial charge-offs of a nonperforming other commercial lending relationship, and a $20.4 million decrease in nonperforming factored receivables. The decrease in nonperforming factored receivables includes the reduction of the $19.4 million Misdirected Payments Receivable, net of customer reserves. These decreases were partially offset by a $4.9 million increase in nonperforming equipment finance relationships and a $6.6 million increase in nonperforming commercial real estate relationships.

OREO increased $2.0 million due to the addition of one property during the period.

As a result of the activity previously described and changes in our period end total loans held for investment, the ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans held for investment decreased to 1.20% at June 30, 2025 from 2.49% at December 31, 2024.

Our ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets decreased to 1.04% at June 30, 2025 from 2.02% at December 31, 2024. This is due to the aforementioned loan activity, and also impacted by an increase in nonperforming equity investments and OREO as well as changes in our period end total assets.

Past due loans to total loans held for investment decreased to 2.21% at June 30, 2025 from 3.27% at December 31, 2024, reflecting decreases in past due loans across several loan segments.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The ACL is a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with US GAAP that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. When the Company deems all or a portion of a loan to be uncollectible the appropriate amount is written off and the ACL is reduced by the same amount. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL when received. See Note 1 of the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K and notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for discussion of our ACL methodology on loans. Allocations of the ACL may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in the Company’s judgment, should be charged-off.

Loan loss valuation allowances are recorded on specific at-risk balances, typically consisting of collateral dependent loans and factored invoices greater than 90 days past due with negative cash reserves.

The following table sets forth the ACL by category of loan:

(Dollars in thousands)

The ACL decreased $2.0 million, or 5.0%. This decrease reflects net charge-offs of $13.6 million and credit loss expense of $0.8 million. It should be noted that the $10.8 million ACL on the acquired PCD loan was booked as part of the loan purchase with no impact on credit loss expense. Therefore, the corresponding $10.8 million charge-off also had no impact on credit loss expense.

A driver of the change in ACL is change in the loss drivers that the Company forecasted to calculate expected losses at June 30, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024. Such change had a negative impact on the Company’s loss drivers and assumptions over the reasonable and supportable forecast period and resulted in an increase of $0.3 million of ACL period over period.

The Company uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to estimate ACL for the commercial real estate, construction, land development, land, 1-4 family residential, commercial (excluding liquid credit), and consumer loan pools. For all loan pools utilizing the DCF method, the Company utilizes and forecasts national unemployment as a loss driver. The Company also utilizes and forecasts either one-year percentage change in national retail sales (commercial real estate – non multifamily, commercial general, commercial agriculture, commercial asset-based lending, commercial equipment finance, consumer), one-year percentage change in the national home price index (1-4 family residential and construction, land development, land), or one-year percentage change in national gross domestic product (commercial real estate – multifamily) as a second loss driver depending on the nature of the underlying loan pool and how well that loss driver correlates to expected future losses. Consistent forecasts of the loss drivers are used across the loan segments. The Company also forecasts prepayment speeds for use in the DCF models with higher prepayment speeds resulting in lower required ACL levels and vice versa for shorter prepayment speeds. These assumed prepayment speeds are based upon our historical prepayment speeds by loan type adjusted for the expected impact of the future interest rate environment. The impact of these assumed prepayment speeds is lesser in magnitude than the aforementioned loss driver assumptions.

For all DCF models at June 30, 2025, the Company has determined that four quarters represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts back to a historical loss rate over eight quarters on a straight-line basis. The Company leverages economic projections from a reputable and independent third party to inform its loss driver forecasts over the four-quarter forecast period. Other internal and external indicators of economic forecasts are also considered by the Company when developing the forecast metrics. At June 30, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024, the Company forecasted a modest increase in national unemployment and modest degradation in one-year percentage change in national retail sales, one-year percentage change in national home price index, and one-year percentage change in national gross domestic product. At June 30, 2025 for national unemployment, the Company projected a low percentage in the first quarter followed by a gradual rise in the following three quarters. For percentage change in national retail sales, the Company projected a small increase in the first projected quarter followed by a decline to negative levels over the last three projected quarters to a level below recent actual periods. For percentage change in national home price index, the Company projected an increase in the first projected quarter followed by a steep drop to negative levels for the remaining three quarters with such negative levels peaking in the fourth projected quarter. For percentage change in national gross domestic product, management projected negative growth for each projected quarter with the exception of slightly positive growth in the first projected quarter. At June 30, 2025, the Company used its historical prepayment speeds with minimal adjustment.

The Company uses a loss-rate method to estimate expected credit losses for the farmland, liquid credit, factored receivables, and mortgage warehouse loan pools. For each of these loan segments, the Company applies an expected loss ratio based on internal and peer historical losses adjusted as appropriate for qualitative factors. Qualitative loss factors are based on the Company's judgment of company, market, industry or business specific data, changes in underlying loan composition of specific portfolios, trends relating to credit quality, delinquency, non-performing and adversely rated loans, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. Loss factors used to calculate the required ACL on pools that use the loss-rate method reflect the forecasted economic conditions described above.

The following tables show our credit ratios and an analysis of our credit loss expense:

(Dollars in thousands)

95

(Dollars in thousands)

Quarter to date net loans charged off increased $5.1 million. Net charge-offs during the three months ended June 30, 2025 reflect the $10.8 million charge off on the acquired PCD loan that had no impact on earnings. Such charge-offs also reflect the $3.8 million recovery resulting from the USPS settlement. There were no individually significant charge-offs during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

(Dollars in thousands)

Year to date net loans charged off increased $9.0 million. Net charge-offs during the six months ended June 30, 2025 reflect the $10.8 million charge off on the acquired PCD loan that had no impact on earnings. Such charge-offs also reflect the $3.8 million recovery resulting from the USPS settlement, a $3.7 million partial charge-off of a liquid credit relationship and a $0.7 million charge-off of a separate liquid credit relationship. There were no individually significant charge-offs during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Securities

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we held equity securities with readily determinable fair values of $4.5 million and $4.4 million, respectively. These securities represent investments in a publicly traded Community Reinvestment Act mutual fund and are subject to market pricing volatility, with changes in fair value reflected in earnings.

As of June 30, 2025, we held debt securities classified as available for sale with a fair value of $392.3 million, an increase of $10.7 million from $381.6 million at December 31, 2024. The following table illustrates the changes in our available for sale debt securities:

(Dollars in thousands)

96

Our available for sale CLO portfolio consists of investment grade positions in high ranking tranches within their respective securitization structures. As of June 30, 2025, the Company determined that all impaired available for sale securities experienced a decline in fair value below their amortized cost basis due to noncredit-related factors. Therefore, the Company carried no ACL at June 30, 2025. Our available for sale securities can be used for pledging to secure FHLB borrowings and public deposits, or can be sold to meet liquidity needs.

As of June 30, 2025, we held investments classified as held to maturity with an amortized cost, net of ACL, of $1.8 million, a decrease of $0.1 million from $1.9 million at December 31, 2024. See previous discussion of Credit Loss Expense related to our held to maturity securities for further details regarding the nature of these securities and the required ACL at June 30, 2025.

The following tables set forth the amortized cost and average yield of our debt securities, by type and contractual maturity:

(Dollars in thousands)

Liabilities

Total liabilities were $5.582 billion as of June 30, 2025, compared to $5.058 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $524.3 million, the components of which are discussed below.

Deposits

The following table summarizes our deposits:

(Dollars in thousands)

Our total deposits increased $365.3 million, or 7.6%, primarily due to an increase in noninterest bearing demand deposits, savings deposits, and brokered time deposits. The Company experienced decreases in all other material deposit categories. Other brokered deposits are non-maturity deposits obtained from wholesale sources. As of June 30, 2025, interest bearing demand deposits, noninterest bearing deposits, money market deposits, other brokered deposits, and savings deposits accounted for 81% of our total deposits, while individual retirement accounts, certificates of deposit, and brokered time deposits made up 19% of total deposits. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our estimated uninsured deposits were $1.551 billion and $1.488 billion, respectively.

At June 30, 2025 we held $66.9 million of time deposits that meet or exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance limit. The following table provides information on the maturity distribution of time deposits exceeding the FDIC insurance limit as of June 30, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

The following table summarizes our average deposit balances and weighted average rates:

(Dollars in thousands)

The Company's deposit base is made up of a high number of customers with accounts spread across 63 locations in six states. Our deposit base is diverse in terms of both geography and industry, comprised largely of retail as well small-to-medium sized business customers. The majority of our deposits are FDIC insured.

Other Borrowings

FHLB Advances

The following provides a summary of our FHLB advances as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024:

(Dollars in thousands)

Our FHLB advances are collateralized by assets, including a blanket pledge of certain loans. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $773.2 million and $819.1 million, respectively, in unused and available advances from the FHLB.

Subordinated Notes

On November 27, 2019, the Company issued $39.5 million of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2029 (the “2019 Notes”). The 2019 Notes initially incurred interest at 4.875% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears, to, but excluding, November 27, 2024. The 2019 Notes were redeemed on November 27, 2024 at a redemption price equal to the outstanding principal amount of the 2019 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

On August 26, 2021, the Company issued $70.0 million of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2031 (the “2021 Notes”). The 2021 Notes initially bear interest at 3.500% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears, to, but excluding, September 1, 2026, and, thereafter and to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, interest shall be payable quarterly in arrears, at an annual floating rate equal to a benchmark rate, initially three-month SOFR, as determined for the applicable quarterly period, plus 2.860%. The Company may, at its option, beginning on September 1, 2026 and on any scheduled interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2021 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the outstanding principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

The Subordinated Notes are included on the consolidated balance sheets as liabilities at their carrying values; however, for regulatory purposes, the $69.8 million and $69.7 million carrying value of these obligations at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 regulatory capital. Issuance costs related to the Subordinated Notes have been netted against the subordinated notes liability on the balance sheet. The debt issuance costs are being amortized using the effective interest method through maturity and recognized as a component of interest expense.

The Subordinated Notes are subordinated in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future senior indebtedness and are structurally subordinated to the Company’s subsidiaries’ existing and future indebtedness and other obligations.

Junior Subordinated Debentures

The following provides a summary of our junior subordinated debentures as of June 30, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

99

These debentures are unsecured obligations and were issued to trusts that are unconsolidated subsidiaries. The trusts in turn issued trust preferred securities with identical payment terms to unrelated investors. The debentures may be called by the Company at par plus any accrued but unpaid interest; however, we have no current plans to redeem them prior to maturity. Interest on the debentures is calculated quarterly, based on a contractual rate equal to three month SOFR plus a weighted average spread of 2.41%. As part of the purchase accounting adjustments made with the National Bancshares, Inc. acquisition on October 15, 2013, the ColoEast acquisition on August 1, 2016, and the Valley acquisition on December 9, 2017, we adjusted the carrying value of the junior subordinated debentures to fair value as of the respective acquisition dates. The discounts on the debentures will continue to be amortized through maturity and recognized as a component of interest expense.

The debentures are included on our consolidated balance sheet as liabilities; however, for regulatory purposes, these obligations are eligible for inclusion in regulatory capital, subject to certain limitations. All of the carrying value of $42.7 million was allowed in the calculation of Tier I capital as of June 30, 2025.

Capital Resources and Liquidity Management

Capital Resources

Our stockholders’ equity totaled $912.4 million as of June 30, 2025, compared to $890.9 million as of December 31, 2024, an increase of $21.5 million. Stockholders’ equity increased during this period primarily due to stock based compensation expense and the issuance of common stock pursuant to our employee stock purchase plan.

Liquidity Management

We define liquidity as our ability to generate sufficient cash to fund current loan demand, deposit withdrawals, other cash demands and disbursement needs, and otherwise to operate on an ongoing basis.

We manage liquidity at the holding company level as well as that of our bank subsidiary. The management of liquidity at both levels is critical, because the holding company and our bank subsidiary have different funding needs and sources, and each is subject to regulatory guidelines and requirements which require minimum levels of liquidity. We believe that our liquidity ratios meet or exceed those guidelines and that our present position is adequate to meet our current and future liquidity needs.

As part of our liquidity management process, we regularly stress test our balance sheet to ensure that we are continually able to withstand unexpected liquidity shocks such as sudden or protracted material deposit runoff. This analysis explicitly contemplates the immediate runoff of any meaningful deposit concentrations such as the servicing deposits that we hold on behalf of our mortgage warehouse customers.

Our liquidity requirements are met primarily through cash flow from operations, receipt of pre-paid and maturing balances in our loan and investment portfolios, debt financing and increases in customer deposits. Our liquidity position is supported by management of liquid assets and liabilities and access to other sources of funds. Liquid assets include cash, interest earning deposits in banks, federal funds sold, securities available for sale and maturing or prepaying balances in our investment and loan portfolios. Liquid liabilities include core deposits, federal funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and other borrowings. Other sources of funds include the sale of loans, brokered deposits, the issuance of additional collateralized borrowings such as FHLB advances or borrowings from the Federal Reserve, the issuance of debt securities and the issuance of common securities. For additional information regarding our operating, investing and financing cash flows, see the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows provided in our consolidated financial statements.

In addition to the liquidity provided by the sources described above, our subsidiary bank maintains correspondent relationships with other banks in order to sell loans or purchase overnight funds should additional liquidity be needed. As of June 30, 2025, TBK Bank had $796.4 million of unused borrowing capacity from the Federal Reserve Bank discount window and unsecured federal funds lines of credit with seven unaffiliated banks totaling $227.5 million, with no amounts advanced against those lines. Additionally, as of June 30, 2025, we had $773.2 million in unused and available advances from the FHLB. We have historically utilized FHLB advances to support the fluctuating and sometimes unpredictable balances in our mortgage warehouse lending portfolio, and we continue to have the ability to do so. Further, as of June 30, 2025, we had $182.2 million in unused and available capacity to deliver factored receivables to another bank should additional liquidity be needed.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and other commitments to make future payments as of June 30, 2025. The amount of the obligations presented in the table reflect principal amounts only and exclude the amount of interest we are obligated to pay. Also excluded from the table are a number of obligations to be settled in cash. These excluded items are reflected in our consolidated balance sheet and include deposits with no stated maturity, trade payables, and accrued interest payable.

(Dollars in thousands)

Regulatory Capital Requirements

Our capital management consists of providing equity to support our current and future operations. We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s or TBK Bank’s financial statements. For further information regarding our regulatory capital requirements, see Note 10 – Regulatory Matters in the accompanying condensed notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions, which, in accordance with GAAP, are not included in our consolidated balance sheets. We enter into these transactions to meet the financing needs of our customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. For further information, see Note 8 – Off-Balance Sheet Loan Commitments in the accompanying condensed notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our management’s discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition. We have identified certain significant accounting policies which involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in making certain estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. The significant accounting policy which we believe to be the most critical in preparing our consolidated financial statements is the determination of the allowance for credit losses. Since December 31, 2024, there have been no changes in critical accounting policies as further described under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” and in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Forward-Looking Statements

This document contains forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “will likely result,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “would” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control, particularly with regard to developments related to COVID-19. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

There are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but are not limited to, the following:

• business and economic conditions generally and in the bank and non-bank financial services industries, nationally and within our local market areas;
• our ability to mitigate our risk exposures;
• our ability to maintain our historical earnings trends;
• changes in management personnel;
• interest rate risk;
• concentration of our products and services in the transportation industry;
• credit risk associated with our loan portfolio;
• lack of seasoning in our loan portfolio;
• deteriorating asset quality and higher loan charge-offs;
• time and effort necessary to resolve nonperforming assets;
• inaccuracy of the assumptions and estimates we make in establishing reserves for probable loan losses and other estimates;
• risks related to the integration of acquired businesses, including our recent acquisition of Greenscreens, and any future acquisitions;
• our ability to successfully identify and address the risks associated with our possible future acquisitions, and the risks that our prior and possible future acquisitions make it more difficult for investors to evaluate our business, financial condition and results of operations, and impairs our ability to accurately forecast our future performance;
• lack of liquidity;
• fluctuations in the fair value and liquidity of the securities we hold for sale;
• impairment of investment securities, goodwill, other intangible assets or deferred tax assets;
• our risk management strategies;
• environmental liability associated with our lending activities;
• increased competition in the bank and non-bank financial services industries, nationally, regionally or locally, which may adversely affect pricing and terms;
• the accuracy of our financial statements and related disclosures;
• material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting;
• system failures or failures to prevent breaches of our network security;
• the institution and outcome of litigation and other legal proceedings against us or to which we become subject;
• changes in carry-forwards of net operating losses;
• changes in federal tax law or policy;
• the impact of recent and future legislative and regulatory changes, including changes in banking, securities and tax laws and regulations, such as the Dodd-Frank Act and their application by our regulators as well as privacy, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence regulation and oversight;
• governmental monetary and fiscal policies;
• changes in the scope and cost of FDIC, insurance and other coverages;
• failure to receive regulatory approval for future acquisitions; and
• increases in our capital requirements.

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict which will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS

Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk

The principal objective of our asset and liability management function is to evaluate the interest rate risk within the balance sheet and pursue a controlled assumption of interest rate risk while maximizing net income and preserving adequate levels of liquidity and capital. The board of directors of our subsidiary bank has oversight of our asset and liability management function, which is managed by our Chief Financial Officer. Our Chief Financial Officer meets with our senior executive management team regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of our assets and liabilities to market interest rate changes, local and national market conditions and market interest rates. That group also reviews our liquidity, capital, deposit mix, loan mix and investment positions.

As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the fair value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential of economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair values.

We manage our exposure to interest rates primarily by structuring our balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. We do not typically enter into derivative contracts for the purpose of managing interest rate risk, but we may elect to do so in the future. Based upon the nature of our operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk. We do not own any trading assets.

We use an interest rate risk simulation model to test the interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and the balance sheet. Instantaneous parallel rate shift scenarios are modeled and utilized to evaluate risk and establish exposure limits for acceptable changes in projected net interest margin. These scenarios, known as rate shocks, simulate an instantaneous change in interest rates and use various assumptions, including, but not limited to, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, and reinvestment and replacement of asset and liability cash flows. We also analyze the economic value of equity as a secondary measure of interest rate risk. This is a complementary measure to net interest income where the calculated value is the result of the fair value of assets less the fair value of liabilities. The economic value of equity is a longer term view of interest rate risk because it measures the present value of all future cash flows. The impact of changes in interest rates on this calculation is analyzed for the risk to our future earnings and is used in conjunction with the analyses on net interest income.

The following table summarizes simulated change in net interest income versus unchanged rates as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The following table presents the change in our economic value of equity as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, assuming immediate parallel shifts in interest rates:

Many assumptions are used to calculate the impact of interest rate fluctuations. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections due to several factors, including the timing and frequency of rate changes, market conditions and the shape of the yield curve. The computations of interest rate risk shown above do not include actions that our management may undertake to manage the risks in response to anticipated changes in interest rates, and actual results may also differ due to any actions taken in response to the changing rates.

As part of our asset/liability management strategy, our management has emphasized the origination of shorter duration loans as well as variable rate loans to limit the negative exposure to a rate increase. We also desire to acquire deposit transaction accounts, particularly noninterest or low interest-bearing non-maturity deposit accounts, whose cost is less sensitive to changes in interest rates. We intend to focus our strategy on utilizing our deposit base and operating platform to increase these deposit transaction accounts.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no material changes in the Company’s risk factors from those disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.