Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2025

The discussion in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contains trend analysis, estimates and other forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements containing the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “seeks,” “should,” “will,” and other words of similar import or the negative of those terms or expressions. Such forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, estimates and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those set forth in such forward-looking statements as a result of, but not limited to, the “Risk Factors” described in Part I, Item 1A our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2025, or the 2024 Annual Report, as supplemented by the risks described under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All forward-looking statements about our future plans and expectations are subject to our ability to secure adequate additional funding. You should also read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes included in this Quarterly Report and the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto included in our 2024 Annual Report.

Overview

We are a genomic medicine company committed to translating ground-breaking science into medicines that transform the lives of patients and families afflicted with serious neurological diseases. We believe our zinc finger epigenetic regulators are ideally suited to potentially address devastating neurology disorders and our capsid engineering platform has demonstrated the ability to expand delivery beyond currently available intrathecal delivery capsids, including in the central nervous system, or CNS, in preclinical studies.

Recent Business Highlights

Corporate Updates

Underwritten Offering

In May 2025, we issued and sold in an underwritten offering an aggregate of 12,235,000 shares of our common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 34,398,393 shares of common stock, together with accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 46,633,393 shares of common stock. We received aggregate net proceeds of $21.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $1.4 million and other offering costs of $0.5 million. We are using the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Financial Position – Going Concern

Based on our current operating plan, we estimate that our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2025, together with $8.9 million generated through our at-the-market offering program since June 30, 2025, will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements only into the fourth quarter of 2025. Our history of significant losses, negative cash flows from operations, limited liquidity resources currently on hand and dependence on our ability to obtain substantial additional financing to fund our operations have resulted in management’s assessment that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least the next 12 months from the date the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report are issued. Our ability to continue to operate as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise substantial additional capital to fund our operations and support our research and development endeavors, including to progress our preclinical and clinical programs as described in our 2024 Annual Report and in this Quarterly Report. We have been actively seeking, and continue to actively seek, additional capital, including through additional strategic collaborations and other direct investments in our programs, public or private equity or debt financing, and other sources. The substantial additional capital needed to support our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. In particular, the perception of our ability to continue to operate as a going concern has made and will continue to make it more difficult to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations, particularly in light of currently challenging macroeconomic and market conditions. We may be unable to attract new investments as a result of the speculative nature of our newly reprioritized core neurology preclinical programs and the absence of partners to progress our more advanced clinical programs. In particular, we are engaged in business development discussions with potential counterparties concerning a commercialization agreement for our Fabry disease program, but have been unsuccessful in consummating any such transaction to date. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure a commercialization partner for our Fabry disease program in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all, and if the Company is unable to execute such an agreement in the near term, our ability to raise additional capital needed to support our operations will be substantially impaired. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we will be required to take significant additional actions to address our liquidity needs, including substantial additional cost reduction measures such as further reducing operating expenses and further delaying, reducing the scope of, altering or discontinuing entirely our research and development activities, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, or we may be required to cease operations entirely, liquidate all or a portion of our assets, and/or seek protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and you may lose all or part of your investment. We have explored, and will continue to explore, whether filing for bankruptcy protection is in the best interest of our Company and our stakeholders.

Core Preclinical Neurology Programs and Technology

Our neurology development is focused on two innovative areas: (i) development of epigenetic regulation therapies to treat serious neurological diseases and (ii) development of novel engineered adeno-associated virus, or AAV, capsids to deliver our therapies to the intended neurological targets. Initial indications for our wholly owned preclinical programs include idiopathic small fiber neuropathy, or iSFN, a type of chronic neuropathic pain, and prion disease. As we estimate that our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2025, together with $8.9 million generated through our at-the-market offering program since June 30, 2025, will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements only into the fourth quarter of 2025, our plans and expectations discussed below are subject to our ability to secure adequate additional funding, which we may be unable to do in a timely manner or at all.

Chronic Neuropathic Pain – ST-503

• We have selected nine clinical sites to date for the Phase 1/2 STAND study evaluating ST-503, an investigational epigenetic regulator for the treatment of intractable pain due to iSFN a type of chronic neuropathic pain.
• We have initiated the first clinical site and patient identification is in progress.
• We expect to dose the first patient in the fall of 2025, with preliminary proof of efficacy data anticipated in Q4 2026.
• We plan to present updated nonclinical data at the 9th International Congress on Neuropathic Pain, taking place September 4-6, 2025 in Berlin, Germany.

Prion Disease – ST-506

• Clinical Trial Application, or CTA, enabling activities continue to advance for ST-506, an investigational epigenetic regulator for the treatment of prion disease, leveraging STAC-BBB.
• We held a productive meeting with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, for ST-506, including alignment on nonclinical safety studies and clinical study design.
• We presented in the prestigious Presidential Symposium at the 28th American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy, or ASGCT, Annual Meeting to showcase the potent combination of epigenetic regulation and capsid delivery technology for the treatment of prion disease in animal models, including a profound survival extension observed in disease mouse models.
• We completed the ST-506 dose range finding study and are advancing preparations for the good laboratory practice, or GLP, toxicology study.
• We expect to submit a CTA for ST-506 as early as mid-2026.

Clinical Programs

Fabry Disease

• We announced positive topline results from the registrational Phase 1/2 STAAR study evaluating isaralgagene civaparvovec, or ST-920, a wholly owned investigational gene therapy for the treatment of adults with Fabry disease.
• Following a single dose of isaralgagene civoparvovec, a positive mean annualized estimated glomerular filtration rate, or eGFR, slope of 1.965 mL/min/1.73m2/year (95% confidence interval, or CI: -0.153, 4.083) at 52-weeks was observed across all 32 dosed patients in the study, which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, has agreed will serve as an intermediate clinical endpoint under the Accelerated Approval pathway.
• Furthermore, a mean annualized eGFR slope of 1.747 mL/min/1.73m2/year (95% CI: -0.106, 3.601) was observed for the 19 patients who have achieved 104-weeks of follow-up.
• Key secondary endpoints in the study were also positive. Elevated expression of alpha-galactosidase A, or α-Gal A, activity was maintained for up to 4.5 years for the longest treated patient. Plasma lyso-Gb3 levels remained generally stable following Enzyme Replacement Therapy, or ERT, withdrawal.
• A stabilization in cardiac endpoints was also observed, including a stabilization in cardiac function, morphological and biomarker data in the 32 patients with 52-weeks of follow-up. Measurements by magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, including left ventricular mass, or LVM; left ventricular mass index, or LVMI; left ventricular myocardial global longitudinal strain, or GLS; T1 and T2 mapping; end-diastolic; and end-systolic volumes remained stable over one year. Furthermore, left ventricular ejection fraction measured by echocardiogram, as well as cardiac biomarkers such as troponin and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, or NT-proBNP, have remained stable in all patients at one-year of follow-up.
• Following dosing with ST-920, all patients who came into the STAAR study on ERT have been able to safely withdraw from ERT. Since the topline readout in June 2025, a physician has decided to resume ERT for one treated patient who had withdrawn from ERT. This patient, who was treated with ST-920 more than two and a half years ago, maintained supraphysiological levels of α-Gal A activity, and their lyso-Gb3 levels were generally stable as of the topline readout date. All of the other 17 patients who began the study on ERT and have been withdrawn from ERT continue to remain off ERT as of today.
• All 32 patients have transitioned into the long-term follow-up study and the STAAR study is now complete.
• Patients demonstrated a range of other clinical benefits, including improvements in disease severity reported in the Fabry Outcome Survey adaptation of the Mainz Severity Score Index, or FOS-MSSI, age-adjusted score and statistically and clinically significant improvements in the short form-36, or SF-36, quality of life scores at week 52 compared to baseline. Statistically significant improvements in the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale, or GSRS, compared to baseline were also observed.
• Furthermore, following a single administration of isaralgagene civaparvovec, additional clinical benefits were observed in some patients, such as the reduction or elimination in pain medication usage and the resumption of sweating, that has enabled these patients to perform physical tasks and exercise.
• Isaralgagene civaparvovec demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile in the study, without the requirement for preconditioning. The majority of adverse events were grade 1-2 in nature.
• We believe these data support the potential for isaralgagene civaparvovec as a one-time, durable treatment for Fabry disease that can improve patient outcomes and will form the basis for an anticipated Biologics License Application, or BLA, submission under the Accelerated Approval pathway as early as the first quarter of 2026.
• Sangamo plans to present additional clinical data at the 15th International Congress of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, or ICIEM2025, September 2-6, 2025 in Kyoto, Japan.
• We continue to engage with the FDA ahead of the planned BLA submission for isaralgagene civaparvovec. We also continue to engage in business development negotiations for a potential Fabry commercialization agreement.

Partnered Program

Hemophilia A

• We continue to seek a potential collaboration partner for giroctocogene fitelparvovec, an investigational gene therapy that we developed with Pfizer Inc., or Pfizer, for patients with moderately severe to severe hemophilia A.
• We and Pfizer have substantially completed the transition of our collaboration, which terminated on April 21, 2025.

Collaborations

Our collaborations with biopharmaceutical companies bring us important financial and strategic benefits and reinforce the potential of our research and development efforts and our zinc finger, or ZF, technology platform. They leverage our collaborators’ therapeutic and clinical expertise and commercial resources with the goal of bringing our medicines more rapidly to patients. We believe these collaborations will potentially expand the addressable markets of our product candidates. To date, we have received approximately $910.0 million in upfront licensing fees, milestone payments and proceeds from sale of our common stock to collaborators and have the opportunity to earn up to $6.1 billion in potential future milestone payments from our ongoing collaborations, in addition to potential product royalties.

Manufacturing & Process Development

We expect to be substantially reliant on external partners to manufacture clinical supply for our neurology portfolio. We retain our in-house analytical and process development capabilities.

Macroeconomic Conditions

Our business and operations and those of our collaborators may be affected by financial instability and declining economic conditions in the United States and other countries, whether caused by political instability and conflict, including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, by general health crises, or by global trade issues and changes in and uncertainties with respect to tariffs and international trade disputes, which has led to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets instability, including disruptions in access to bank deposits and lending commitments, supply chain interruptions, fluctuations in interest rates, the imposition of tariffs and global inflationary pressures. These macroeconomic factors could materially and adversely affect our ability to continue to operate as a going concern and could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, operating results and financial condition as well as the price of our common stock. In particular, our ability to raise the substantial additional capital we need in order to fund our business and to continue to operate as a going concern may be adversely impacted by these macroeconomic factors, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain the substantial additional capital that we need to support our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Certain Components of Results of Operations

Our revenues have consisted primarily of revenues from collaboration agreements, including upfront license fees, reimbursements for research services, and milestone achievements, and research grant funding. In April 2024, the collaboration agreement with Kite Pharma, Inc., a Gilead Sciences, Inc. subsidiary, or Kite, expired pursuant to its terms, and in December 2024, Pfizer notified us of its termination for convenience of the global collaboration and license agreement effective April 21, 2025. In 2024, we entered into license agreements for STAC-BBB with Genentech Inc., a member of the Roche Group, or Genentech, and Astellas Gene Therapies, Inc., or Astellas, and in April 2025, we entered into a license agreement for STAC-BBB with Eli Lilly and Company, or Lilly. Under these license agreements, we earned upfront license fees and are eligible to earn potential future payments for additional license targets or upon successful achievement of certain development and/or commercial milestones. We expect revenues to continue to fluctuate from period to period and there can be no assurance that our collaborations or partner reimbursements will continue beyond their initial terms or that we are able to meet the milestones specified in these agreements, or that we will be able to secure additional collaborations. For additional information concerning the terms of our ongoing collaboration agreements, see Note 6 – Major Customers, Partnerships and Strategic Alliances in the accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We have historically incurred net losses since inception and expect to incur losses for at least the next several years as we continue our research and development activities. To date, we have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities and revenues from collaborations and research grants.

We expect research and development expenses to increase in the near-term due to Fabry disease program BLA readiness activities, and we expect to continue to devote substantial resources to research and development in the future and expect research and development expenses to increase in the next several years if we are successful in raising substantial additional capital and advancing our product candidates from research stage through clinical trials.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and personnel related expenses for executive, finance and administrative personnel, stock-based compensation expense, professional fees, allocated facilities and information technology expenses, patent prosecution expenses and other general corporate expenses. Although we expect general and administrative expenses to remain relatively consistent in the near term, we expect the growth of our business to require increased general and administrative expenses if we are successful in raising substantial additional capital and advancing our product candidates from research stage through clinical trials.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the related disclosures have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the following policies to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations because they require us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain.

We believe our critical accounting policies and estimates relating to revenue recognition and valuation of long-lived assets are the most significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 1 – Organization, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of the 2024 Annual Report.

Results of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Revenues

(in thousands, except percentage values)

(in thousands, except percentage values)

Revenues during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 primarily consisted of revenues from the collaboration agreements with Lilly and Pfizer, and royalties from our license agreements with Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, or Sigma, and Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc. (now Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc.), or Ligand. We anticipate revenues in the future will be derived primarily from our license agreements. Our collaboration agreement with Kite expired pursuant to its terms in April 2024. Further, in December 2024, Pfizer notified us of its termination for convenience of the collaboration agreement effective April 21, 2025, and we are not entitled to receive any further milestone payments or royalties from Pfizer.

The increase of $18.0 million in revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily attributable to our receipt of an upfront license payment pursuant to our capsid license agreement with Lilly.

The increase of $23.9 million in revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily attributable to $18.0 million in revenue relating to our receipt of an upfront license payment pursuant to our capsid license agreement with Lilly, $5.0 million in revenue relating to our collaboration agreement with Pfizer upon transfer of a specified sublicense and an increase of $0.9 million in revenue relating to our license agreement with Sigma.

Operating expenses

(in thousands, except percentage values)

(in thousands, except percentage values)

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consisted primarily of compensation related expenses, including restructuring charges and stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies, preclinical and clinical studies, manufacturing clinical supply, contracted research and development, and allocated facilities and information technology expenses.

The increase of $2.9 million in research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily attributable to an increase of $5.8 million in clinical and manufacturing expenses due to BLA readiness activities for our Fabry disease program, and advancement of our research and development programs. This increase was partially offset by lower compensation and other personnel costs of $2.1 million due to lower headcount as a result of restructurings of operations and corresponding reductions in workforce, and lower facilities, infrastructure related expenses and allocated overhead costs of $0.8 million as a result of restructuring of operations. Stock-based compensation expense included in research and development expenses was $1.0 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The decrease of $7.0 million in research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily attributable to lower compensation and other personnel costs of $6.0 million due to lower headcount as a result of restructurings of operations and corresponding reductions in workforce and restructuring charges, lower allocated overhead costs of $2.5 million due to changes in the pool of allocable costs as a result of restructuring of operations, and lower facilities and infrastructure related expenses of $1.4 million, including depreciation. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $3.2 million in clinical and manufacturing expenses, primarily due to BLA readiness activities for our Fabry disease program. Stock-based compensation expense included in research and development expenses was $2.3 million and $2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We expect research and development expenses to increase in the near-term due to Fabry disease program BLA readiness activities and advancement of our other research and development programs. We expect to continue to devote substantial resources to research and development in the future and expect research and development expenses to increase in the next several years if we are successful in raising substantial additional capital and advancing our product candidates from research stage through clinical trials.

The length of time required to complete our development programs and our development costs for those programs may be impacted by the results of preclinical testing, scope and timing of enrollment in clinical trials for our product candidates, our decisions to pursue development programs in other therapeutic areas, whether we pursue development of our product candidates with a partner or collaborator or independently and our ability to secure the necessary funding to progress the development of our programs. In addition, we are actively seeking commercialization and collaboration partners or a direct external investment, as applicable, to progress our Fabry disease and hemophilia A programs, STAC-BBB capsid and modular integrase platforms. Furthermore, the scope and number of clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for each pursued therapeutic area is subject to the input of the applicable regulatory authorities, and we have not yet sought such input for all potential therapeutic areas that we may elect to pursue, and even after having given such input, applicable regulatory authorities may subsequently require additional clinical studies prior to granting regulatory approval based on new data generated by us or other companies, or for other reasons outside of our control. As a condition to any regulatory approval, we may also be subject to post-marketing development commitments, including additional clinical trial requirements. As a result of the uncertainties discussed above, we are unable to determine the duration of or complete costs associated with our development programs.

Our potential therapeutic products are subject to a lengthy and uncertain regulatory process that may not result in our receipt of any necessary regulatory approvals. Failure to receive the necessary regulatory approvals would prevent us from commercializing the product candidates affected. In addition, clinical trials of our product candidates may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy, which could prevent or significantly delay regulatory approval. A discussion of the risks and uncertainties with respect to our research and development activities, including completing the development of our product candidates, and the consequences to our business, financial position and growth prospects can be found in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the 2024 Annual Report, as supplemented by the risks described under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation related expenses including restructuring charges and stock-based compensation for executive, legal, finance and administrative personnel, professional fees, allocated facilities and information technology expenses, and other general corporate expenses.

The decrease of $3.0 million in general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily attributable to a decrease of $2.4 million for expense recorded in 2024 relating to a terminated manufacturing-related supplier arrangement for costs that were incurred without economic benefit to Sangamo, lower compensation and other personnel costs of $0.6 million due to lower headcount as a result of restructurings of operations and corresponding reductions in workforce and restructuring charges, and lower facilities and infrastructure related expenses of $0.6 million. These decreases were partially offset by higher allocated overhead costs of $0.6 million due to changes in the pool of allocable costs as a result of restructuring of operations. Stock-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses was $1.2 million and $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The decrease of $4.7 million in general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily attributable to a decrease of $2.4 million for expense recorded in 2024 relating to a terminated manufacturing-related supplier arrangement for costs that were incurred without economic benefit to Sangamo, lower compensation and other personnel costs of $2.0 million due to lower headcount as a result of restructurings of operations and corresponding reductions in workforce and restructuring charges, lower facilities and infrastructure related expenses of $1.8 million, and lower external professional services expenses of $1.0 million. These decreases were partially offset by higher allocated overhead costs of $2.5 million due to changes in the pool of allocable costs as a result of restructuring of operations.

Stock-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses was $2.6 million and $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Impairment of long-lived assets

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, no additional impairment was recorded. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized impairment charges of $1.2 million and $5.5 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, our Board of Directors approved the wind-down of research and development activities in France and corresponding reduction in workforce, including closure of our cell therapy manufacturing facility and research labs in Valbonne, France, or the France Restructuring, and we initiated actions to commence the closure of our facility in Brisbane, California, and we faced a sustained decline in our stock price and related market capitalization. There was also a decline in the market rates for facility subleases, indicating the carrying values of right of use and leasehold improvement assets could be impaired. As a result of these factors, we concluded certain long-lived assets, primarily comprising right-of-use assets, related leasehold improvements, and certain manufacturing and laboratory equipment, were impaired.

For more information see Note 7 – Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Write-Down of Assets Held For Sale in the accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Other (expense) income, net

The decrease of $3.1 million and $6.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, was primarily related to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Since inception, we have incurred significant net losses, and we have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities, payments from corporate collaborators and strategic partners and research grants.

As of June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $38.3 million, compared to cash and cash equivalents of $41.9 million as of December 31, 2024. Our most significant use of capital during the quarter was for external research and development expenses, such as manufacturing, clinical trials and preclinical activity related to our therapeutic programs, and employee compensation. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested in accordance with our investment policy with a view toward capital preservation and liquidity.

We are party to an Open Market Sale Agreement℠, or, as amended, the sales agreement, with Jefferies LLC, providing for the sale of up to $325.0 million of our common stock from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under an existing shelf registration statement. Approximately $168.8 million remained available under the sales agreement as of June 30, 2025. We sold 11,278,957 and 20,807,709 shares of our common stock under the sales agreement for net proceeds of approximately $7.3 million and $17.6 million, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. No shares were sold during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Additionally, in May 2025, we issued 12,235,000 shares of common stock, pre‑funded warrants to purchase 34,398,393 shares of common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 46,633,393 shares of common stock at a price per share of common stock (or pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying warrant of $0.50 per share, for total net proceeds of approximately $21.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs. Additionally, in March 2024, we issued 24,761,905 shares of common stock, pre‑funded warrants to purchase 3,809,523 shares of common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 28,571,428 shares of common stock at a price per share of common stock (or pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying warrant of $0.84 per share, for total net proceeds of approximately $21.9 million, after deducting placement agent fees and other offering costs. Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we sold 17,250,862 shares of our common stock under the sales agreement for net proceeds of approximately $8.9 million.

Under Accounting Standard Codification Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern, or ASC Topic 205-40, we have the responsibility to evaluate whether conditions and/or events raise substantial doubt about our ability to meet our future financial obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are issued. As required under ASC Topic 205-40, management’s evaluation should initially not take into consideration the potential mitigating effects of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists, management evaluates whether the mitigating effects of its plans sufficiently alleviate the substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effects of management’s plans, however, are only considered if both (i) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (ii) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. Generally, to be considered probable of being effectively implemented, the plans must have been approved by the company’s board of directors before the date that the financial statements are issued.

Based on our current operating plan, we estimate that our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2025, together with $8.9 million generated through our at-the-market offering program since June 30, 2025, will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements only into the fourth quarter of 2025. Our history of significant losses, negative cash flows from operations, limited liquidity resources currently on hand and dependence on our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our operations have resulted in management’s assessment that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least the next 12 months from the date the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report are issued. Our ability to continue to operate as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise substantial additional capital to fund our operations and support our research and development endeavors, including to progress our preclinical and clinical programs as described in the 2024 Annual Report and this Quarterly Report. We have been actively seeking, and continue to actively seek, additional capital, including through additional strategic collaborations and other direct investments in our programs, public or private equity or debt financing, and other sources. The substantial additional capital needed to support our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. In particular, the perception of our ability to continue to operate as a going concern has made and will continue to make it more difficult to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations, particularly in light of currently challenging macroeconomic and market conditions. Further, we may be unable to attract new investments as a result of the speculative nature of our newly reprioritized core neurology preclinical programs and the absence of partners to progress our more advanced clinical programs. In particular, we are engaged in business development discussions with potential counterparties concerning a commercialization agreement for our Fabry disease program, but have been unsuccessful in consummating any such transaction to date. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure a commercialization partner for our Fabry disease program in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to execute such an agreement in the near term, our ability to raise additional capital needed to support our operations will be substantially impaired. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we will be required to take significant additional actions to address our liquidity needs, including substantial additional cost reduction measures such as further reducing operating expenses and further delaying, reducing the scope of, altering or discontinuing entirely our research and development activities, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, or we may be required to cease operations entirely, liquidate all or a portion of our assets, and/or seek protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and you may lose all or part of your investment. We have explored, and will continue to explore, whether filing for bankruptcy protection is in the best interest of our Company and our stakeholders.

Moreover, we rely in part on our collaboration partners to provide funding for and otherwise advance our preclinical and clinical programs. While we continue to advance ongoing business development discussions with potential commercialization and collaboration partners, we may not be successful in doing so in a timely manner, on acceptable terms or at all, and we may otherwise fail to raise sufficient additional capital to advance our programs, in which case, we may not receive the expected return on our investments in these programs, platforms and technologies. In any event, we need substantial additional funding in order to execute on our current operating plan, and our ability to raise such funding and to continue our operations will be substantially impaired if we are not able to secure a commercialization partner for our Fabry disease program in the near term. If we raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, including sales pursuant to our at-the-market offering program with Jefferies LLC, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and such dilution may be substantial given our current stock price decline, and the terms of any new equity securities may have a preference over, and include rights superior to, our common stock. If we raise additional capital through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may need to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product candidates, technologies, future revenue streams or research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to specified financial covenants or covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or pursuing certain transactions, any of which could restrict our ability to commercialize our product candidates or operate our business.

In addition, as we focus our efforts on proprietary human therapeutics, we will need to seek regulatory approvals of our product candidates from the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, a process that could cost in excess of hundreds of millions of dollars per product. We may experience difficulties in accessing the capital markets due to external factors beyond our control, such as volatility in the equity markets for emerging biotechnology companies and general economic and market conditions both in the United States and abroad. In particular, our ability to raise the substantial additional capital we need in order to fund our business may be adversely impacted by global economic conditions and disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, such as has been experienced recently due in part to, among other things, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, and geopolitical challenges arising from the imposition of tariffs and escalating trade tensions. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain the substantial additional capital that we need to support our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Cash Flows

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $44.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to:

• a net loss of $50.6 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $4.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $2.0 million, and amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets of $1.8 million; and
• a decrease in lease liabilities by $2.3 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets by $1.4 million. These were partially offset by an increase in accrued compensation and employee benefits by $0.8 million, an increase in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities by $0.3 million, and a decrease in accounts receivable by $0.2 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $75.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to:

• a net loss of $85.2 million, adjusted for non-cash long-lived asset impairment charges of $5.5 million, other non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $5.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $2.6 million, and amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets of $2.5 million, offset by accretion of discounts and impairment of marketable securities of $0.3 million, and other non-cash adjustments of $0.1 million; and
• a decrease in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities by $4.7 million, a decrease in accrued compensation and employee benefits by $3.2 million, and a decrease in lease liabilities by $2.8 million. These were partially offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets by $2.4 million, a decrease in refundable research tax credits by $1.1 million, a decrease in interest receivable by $0.4 million, and a decrease in accounts receivable by $0.3 million.

Investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was not material for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $36.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, related to sales of marketable securities of $34.7 million, maturities of marketable securities of $1.1 million, and sales of assets classified as held for sale of $0.1 million.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $36.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, related to $21.6 million of proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering expenses of $1.6 million, $17.6 million of proceeds from the at-the-market offering, net of offering expenses of $0.6 million, and proceeds from issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $0.2 million, partially offset by taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards of $2.6 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $21.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, related to $21.9 million of proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering expenses of $2.1 million, and proceeds from issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $0.1 million, partially offset by taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards of $0.5 million.

Operating Capital and Capital Expenditure Requirements

We anticipate continuing to incur operating losses for at least the next several years and need to raise substantial additional capital. The effects of the current macroeconomic and regulatory environment, including evolving staff and policy changes at the FDA, the effects of the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, global trade issues and changes in and uncertainties with respect to tariffs and international trade disputes, inflation, climate change, fluctuations in interest rates and other economic uncertainty and volatility, has resulted and may continue to result in significant disruption of global financial markets, which could continue to impair our ability to access substantial additional capital on terms that are acceptable or at all, and in turn could negatively affect our liquidity and our ability to continue to operate as a going concern. Future capital requirements beyond the period into which we expect our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our planned operations, will be substantial, and we otherwise need to raise substantial additional capital to continue to operate as a going concern and to fund the development, manufacturing and potential commercialization of our product candidates (see “–Financial Position–Going Concern” and “–Liquidity and Capital Resources–Liquidity” above).

As we focus our efforts on proprietary human therapeutics, we will need to seek FDA approvals of our product candidates, a process that could cost in excess of hundreds of millions of dollars per product. Our future capital requirements will depend on many forward-looking factors, including the following:

• the results of preclinical testing of our early-stage core neurology program product candidates;
• the initiation, progress, timing and completion of clinical trials for our product candidates and potential product candidates;
• the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory approvals;
• the success of our existing collaboration agreements and our ability to secure additional collaborations;
• delays that may be caused by changing regulatory requirements, including the evolving staff and policy changes at the FDA;
• the number of product candidates that we pursue;
• the costs involved in filing and prosecuting patent applications and enforcing and defending patent claims;
• the timing and terms of future in-licensing and out-licensing transactions;
• the cost and timing of establishing sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution capabilities;
• the cost of procuring clinical and commercial supplies of our product candidates;
• the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies, including the costs associated with such acquisitions and investments; and
• the costs of potential disputes and litigation.

Contractual Obligations

Our future minimum contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 were reported in the 2024 Annual Report. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of our business from the contractual obligations previously disclosed in our 2024 Annual Report.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of June 30, 2025. Based on that evaluation, as of June 30, 2025, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Inherent Limitations on Controls and Procedures

Our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurances that the objectives of the control system are met. The design of a control system reflects resource constraints; the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, for our company have been or will be detected. As these inherent limitations are known features of the disclosure and financial reporting processes, it is possible to design into the processes safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, these risks. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. While our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Below we are providing, in supplemental form, changes to our risk factors from those previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the 2024 Annual Report. Our risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the 2024 Annual Report provide additional discussion about these supplemental risks and we encourage you to read and carefully consider the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the 2024 Annual Report for a more complete understanding of the risks and uncertainties material to our business.

There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue to operate as a going concern. We will need substantial additional funding to execute our operating plan and to continue to operate as a going concern. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we will be required to take additional actions to address our liquidity needs, including additional cost reduction measures such as further reducing operating expenses and delaying, reducing the scope of, discontinuing or altering our research and development activities, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, or we may be required to cease operations entirely, liquidate all or a portion of our assets, and/or seek protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Future sales and issuances of equity securities would also result in substantial dilution to our stockholders.

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative operating cash flows since inception and have not achieved profitability. In addition, our current financial position raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue to operate as a going concern. Accordingly, our ability to continue to operate as a going concern will remain dependent upon our ability to raise substantial additional capital to fund our operations and support our research and development endeavors, including to progress our preclinical and clinical programs as described in our Annual Report and in this Quarterly Report. In this regard, we will continue to actively seek additional capital, including through public or private equity or debt financing, or other sources, such as strategic collaborations and other direct investments in our programs. The substantial additional capital needed to support our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. In particular, the perception of our ability to continue to operate as a going concern has made and will continue to make it more difficult to obtain additional financing for the continuation of our operations, particularly in light of currently challenging macroeconomic and market conditions. Further, we may be unable to attract new investments as a result of the speculative nature of our newly reprioritized core neurology preclinical programs and the absence of partners to progress our more advanced clinical-stage programs. In particular, we are engaged in business development discussions with potential counterparties concerning a commercialization agreement for our Fabry disease program, but have been unsuccessful in consummating any such transaction to date. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure a commercialization partner for our Fabry disease program in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to execute such an agreement in the near term, our ability to raise additional capital needed to support our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern will be substantially impaired. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we will be required to take significant additional actions to address our liquidity needs, including substantial additional cost reduction measures such as further reducing operating expenses and further delaying, reducing the scope of, altering or discontinuing entirely our research and development activities, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, or we may be required to cease operations entirely, liquidate all or a portion of our assets, and/or seek protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and you may lose all or part of your investment. We have explored, and will continue to explore, whether filing for bankruptcy protection is in the best interest of our Company and our stakeholders.

In April 2023, we announced a restructuring of operations and a reduction in force and a significant reduction in our internal manufacturing and allogeneic research footprints in California, or the April 2023 Restructuring, and in November 2023, we announced a further restructuring of operations and reduction in force, or the November 2023 Restructuring, including a strategic transformation to focus resources on our proprietary neurology-focused epigenetic regulation programs and AAV capsid delivery technology and move all U.S. operations, including our headquarters, to our Richmond, California facility. On March 1, 2024, our board of directors approved the wind-down of our research and development activities in France and closure of our facility in Valbonne, France, or the France Restructuring. While the April 2023 Restructuring was completed in the third quarter of 2024 and the France Restructuring was substantially completed in the fourth quarter of 2024, we expect the November 2023 Restructuring to be completed in the near future, we may also incur other cash expenses or charges not currently contemplated or estimable due to events that may occur as a result of, or associated with, the November 2023 restructuring. In addition, we may not achieve the expected benefits of these cost reduction measures and other cost reduction plans on the anticipated timeline, or at all, or we may use our available capital more quickly than we expect, which could otherwise accelerate our liquidity needs and could force us to further curtail or suspend, or entirely cease, our operations.

Moreover, we have historically relied in part on collaboration partners to provide funding for and otherwise advance our preclinical and clinical programs. However, in June 2023, our collaboration agreements with Biogen and Novartis terminated, our collaboration agreement with Kite expired pursuant to its terms in April 2024, and in December 2024, Pfizer notified us of its termination for convenience, effective April 21, 2025, of its collaboration agreement with us. Further, while we may identify new collaboration partners who can progress some of the programs that were the subject of these collaborations, as well as our Fabry disease program, STAC-BBB capsid and modular integrase platform, we have not yet been, and may never be, successful in doing so in a timely manner, or on acceptable terms or at all, and we may otherwise fail to raise sufficient additional capital in order to progress these and our other programs ourselves, in which case, we will not receive any return on our investments in these programs. Although we have received an aggregate of $88.0 million in upfront license fees and/or milestone payments and are eligible to earn future licensed target fees and development and commercial milestone payments in connection with our license agreements with Genentech, Astellas and Lilly, we may never receive any further payments under any of these agreements. In any event, we need substantial additional funding in order to advance our core neurology programs, including to make planned regulatory submissions and commence planned clinical trials as described in our Annual Report, as well as our Fabry disease and hemophilia A programs, capsid engineering efforts and modular integrase platform, and to otherwise execute on our current operating plan.

If we raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, including sales pursuant to our at-the-market offering program with Jefferies LLC, your ownership interest will be diluted, and such dilution may be substantial given our current stock price decline. In addition, the terms of any new equity securities we may issue may have a preference over, and include rights superior to, our common stock. If we raise additional capital through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may need to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product candidates, technologies, future revenue streams or research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to specified financial covenants or covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or pursuing certain transactions, any of which could restrict our ability to commercialize our product candidates or operate our business.

In addition, as we focus our efforts on proprietary human therapeutics, we will need to seek regulatory approvals of our product candidates from the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, a process that could cost in excess of hundreds of millions of dollars per product. We may experience difficulties in accessing the capital markets due to external factors beyond our control, such as volatility in the equity markets for emerging biotechnology companies and general economic and market conditions both in the United States and abroad. In particular, our ability to raise the substantial additional capital we need in order to fund our business may be adversely impacted by global economic conditions and disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, such as has been experienced recently, including as a result of the imposition of tariffs and escalating trade tensions. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain the substantial additional capital that we need to support our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern. Our failure to obtain adequate funding in the near term will adversely affect our ability to continue to operate as a going concern and our ability to develop our technology and products candidates, and we may be required to cease operations.

We currently do not meet, and may not regain compliance with, the listing standards of the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, and as a result our common stock may be delisted. Delisting could adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock and the market price of our common stock could decrease, and our ability to obtain sufficient additional capital to fund our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern would be substantially impaired.

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which has minimum requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed. These requirements include maintaining a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share, which closing bid price cannot fall below $1.00 per share for a period of more than 30 consecutive trading days, or the Bid Price Requirement. On April 30, 2025, we received a deficiency notice, or the Notice, from the Listing Qualifications Staff, or the Staff, of Nasdaq notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the bid price of our common stock had closed below $1.00 per share, thereby failing to satisfy the Bid Price Requirement set forth in the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The Notice has no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have 180 calendar days, or until October 27, 2025, to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement by having shares of our common stock maintain a minimum closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive trading days. In the event we do not regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement prior to the expiration of the compliance period, unless Nasdaq exercises its discretion to extend this period, our common stock may be subject to a delisting action by Nasdaq.

A reverse stock split may allow us to meet the Bid Price Requirement, but we cannot assure you that a reverse stock split will be approved by our stockholders or that any reverse stock split, if implemented, will be sufficient to enable us to maintain our

Nasdaq listing. Additionally, if a reverse stock split is implemented, there can be no assurance that the market price per new share of our common stock following the reverse stock split will remain unchanged or will increase in proportion to the reduction in the number of old shares of our common stock outstanding before the reverse stock split. The liquidity of the shares of our common stock may be affected adversely by any reverse stock split given the reduced number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding following such reverse stock split. Furthermore, following any reverse stock split, the resulting market price of our common stock may not attract new investors and may not satisfy the investing requirements of those investors.

In the event that our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq as a result of our failure to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement, as a result of Nasdaq not granting us an extension or the panel not granting us a favorable decision or due to our failure to continue to comply with any other requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq, trading of our common stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board, but there can be no assurance that our common stock will be eligible for trading on such alternative exchange or market.

Additionally, if our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq, the liquidity of our common stock would be adversely affected, the market price of our common stock could decrease, our ability to obtain sufficient additional capital to fund our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern would be substantially impaired and transactions in our common stock could lose federal preemption of state securities laws. Furthermore, there could also be a further reduction in our coverage by securities analysts and the news media and broker-dealers may be deterred from making a market in or otherwise seeking or generating interest in our common stock, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further. Moreover, delisting may also negatively affect our collaborators’, vendors’, suppliers’ and employees’ confidence in us and employee morale.

International trade policies, including tariffs, sanctions and trade barriers may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We operate in a global economy, which includes utilizing third-party suppliers in several countries outside the United States. There is inherent risk, based on the complex relationships among the U.S. and the countries in which we conduct our business, that political, diplomatic, and national security factors can lead to global trade restrictions and changes in trade policies and export regulations that may adversely affect our business and operations. The current international trade and regulatory environment is subject to significant ongoing uncertainty. The U.S. government has recently announced substantial new tariffs affecting a wide range of products and jurisdictions and has indicated an intention to continue developing new trade policies, including with respect to the pharmaceutical industry. In response, certain foreign governments have announced or implemented retaliatory tariffs and other protectionist measures. These developments have created a dynamic and unpredictable trade landscape, which may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. The Bureau of Industry and Security, U.S. Department of Commerce, has initiated an investigation to determine whether pharmaceutical ingredients, including finished drug product, manufactured outside the United States pose a national security risk and should be subject to additional tariffs.

Currently, certain materials and equipment used in our research, development and manufacturing operations are sourced outside of the United States. Current or future tariffs are likely to result in increased research and development expenses, including with respect to increased costs associated with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), raw materials, laboratory equipment and research materials and components. In addition, such tariffs may increase our supply chain complexity and could also potentially disrupt our existing supply chain. Unlike consumer goods, pharmaceuticals face unique regulatory constraints that make rapid supply chain adjustments particularly difficult and costly. Trade restrictions affecting the import of materials necessary for clinical trials could result in delays to our development timelines. Increased development costs and extended development timelines could place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to companies operating in regions with more favorable trade relationships and could reduce investor confidence, negatively impacting our ability to secure additional financing on favorable terms or at all. In addition, as we advance toward commercialization in the future, tariffs and trade restrictions could hinder our ability to establish cost-effective production capabilities, negatively impacting our growth prospects.

The complexity of announced or future tariffs may also increase the risk that we or our customers or suppliers may be subject to civil or criminal enforcement actions in the United States or foreign jurisdictions related to compliance with trade regulations. Foreign governments may also adopt non-tariff measures, such as procurement preferences or informal disincentives to engage with, purchase from or invest in U.S. entities, which may limit our ability to compete internationally and attract non-U.S. investment, employees, customers and suppliers. Foreign governments may also take other retaliatory actions against U.S. entities, such as decreased intellectual property protection, increased enforcement actions, or delays in regulatory approvals, which may result in heightened international legal and operational risks. In addition, the United States and other governments have imposed and may continue to impose additional sanctions, such as trade restrictions or trade barriers, which could restrict us from doing business directly or indirectly in or with certain countries or parties and may impose additional costs and complexity to our business.

Trade disputes, tariffs, restrictions and other political tensions between the United States and other countries may also exacerbate unfavorable macroeconomic conditions including inflationary pressures, foreign exchange volatility, financial market instability, and economic recessions or downturns. The ultimate impact of current or future tariffs and trade restrictions remains uncertain and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and prospects. While we actively monitor these risks, any prolonged economic downturn, escalation in trade tensions, or deterioration in international perception of U.S.-based companies could materially and adversely affect our business, ability to access the capital markets or other financing sources, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, tariffs and other trade developments have and may continue to heighten the risks related to the other risk factors described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and in our Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Disruptions at FDA, including due to a reduction in workforce and/or inadequate funding, could prevent FDA from performing normal functions on which our business relies, which could negatively impact our business. In addition, changes in FDA policies or regulations, as a result of the foregoing disruptions or otherwise, could adversely impact the development of our product candidates and, ultimately, our ability to receive approval for and commercialize our product candidates.

The ability of FDA to review and approve new products or review other regulatory submissions can be affected by a variety of factors, including statutory, regulatory and policy changes, inadequate government budget and funding levels, a reduction in FDA’s workforce and its ability to hire and retain key personnel. Disruptions at FDA and other agencies may also increase the time to meet with and receive agency feedback, review and/or approve our submissions, conduct inspections, issue regulatory guidance, or take other actions that facilitate the development, approval and marketing of regulated products, which would adversely affect our business. In addition, government proposals to reduce or eliminate budgetary deficits may include reduced allocations to FDA and other related government agencies. For example, the current presidential administration established the Department of Government Efficiency, which implemented a federal government hiring freeze and announced certain additional efforts to reduce federal government employee headcount, including by eliminating 3,500 employees from FDA. It is unclear how these executive actions or other potential actions by the presidential administration or other parts of the federal government will impact FDA or other regulatory authorities that oversee our business. The reductions in FDA’s workforce and budgetary pressures could significantly impact the ability of FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions or take other actions critical to the marketing of our products which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Moreover, changes in FDA’s policies or regulations, whether as a result of personnel and budgetary constraints described above, changes in leadership or otherwise, could adversely impact the development of our product candidates and, ultimately, our ability to receive approval for and commercialize our product candidates. For example, there can be no assurance that FDA will continue its Accelerated Approval program or other expedited regulatory designations or that such programs and designations will otherwise remain viable regulatory pathways for our product candidates. In particular, as previously disclosed, we have had a series of interactions with the FDA that provided us with a clear regulatory pathway to Accelerated Approval for isaralgagene civaparvovec. If the FDA were to discontinue its Accelerated Approval program, or otherwise make such program unavailable to us for isaralgagene civaparvovec, our ability to secure a collaboration partner for our Fabry disease program, and ultimately our or a potential future collaborator’s ability to obtain a timely potential approval for and commercialize isaralgagene civaparvovec, would be materially and adversely affected, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and business prospects, and we might be required to cease operations.