Western Alliance Bancorporation: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2025

This discussion is designed to provide insight into management's assessment of significant trends related to the Company's consolidated financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources, and interest rate sensitivity. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and the interim Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements hereto and financial information appearing elsewhere in this report. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Company," "we," and "our" refer to Western Alliance Bancorporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

Forward-Looking Information

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal and state securities laws, including without limitation, statements regarding our expectations with respect to our business, financial and operating results, including our deposits, liquidity and funding, changes in economic conditions and the related impact on the Company's business, and statements that are related to or are dependent on estimates or assumptions relating to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends, and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q reflect the Company's current views about future events and financial performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and changes in circumstances that may cause the Company's actual results to differ significantly from historical results and those expressed in any forward-looking statement. Risks and uncertainties include those set forth in the Company's filings with the SEC and the following factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical or expected results: 1) adverse financial market and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation and any recession in the United States, adverse developments in the financial services industry generally, U.S. and global trade policies and tensions, including changes in, or the imposition of, tariffs and/or trade barriers, and any related impact on depositor behavior, the potential impact on borrowers of supply chain disruptions and the economic and market impacts of the geopolitical conflicts such as the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East; 2) changes in interest rates and increased rate competition; 3) the discontinuation of or substantial changes to interest rate benchmarks utilized in our lending, borrowing and hedging activities; 4) exposure of financial instruments to certain market risks that may increase the volatility of earnings and AOCI; 5) the inherent risk associated with accounting estimates, including the impact to the allowance, provision for credit losses, and capital levels; 6) exposure to natural and man-made disasters in markets where we operate and the impact of climate change and sustainability practices on us and our customers; 7) the potential adverse effects of unusual and infrequently occurring events, such as weather-related disasters, terrorist acts, geopolitical conflicts or public health events, and of governmental and societal responses thereto; 8) higher defaults on our loan portfolio than we expect; 9) increased foreclosures and ownership of real property; 10) changes in management's estimate of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses; 11) dependency on real estate and events that negatively impact the real estate market; 12) concentrations in certain business lines or product types within our loan portfolio; 13) residual risk retained by us on reference pools covered by credit linked notes; 14) exposures related to the properties to which we acquire title; 15) ability to compete in a highly competitive market; 16) expansion strategies through acquisitions or implementation of new lines of business or new products and services that may not be successful and supervisory actions by regulatory agencies which may limit our ability to pursue certain growth opportunities; 17) uncertainty associated with digital payment initiatives; 18) ability to recruit and retain qualified employees and implement adequate succession planning to mitigate the loss of key members of our senior management team; 19) ability to meet capital adequacy and liquidity requirements and the sufficiency of liquidity; 20) dependence on low-cost deposits; 21) risks related to representations and warranties made on third-party loan sales; 22) ability to borrow from the FHLB or the FRB; 23) a change in our creditworthiness; 24) information security breaches; 25) reliance on third parties to provide key components of our infrastructure; 26) perpetration of fraud; 27) ability to implement and improve our controls and processes to keep pace with growth; 28) risk of operating in a highly regulated industry and our ability to remain in compliance; 29) ability to adapt to technological change; 30) failure to comply with state and federal banking agency laws and regulations; 31) results of any tax audit findings, challenges to our tax positions, or adverse changes or interpretations of tax laws; 32) risks related to ownership and price of our preferred and common stock; 33) ability to continue to declare quarterly dividends; 34) additional regulatory requirements resulting from our continued growth; 35) management's estimates and projections of interest rates and interest rate policies; 36) the execution of our business plan; 37) any adverse determination by a court regarding the Cantor Group V loan and any adverse economic or other events impacting the collateral, borrower or guarantors with respect to such loan.

For more information regarding risks that may cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q, and related disclosures in other filings with the SEC. All forward-looking statements that are made or attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary notice. The forward-looking statements included herein are based only on information currently available to us and speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this Form 10-Q might not occur, and you should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.

Recent Market and Banking Industry Developments

CRE Exposure

The Company's loan portfolio includes significant credit exposure to the CRE market, with CRE related loans comprising approximately 29% and 30% of total loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Approximately 14% and 16% of CRE loans, excluding construction and land loans, were owner occupied at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and less than 5% were non-owner occupied office loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Due to changing conditions in the CRE market, the Company has implemented enhanced measures to monitor and manage credit risk related to this portfolio segment, as further discussed in “Item 1. Business, Lending Activities – Asset Quality” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized gross charge-offs on CRE non-owner occupied loans totaling $12.9 million and $44.9 million, respectively, which primarily related to office properties. As the Company is focused on moving nonperforming loans through its standard credit resolution process, the Company took possession of five CRE office properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 which drove the net increase in other assets acquired through foreclosure from December 31, 2024. While the Company believes its reserve levels are adequate, CRE market conditions may worsen, which could result in further deterioration of asset quality in this portfolio.

Legal Dispute Related to Credit Facility

In August 2025, the Bank initiated a lawsuit in connection with its note finance revolving credit facility to Cantor Group V, LLC, citing allegations of fraud by the borrower for failing to provide collateral loans in first position, among other claims. Management has evaluated the existing collateral based on most recent “as-is” appraisals and believes it covers the obligation. In addition, under certain circumstances such as fraud, the Bank holds both a limited guaranty and full guaranty from two ultra-high net worth individuals. Despite the collateral coverage and guaranties, the Bank moved the $98.5 million facility to nonaccrual status and established a specific allowance of $29.6 million for this loan as of September 30, 2025.

Financial Overview and Highlights

WAL is a bank holding company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware. WAL provides a full spectrum of customized loan, deposit and treasury management capabilities, including funds transfer and other digital payment offerings, through its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, WAB. Effective as of October 4, 2025, the Company completed its brand unity initiative, consolidating its legacy division bank brands, ABA, BON, FIB, Bridge, and TPB, under a single unified name, Western Alliance Bank.

The Company also provides an array of specialized financial services across the country, including mortgage banking services through AmeriHome, treasury management services to the homeowner's association sector, and digital payment services for the class action legal industry.

Financial Results Highlights for the Third Quarter of 2025

• Net income available to common stockholders of $250.2 million and diluted earnings per share of $2.28, compared to $196.6 million and $1.80 per share, respectively, for the third quarter 2024
• Net revenue of $938.2 million, compared to $823.1 million for the third quarter 2024, with non-interest expense of $544.4 million, compared to $537.4 million for the third quarter 2024
• PPNR of $393.8 million, up 37.8% from $285.7 million in the third quarter 20241
• Total loans HFI of $56.6 billion, up $3.0 billion, or 5.5%, from December 31, 2024
• Total deposits of $77.2 billion, up $10.9 billion, or 16.4%, from December 31, 2024
• Total equity of $7.7 billion, an increase of $983 million, or 14.7%, from December 31, 2024
• Nonperforming loans to funded HFI loans increased to 0.92%, compared to 0.89% at December 31, 2024
• Nonperforming assets (nonaccrual loans and repossessed assets) increased to 0.72% of total assets, compared to 0.65% at December 31, 2024
• Annualized net loan charge-offs to average loans outstanding of 0.22%, compared to 0.20% for the third quarter 2024
• Net interest margin of 3.53%, decreased from 3.61% in the third quarter 2024
• Tangible common equity ratio of 7.1%, compared to 7.2% at December 31, 20241
• Book value per common share of $64.45, an increase of 10.7% from $58.24 at December 31, 2024
• Tangible book value per share, net of tax, of $58.56, an increase of $6.29, or 12.0%, from $52.27 at December 31, 20241
• Efficiency ratio of 57.4% in the third quarter 2025, compared to 64.5% in the third quarter 20241

The impact to the Company from these items, and others of both a positive and negative nature, are discussed in more detail below as they pertain to the Company’s overall comparative performance for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

1 See Non-GAAP Financial Measures section beginning on page 64.

Results of Operations and Financial Condition

As a bank holding company, management focuses on key ratios in evaluating the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

A summary of the Company's results of operations, financial condition, and selected metrics are included in the following tables:

(in millions, except per share amounts)

(1) See Non-GAAP Financial Measures section beginning on page 64.

(in millions)

(1) See Non-GAAP Financial Measures section beginning on page 64.

Asset Quality

For all banks and bank holding companies, asset quality plays a significant role in the overall financial condition of the institution and results of operations. The Company measures asset quality in terms of nonaccrual loans as a percentage of gross loans and net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans. Net charge-offs are calculated as the difference between charged-off loans and recovery payments received on previously charged-off loans. The following table summarizes the Company's key asset quality metrics for loans HFI:

(dollars in millions)

(1) Annualized on an actual/actual basis for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Actual year-to-date for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Asset and Deposit Growth

The Company’s assets and liabilities are comprised primarily of loans and deposits. Therefore, the ability to originate new loans and attract new deposits is fundamental to the Company’s growth.

Total assets increased to $91.0 billion at September 30, 2025, an increase of $10.0 billion, or 12.4%, from $80.9 billion at December 31, 2024. Higher deposit levels supported increases in investment securities and cash of $3.7 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, and also funded HFI and HFS loan growth of $3.0 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively.

Loans HFI increased $3.0 billion, or 5.5%, to $56.6 billion as of September 30, 2025, compared to $53.7 billion as of December 31, 2024. By loan type, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, and residential loans increased $2.6 billion, $476 million, and $325 million, respectively, from December 31, 2024. In addition, loans HFS increased $1.2 billion from $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 primarily due to an increase in non-EBO loans.

Total deposits increased $10.9 billion, or 16.4%, to $77.2 billion as of September 30, 2025 from $66.3 billion as of December 31, 2024. By type, the increase in deposits from December 31, 2024 was driven by increases of $7.8 billion, $3.4 billion, and $544 million in non-interest bearing deposits, savings and money market accounts, and interest bearing demand deposits, respectively, partially offset by a decrease of $839 million in certificates of deposit.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth a summary financial overview:

(in millions, except per share amounts)

63

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following discussion and analysis contains financial information determined by methods other than those prescribed by GAAP. The Company's management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in their analysis of the Company's performance. Management believes presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures provides useful supplemental information that is essential to a complete understanding of the operating results of the Company. Since the presentation of these non-GAAP performance measures and their impact differ between companies, these non-GAAP disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for operating results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies.

Pre-Provision Net Revenue

Banking regulations define PPNR as the sum of net interest income and non-interest income less expenses before adjusting for loss provisions. Management believes this is an important metric as it illustrates the underlying performance of the Company, enables investors and others to assess the Company's ability to generate capital to cover credit losses through the credit cycle, and provides consistent reporting with a key metric used by bank regulatory agencies.

The following table shows the components used in the calculation of PPNR:

(in millions)

Efficiency Ratio

The following table shows the components used in the calculation of the efficiency ratio, which measures non-interest expense as a ratio of net revenue on a tax equivalent basis. Management uses this ratio as a metric for assessing cost efficiency:

(dollars in millions)

64

Tangible Common Equity and Return on Average Tangible Common Equity

The following tables present financial measures related to tangible common equity. Tangible common equity represents total equity reduced by goodwill and intangible assets and preferred stock. Management believes tangible common equity financial measures are useful in evaluating the Company's capital strength, financial condition, and ability to manage potential losses.

(dollars and shares in millions)

(dollars in millions)

65

Regulatory Capital

The following table presents certain financial measures related to regulatory capital under Basel III, which includes CET1 and total capital. The FRB and other banking regulators use CET1 and total capital as a basis for assessing a bank's capital adequacy; therefore, management believes it is useful to assess financial condition and capital adequacy using this same basis. Specifically, the CET1, tier 1 capital, and total capital ratios take into consideration the risk levels of assets and off-balance sheet financial instruments. In addition, management believes that the classified assets to CET1 plus allowance measure is an important regulatory metric for assessing asset quality.

As permitted by the regulatory capital rules, the Company elected the CECL transition option that delayed the estimated impact on regulatory capital resulting from the adoption of CECL over a five-year transition period that ended December 31, 2024. Accordingly, capital ratios and amounts for 2024 included a 25% capital benefit that resulted from the increased ACL related to the adoption of ASC 326. This capital benefit was fully phased out beginning in 2025.

(dollars in millions)

66

Net Interest Margin

The net interest margin is reported on a TEB. A tax equivalent adjustment is added to reflect interest earned on certain securities and loans that are exempt from federal and state income tax. The following tables set forth the average balances, interest income, interest expense, and average yield (on a fully TEB) for the periods indicated:

(dollars in millions)

(1) Yields on loans and securities have been adjusted to a TEB. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $9.7 million and $10.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Included in the yield computation are net loan fees of $28.1 million and $21.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(3) Includes non-accrual loans.

(4) Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average earning assets, annualized on an actual/actual basis.

(dollars in millions)

(1) Yields on loans and securities have been adjusted to a TEB. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $30.1 million and $29.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Included in the yield computation are net loan fees of $77.4 million and $86.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(3) Includes non-accrual loans.

(4) Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average earning assets, annualized on an actual/actual basis.

(in millions)

(1) Changes attributable to both volume and rate are designated as volume changes.

Comparison of interest income, interest expense and net interest margin

The Company's primary source of revenue is interest income. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest income totaled $1.2 billion, an increase of $25.5 million, or 2.1%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily the result of increases in interest income from investment securities and loans HFS of $34.6 million and $10.2 million, respectively, resulting from increases in the average balances of these assets of $3.4 billion and $721 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in interest income from loans HFI of $7.2 million as lower loan yields outweighed the increase in the average balance of $3.4 billion.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest income was $3.5 billion, an increase of $73.0 million, or 2.1%, compared to $3.4 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily the result of an increase of $69.6 million in interest income from investment securities primarily due to an increase in the average investment balance of $2.3 billion and interest income from loans HFS of $68.6 million driven by a higher average balance of $1.5 billion. These increases were partially offset by a $38.9 million decrease in interest income from loans HFI driven by lower yields net of a $3.8 billion increase in the average balance.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense totaled $475.1 million, a decrease of $28.0 million, or 5.6%, compared to $503.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in interest expense related to decreases in interest expense on deposits of $23.9 million due to lower rates and short-term borrowings of $27.6 million due to lower rates and a lower average balance of $1.6 billion. These decreases were partially offset by increases of $4.9 billion and $2.3 billion in average interest bearing deposits and long-term debt, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense was $1.4 billion, a decrease of $73.2 million, or 5.0%, compared to $1.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Interest expense on short-term borrowings decreased

$83.7 million due to a decrease in the average balance of $1.6 billion in conjunction with lower rates, while interest expense on deposits decreased $58.7 million for the same period driven by lower rates net of a $4.5 billion increase in average interest bearing deposits. These decreases were partially offset by a $74.0 million increase in interest expense on long-term debt resulting from an increase in average balances of $2.2 billion.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, net interest income totaled $750.4 million, an increase of $53.5 million, or 7.7%, compared to $696.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in net interest income was driven by an increase in average interest earning assets of $7.5 billion and lower rates on deposits, partially offset by lower yields on interest earning assets. The decrease in net interest margin of 8 basis points to 3.53% is largely the result of the impact of a lower rate environment on interest earning asset yields, partially offset by lower rates on interest bearing liabilities.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net interest income was $2.1 billion, an increase of $146.2 million, or 7.5%, compared to $2.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in net interest income reflects a $7.8 billion increase in average interest-earning assets, partially offset by an increase of $5.0 billion in average interest bearing liabilities. The decrease in net interest margin of 10 basis points to 3.51% is primarily the result of a lower rate environment.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses in each period is reflected as a reduction in earnings for that period and includes amounts related to funded loans, unfunded loan commitments, and investment securities. The provision is equal to the amount required to maintain the ACL at a level adequate to absorb estimated lifetime credit losses inherent in the loan and investment securities portfolios based on remaining contractual maturity, adjusted for estimated prepayments as of each period end. The Company's CECL models incorporate historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts in measuring expected credit losses. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $80.0 million and $151.1 million, respectively, compared to $33.6 million and $85.9 million for the respective periods in 2024. The provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 is primarily reflective of net loan charge-offs of $31.1 million and $86.5 million, respectively, establishment of a $29.6 million reserve related to the Cantor Group V loan, and qualitative overlays.

Non-interest Income

The following table presents a summary of non-interest income:

(in millions)

Total non-interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $61.6 million compared to the same period in 2024, with changes primarily attributable to mortgage banking revenue and other non-interest income. Net gain on mortgage loan origination and sale activities rose by $29.2 million, reflecting increased loan production revenue and improved gain on sale margins. In addition, net loan servicing revenue grew by $6.8 million as MSR valuations, net of hedging, strengthened. Other non-interest income increased $15.6 million largely from an increase in rental income associated with commercial OREO properties.

Total non-interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $92.2 million compared to the same period in 2024. This growth was primarily attributable to higher service charges and loan fees, net gain on mortgage loan origination and sale activities, other non-interest income, and income from bank owned life insurance. The increases in net gain on mortgage loan origination and sale activities, as well as other non-interest income are discussed in the preceding paragraph. The increase in service charges and loan fees of $45.2 million was driven by service charges on insured deposit products. Income from bank owned life insurance rose by $18.5 million, reflecting income from a new policy entered into during the third quarter of 2024. Partially offsetting these increases were declines in income from equity investments and net loan servicing revenue. The $21.2 million decrease in income from equity investments was primarily due to the timing of income recognition on an equity investment, while the $17.6 million reduction in net loan servicing revenue resulted from fair value losses on MSRs and lower servicing income.

Non-interest Expense

The following table presents a summary of non-interest expense:

(in millions)

Total non-interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $7.0 million compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to higher salaries and employee benefits, other non-interest expense, and data processing costs. Salaries and employee benefits rose by $35.7 million, reflecting increases in average salary and headcount. Other non-interest expense grew by $9.6 million, largely driven by increased costs from operating OREO properties. Data processing costs were up $9.4 million attributable to higher software licensing fees and associated depreciation. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in deposit costs of $32.9 million resulting from lower ECR rates as well as a decrease in insurance expense of $10.9 million, due to lower FDIC assessment fees following a decline in brokered deposit levels.

Total non-interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $53.5 million compared to the same period in 2024, mainly due to higher salaries and employee benefits, data processing costs, and other non-interest expense, as discussed in the preceding paragraph. These increases were partially offset by decreases in deposit costs and insurance expense. Lower ECR rates drove the $59.4 million decrease in deposit costs, while insurance costs decreased $28.3 million due to a reduction in brokered deposit levels and an adjustment to the FDIC special assessment loss estimate that resulted in a charge of $9.4 million recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Income Taxes

The Company's effective tax rate was 17.0% and 20.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 18.1% and 22.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024 was primarily due to an increase in investment tax credit benefits and a decrease in state taxes.

Business Segment Results

The Company's operating segments are aggregated with a focus on products and services offered and consist of three reportable segments:

• Commercial: provides commercial banking and treasury management products and services to small and middle-market businesses, specialized banking services to sophisticated commercial institutions and investors within niche industries, as well as financial services to the real estate industry.
• Consumer Related: offers both commercial banking services to enterprises in consumer-related sectors and consumer banking services, such as residential mortgage banking.
• Corporate & Other: consists of the Company's investment portfolio, Corporate borrowings and other related items, income and expense items not allocated to other reportable segments, and inter-segment eliminations.

The following tables present selected reportable segment information:

(in millions)

(in millions)

72

BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

Total assets increased $10.0 billion, or 12.4%, to $91.0 billion at September 30, 2025, compared to $80.9 billion at December 31, 2024. Higher deposit levels supported increases in investment securities and cash of $3.7 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, and also funded HFI and HFS loan growth. Loans HFI increased $3.0 billion, or 5.5%, to $56.6 billion as of September 30, 2025 compared to $53.7 billion as of December 31, 2024. By loan type, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, and residential loans increased $2.6 billion, $476 million, and $325 million, respectively, from December 31, 2024. Loans HFS increased $1.2 billion from $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 primarily due to an increase in non-EBO loans.

Total liabilities increased $9.1 billion to $83.3 billion at September 30, 2025, compared to $74.2 billion at December 31, 2024 as total deposits increased $10.9 billion, or 16.4%, to $77.2 billion. By type, the increase in deposits from December 31, 2024 was driven by increases of $7.8 billion in non-interest bearing deposits, $3.4 billion in savings and money market accounts, and $544 million in interest bearing demand deposits, partially offset by a decrease in certificates of deposit of $839 million. Other borrowings decreased $1.7 billion from December 31, 2024 as deposit growth facilitated a reduction in overnight borrowings.

Total equity of $7.7 billion at September 30, 2025 increased $983 million, or 14.7%, from December 31, 2024. This change was primarily attributable to net income of $697.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the issuance of preferred stock from the Company's REIT subsidiary, and unrealized fair value gains on AFS securities, recorded net of tax in OCI. Proceeds from the REIT preferred stock issuance totaled $293 million, net of issuance costs, and was recognized as a noncontrolling interest in subsidiary. These increases were partially offset by quarterly dividends to common and preferred stockholders as well as REIT preferred stockholders.

Investment securities

Debt securities are classified at the time of acquisition as either HTM, AFS, or trading based upon various factors, including asset/liability management strategies, liquidity and profitability objectives, and regulatory requirements. HTM securities are carried at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts. AFS securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains or losses on these securities recorded in AOCI in equity, net of tax. Trading securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses on these securities included in current period earnings.

The Company's investment securities portfolio may be utilized as collateral for borrowings, required collateral for public deposits and repurchase agreements, and to manage liquidity, capital, and interest rate risk.

The following table summarizes the carrying value of the Company's investment securities portfolio:

(in millions)

The increase in total debt securities of $3.8 billion from December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by increases in CLOs, U.S. Treasury securities, and Residential MBS issued by GSEs and GNMA. Investments in CLOs increased $1.3 billion from December 31, 2024 as the Company shifted its investment mix towards higher yielding securities amid favorable market conditions. Growth in U.S. Treasury securities and Residential MBS issued by GSEs and GNMA from December 31, 2024 reflects the Company's continued efforts to expand holdings of high-quality liquid assets.

Loans HFS

The Company purchases and originates residential mortgage loans that are held for sale or securitization through its AmeriHome mortgage banking business channel. As of September 30, 2025, loans HFS totaled $3.5 billion, compared to $2.3 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.2 billion primarily related to an increase in non-EBO loans.

Loans HFI

The table below summarizes the distribution of the Company’s held for investment loan portfolio:

(in millions)

Loans classified as HFI are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, adjusted for net deferred fees and costs, premiums and discounts on acquired and purchased loans, and an ACL. Net deferred loan fees of $127 million and $106 million reduced the carrying value of loans as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Net unamortized purchase premiums on acquired and purchased loans of $178 million and $175 million increased the carrying value of loans as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Concentrations of Lending Activities

The Company monitors concentrations of lending activities at the product and borrower relationship level. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no borrower relationships at both the commitment and funded loan level exceeded 5% of total loans HFI.

Commercial and industrial loans made up 45% and 43% of total loans HFI as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. A subset of commercial and industrial loans consist of loans to NDFIs, which, as defined by regulatory guidance, are entities that provide services similar to traditional banks but do not accept deposits from the general public and are not regulated by Federal banking agencies.

The following table presents the balance of loans to NDFIs:

(dollars in millions)

74

In addition, the Company's loan portfolio includes significant credit exposure to the CRE market as CRE related loans accounted for approximately 29% and 30% of total loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Non-owner occupied CRE loans are loans where the primary source of repayment is rental income generated from the collateral property. Owner occupied CRE loans are loans secured by owner occupied non-farm nonresidential properties where the primary source of repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the borrower who owns the property. These CRE loans are secured by multi-family residential properties, professional offices, industrial facilities, retail centers, hotels, and other commercial properties.

The following tables present the composition by property type and weighted average LTV of the Company’s CRE non-owner occupied loans:

(dollars in millions)

(1) The weighted average LTVs in the above table are based on the most recent available information, if current appraisals are not available.

(dollars in millions)

(1) The weighted average LTVs in the above table are based on the most recent available information, if current appraisals are not available.

The following table presents the Company’s CRE non-owner occupied loans by origination year as of September 30, 2025:

(in millions)

75

The following table presents the scheduled maturities of the Company’s CRE non-owner occupied loans as of September 30, 2025:

(in millions)

Approximately $2.2 billion, or 3.9%, of total loans HFI consisted of CRE non-owner occupied office loans as of September 30, 2025, compared to $2.3 billion, or 4.4%, as of December 31, 2024. Of the non-owner occupied office loan balance as of September 30, 2025, $535 million is scheduled to mature in the remainder of 2025. These office loans primarily consist of shorter-term bridge loans that enable borrowers to reposition or redevelop projects with more modern standards attractive to in-office employers in today’s environment, including enhanced on-site amenities. The vast majority of these projects are located in suburban locations in the Company's core footprint states (Arizona, California, and Nevada), with central business district and midtown exposure totaling less than 1% and 10% of office loans as of September 30, 2025, respectively.

The office loan portfolio largely consists of value-add loans that require significant up-front cash equity contributions from institutional sponsors and large regional and national developers. The properties underlying these loans have stable business trends and low vacancy rates. To a large extent, the financing structures of these loans do not carry junior liens or mezzanine debt, which enables maximum flexibility when working with clients and sponsors. In addition to adhering to conservative underwriting standards, asset-specific credit risk is mitigated through continued sponsor support of projects by re-appraisal rights of the Company, re-margining requirements and ongoing debt service, and debt yield covenants.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 14% and 16% of the Company's CRE loans, excluding construction and land loans, were owner occupied, respectively, with substantially all of these loans secured by first liens and had an initial loan-to-value ratio of generally not more than 75%.

Non-performing Assets

Total non-performing loans increased $75 million to $679 million at September 30, 2025, from $604 million at December 31, 2024.

(dollars in millions)

(1) Includes loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty of $149 million and $169 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

(2) Excludes government guaranteed residential mortgage loans of $282 million and $326 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Interest income that would have been recorded under the original terms of nonaccrual loans was $10.4 million and $6.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $26.4 million and $18.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The composition of nonaccrual loans HFI by loan portfolio segment were as follows:

(dollars in millions)

(dollars in millions)

77

Restructurings for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans HFI that were modified during the period by loan portfolio segment:

(dollars in millions)

(dollars in millions)

(dollars in millions)

(dollars in millions)

The performance of these modified loans is monitored for 12 months following the modification. As of September 30, 2025, modified loans of $108 million were current to 89 days delinquent and $149 million were on nonaccrual status. As of December 31, 2024, modified loans of $128 million were current to 89 days delinquent and $169 million were on nonaccrual status.

In the normal course of business, the Company also modifies EBO loans, which are delinquent FHA, VA, or USDA insured or guaranteed loans repurchased under the terms of the GNMA MBS program and can be repooled or resold when loans are brought current either through the borrower's reperformance or through successful completion of a loss mitigation retention solution. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company completed modifications of EBO loans with an amortized cost of $173 million and $442 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company completed modifications of EBO loans with an amortized cost of $106 million and $285 million, respectively. These modifications consisted of term extensions, payment delays, and interest rate reductions. Certain of these loans were repooled or resold after modification and are no longer included in the pool of loan modifications being monitored for future performance. As of September 30, 2025, modified EBO loans consisted of $94 million in loans that were current to 89 days delinquent and $33 million in loans 90 days or more delinquent. As of December 31, 2024, modified EBO loans consisted of $29 million in loans that were current to 89 days delinquent and $11 million in loans 90 days or more delinquent.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans HFI

The ACL consists of an ACL on loans and on unfunded loan commitments. The ACL on AFS and HTM securities is estimated separately from loans and is discussed within the Investment Securities section.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the ACL on loans HFI by loan portfolio segment:

(dollars in millions)

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, annualized net loan charge-offs to average loans outstanding were 0.22% and 0.20%, respectively.

In addition to the ACL on funded loans HFI, the Company maintains a separate ACL related to off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments. This allowance balance totaled $42.3 million and $39.5 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Problem Loans

The Company classifies loans consistent with federal banking regulations using a nine category grading system. The following table presents information regarding potential and actual problem loans, consisting of loans graded as Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss, but which are still performing:

(dollars in millions)

79

(dollars in millions)

The increase in the problem loan balance from December 31, 2024 was largely attributable to a reduction in nonperforming collateral-dependent loans, which are now classified as performing loans.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The fair value of the Company's MSRs related to residential mortgage loans totaled $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following is a summary of the UPB of loans underlying the Company's MSR portfolio by type:

(in millions)

Other Assets Acquired through Foreclosure

Other assets acquired through foreclosure consist primarily of properties acquired as a result of, or in-lieu-of, foreclosure. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, these assets totaled $130 million and $52 million, respectively, net of a valuation allowance of $14 million and $5 million, as of each respective date. The Company held 14 properties at September 30, 2025 compared to five at December 31, 2024, which consisted primarily of office properties. The increase in other assets acquired through foreclosure from December 31, 2024 was mainly due to the addition of five CRE office properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as the Company advanced nonperforming loans through its standard credit resolution process, with the goal of stabilizing leasing and occupancy, improving rental rates, and funding improvements from the net operating income generated by these properties prior to sale. This increase was partially offset by the sale of one CRE office property and the transfer of another property to Premises and equipment due to a change in management intent during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Refer to “Recent Market and Banking Industry Developments” in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q for additional discussion of other assets acquired through foreclosure.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess consideration paid for net assets acquired in a business combination over their fair value. Goodwill and other intangible assets acquired in a business combination that are determined to have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization, but are subsequently evaluated for impairment at least annually. The Company has goodwill and intangible assets totaling $651 million and $659 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The Company performs its annual goodwill and intangible assets impairment tests as of October 1 each year, or more often if events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no events or circumstances that indicated an interim impairment test of goodwill or other intangible assets was necessary.

Deferred Tax Assets

As of September 30, 2025, the net DTA balance totaled $341 million, an increase of $60 million from $281 million at December 31, 2024. The overall increase in the net DTA was primarily the result of an increase in credit carryovers, partially offset by an increase in the MSR DTL.

The Company had no deferred tax valuation allowance as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The carrying value of BOLI totaled $1.0 billion as of September 30, 2025, an increase of $34 million, from December 31, 2024. BOLI is used as a tax efficient method to help offset employee benefit costs.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary source for funding the Company's asset growth. Total deposits increased to $77.2 billion at September 30, 2025, from $66.3 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $10.9 billion, or 16.4%. By deposit type, the increase in deposits is attributable to increases of $7.8 billion in non-interest bearing deposits, $3.4 billion in savings and money market accounts, and $544 million in interest bearing demand deposits, partially offset by a decrease of $839 million in certificates of deposit.

WAB is a participant in the IntraFi Network, a network that offers deposit placement services such as CDARS and ICS, which offer products that qualify large deposits for FDIC insurance. At September 30, 2025, the Company had $13.1 billion of these reciprocal deposits, compared to $14.0 billion at December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company also had wholesale brokered deposits of $5.4 billion and $6.9 billion, respectively.

In addition, deposits for which the Company provides account holders with earnings credits or referral fees totaled $28.0 billion and $20.7 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Costs related to these deposits are primarily reported as Deposit costs in non-interest expense. Deposit costs included $169.2 million and $201.7 million in deposit related costs on these deposits for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred $441.8 million and $500.4 million, respectively, in deposit related costs on these deposits. The decrease in these costs from the same periods in the prior year was due to a decrease in average ECR related deposits and rates.

The average balances and weighted average rates paid on deposits are presented below:

(dollars in millions)

(dollars in millions)

81

Other Borrowings

Short-Term Borrowings

The Company utilizes short-term borrowed funds to support short-term liquidity needs. The majority of these short-term borrowed funds consist of advances from the FHLB, repurchase agreements, and federal funds purchased from correspondent banks or the FHLB. The Company’s borrowing capacity with the FHLB is determined based on collateral pledged, generally consisting of securities and loans. In addition, the Company has repurchase facilities, collateralized by securities or loans sold under agreements to repurchase, including assets sold under agreements to repurchase, which are reflected at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction, and may require additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying assets. Total short-term borrowings decreased $2.2 billion to $1.0 billion at September 30, 2025, from $3.2 billion at December 31, 2024 as deposit growth facilitated a reduction in overnight borrowings.

Long-Term Borrowings

The Company's long-term borrowings consist of long-term FHLB borrowings and credit linked notes, inclusive of issuance costs. Total long-term borrowings increased $478 million to $2.9 billion at September 30, 2025, from $2.4 billion at December 31, 2024, driven primarily by an increase in long-term FHLB advances.

Qualifying Debt

Qualifying debt consists of subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt, inclusive of issuance costs and fair market value adjustments. At September 30, 2025, the carrying value of qualifying debt decreased $218 million to $681 million from $899 million at December 31, 2024, driven primarily by the redemption of $225 million of subordinated debt during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Equity

Total equity of $7.7 billion at September 30, 2025 increased $983 million, or 14.7%, from December 31, 2024. This change was primarily attributable to net income of $697.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the issuance of preferred stock from the Company's REIT subsidiary, and unrealized fair value gains on AFS securities, recorded net of tax in OCI. Proceeds from the REIT preferred stock issuance totaled $293 million, net of issuance costs, and was recognized as a noncontrolling interest in subsidiary. These increases were partially offset by quarterly dividends to common and preferred stockholders as well as REIT preferred stockholders and share repurchases.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company's BOD approved a common stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $300 million of its outstanding common stock through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or other means. The program reflects the Company's commitment to returning capital to shareholders, while maintaining flexibility to invest in strategic growth initiatives. The Company repurchased 119,588 shares of its common stock for a total payment of $10.6 million, at an average price of $88.50 per share, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately $289 million remaining under its repurchase authorization.

Capital Resources

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could trigger certain mandatory or discretionary actions that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s business and financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items (discussed in "Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies" to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements) as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

As permitted by the regulatory capital rules, the Company elected the CECL transition option that delayed the estimated impact on regulatory capital resulting from the adoption of CECL over a five-year transition period that ended December 31, 2024. Accordingly, capital ratios and amounts in 2024 included a 25% capital benefit that resulted from the increased ACL related to the adoption of ASC 326. This capital benefit was fully phased out beginning in 2025.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company and the Bank exceeded the capital levels necessary to be classified as well-capitalized, as defined by the various banking agencies. The actual capital amounts and ratios for the Company and the Bank are presented in the following tables:

(dollars in millions)

The Company and the Bank are also subject to liquidity and other regulatory requirements as administered by the federal banking agencies. These agencies have broad powers and at their discretion, could limit or prohibit the Company's payment of dividends, payment of certain debt service and issuance of capital stock and debt as they deem appropriate and as such, actions by the agencies could have a direct material effect on the Company’s business and financial statements.

The Company is also required to maintain specified levels of capital to remain in good standing with certain federal government agencies, including FNMA, FHLMC, GNMA, and HUD. These capital requirements are generally tied to the unpaid balances of loans included in the Company's servicing portfolio or loan production volume. Noncompliance with these capital requirements can result in various remedial actions up to, and including, removing the Company's ability to sell loans to and service loans on behalf of the respective agency. The Company believes that it is in compliance with these requirements as of September 30, 2025.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The critical accounting estimates upon which the Company's financial condition and results of operations depend, and which involve the most complex subjective decisions or assessments, are included in the discussion entitled "Critical Accounting Policies" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and all amendments thereto, as filed with the SEC. There were no material changes to the critical accounting policies disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity

Liquidity is the ongoing ability to accommodate liability maturities and deposit withdrawals, fund asset growth and business operations, and meet contractual obligations through unconstrained access to funding at reasonable market rates. Liquidity management involves forecasting funding requirements and maintaining sufficient capacity to meet the needs and accommodate fluctuations in asset and liability levels due to changes in the Company's business operations or unanticipated events.

The ability to have readily available funds sufficient to repay fully maturing liabilities is of primary importance to depositors, creditors, and regulators. The Company's liquidity, represented by cash and amounts due from banks, loans HFS, and non-pledged marketable securities, is a result of the Company's operating, investing, and financing activities and related cash flows. The Company actively monitors and manages liquidity, and no less than quarterly will estimate probable liquidity needs on a 12-month horizon. Liquidity needs can also be met through short-term borrowings or the disposition of short-term assets.

The Company has borrowing capacity with the FHLB and FRB from pledged loans and securities and uncommitted funds under warehouse borrowing repurchase agreements. The borrowing capacity, outstanding borrowings, and available credit as of September 30, 2025 are presented in the following table:

(in millions)

In addition to the funding sources above, the Company may utilize securities repurchase agreements and unsecured federal funds lines to meet its liquidity requirements. There were no outstanding borrowings on the Company's unsecured federal funds lines of credit as of September 30, 2025.

The Company has a formal liquidity policy and, in the opinion of management, its liquid assets are considered adequate to meet financial obligations and support client activity during normal and stressed operating conditions. At September 30, 2025, there were $21.2 billion in liquid assets, comprised of $4.8 billion in cash on deposit at the FRB and $16.4 billion in securities not currently used as collateral for borrowings or other purposes. At December 31, 2024, the Company maintained $15.9 billion in liquid assets, comprised of $3.3 billion in cash on deposit at the FRB and $12.6 billion in liquid securities not currently used as collateral for borrowings or other purposes.

The Parent maintains liquidity that would be sufficient to fund its operations and certain non-bank affiliate operations for an extended period should funding from normal sources be disrupted. In the Company's analysis of Parent liquidity, it is assumed the Parent is unable to generate funds from additional debt or equity issuances, receives no dividend income from subsidiaries and does not pay dividends to stockholders, while continuing to make non-discretionary payments needed to maintain operations and repayment of contractual principal and interest payments owed by the Parent and affiliated companies. Under this scenario, the amount of time the Parent and its non-bank subsidiary can operate and meet all obligations before the current liquid assets are exhausted is considered as part of the Parent liquidity analysis. Management believes the Parent maintains adequate liquidity capacity to operate without additional funding from new sources for over twelve months.

WAB maintains sufficient funding capacity to address large increases in funding requirements, such as deposit outflows. This capacity is comprised of liquidity derived from a reduction in asset levels and various secured funding sources. On a long-term basis, the Company’s liquidity will be met by changing the relative distribution of its asset portfolios (for example, by reducing investment or loan volumes, or selling or encumbering assets). Further, the Company can increase liquidity by soliciting higher levels of deposit accounts through promotional activities and/or borrowing from correspondent banks, the FHLB of San Francisco, and the FRB. At September 30, 2025, the Company's long-term liquidity needs primarily relate to funds required to support loan originations, commitments, and deposit withdrawals, which can be met by cash flows from investment payments and maturities, and investment sales, if necessary.

The Company’s liquidity is comprised of three primary classifications: 1) cash flows from operating activities; 2) cash flows used in investing activities; and 3) cash flows provided by financing activities. Net cash provided by or used in operating activities consists primarily of net income, adjusted for changes in certain other asset and liability accounts and certain non-cash income and expense items, such as the provision for credit losses, investment and other amortization and depreciation. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, net cash used in operating activities totaled $2.6 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively.

The Company's primary investing activities are the origination of real estate and commercial loans, the collection of repayments of these loans, and the purchase and sale of securities. The Company's net cash used in investing activities has primarily been influenced by its loan and securities activities. A net increase in investment securities drove a cash outflow of $3.4 billion and $3.2 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During each of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company's cash balance decreased by $3.1 billion as a result of a net increase in loans, which contributed to the decrease in the Company's cash balance during these periods.

Net cash provided by financing activities was impacted significantly by deposit levels. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net deposits increased $10.9 billion, compared to an increase of $12.7 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Fluctuations in core deposit levels may increase the Company's need for liquidity as certificates of deposit mature or are withdrawn before maturity, and as non-maturity deposits, such as checking and savings account balances, are withdrawn. Additionally, the Company is exposed to the risk that customers with large deposit balances will withdraw all or a portion of such deposits, due in part to the FDIC limitations on the amount of insurance coverage provided to depositors. To partially mitigate uninsured deposit risk, the Company participates in reciprocal deposit programs, such as CDARS and ICS, which allow an individual customer to invest up to $50 million and $265 million, respectively, through one participating financial institution or, a combined total of $315 million per individual customer, with the entire amount being covered by FDIC insurance. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has $1.8 billion of CDARS and $9.7 billion of ICS deposits.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has $5.4 billion of wholesale brokered deposits outstanding. Brokered deposits are generally considered to be deposits that have been received from a third party who is engaged in the business of placing deposits on behalf of others. A traditional deposit broker will direct deposits to the banking institution offering the highest interest rate available. Federal banking laws and regulations place restrictions on depository institutions regarding brokered deposits because of the general concern these deposits are not relationship based and are at a greater risk of being withdrawn and placed on deposit at another institution offering a higher interest rate, thus posing liquidity risk for institutions that gather brokered deposits in significant amounts.

Federal and state banking regulations place certain restrictions on dividends paid. The total amount of dividends which may be paid at any date is generally limited to the retained earnings of the bank. Dividends paid by WAB to the Parent would be prohibited if the effect thereof would cause the Bank’s capital to be reduced below applicable minimum capital requirements. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, WAB and CSI paid dividends to the Parent totaling $70 million and $200 million, respectively.

Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market prices and rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company's market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investing, and deposit taking activities. To that end, management actively monitors and manages the Company's interest rate risk exposure.

Management uses various strategies to manage the re-pricing characteristics of the Company's assets and liabilities, all of which are designed to ensure that exposure to interest rate fluctuations is within the Company's guidelines of acceptable levels of risk-taking. Hedging strategies, including the terms and pricing of loans and deposits and management of the deployment of its securities, are used to reduce mismatches in interest rate re-pricing opportunities of portfolio assets and their funding sources. Derivatives in a hedging relationship are also used to minimize the Company's exposure to changes in benchmark interest rates based on impacts to net interest income and EVE, which are reflected in the model results discussed below.

Interest rate risk is addressed by ALCO, which includes members of executive management, finance, and operations. ALCO monitors interest rate risk by analyzing the potential impact on EVE and earnings from potential changes in interest rates and considers the impact of alternative strategies or changes in balance sheet structure. The Company manages its balance sheet in part to keep the potential impact on EVE and earnings within acceptable ranges despite changes in interest rates.

The Company's exposure to interest rate risk is reviewed at least quarterly by ALCO. Interest rate risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine its change in both EVE and earnings in the event of hypothetical changes in interest rates. If potential changes to EVE and earnings resulting from hypothetical interest rate changes are not within the limits established by the BOD or ALCO determines that interest rate exposures should be reduced, ALCO will either take hedging actions or adjust the asset and liability mix to bring interest rate risk within BOD-approved limits or in line with ALCO's proposed reduction. ALCO may also decide the best course of action for a limit breach is to accept the breach and present justification to the BOD. If the BOD does not agree to accept the limit breach, it will direct ALCO to remediate the breach. The Company's EaR and EVE exposure limits are approved by the BOD on an annual basis, or more often if market conditions warrant. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there have been no changes to the Company's exposure limits.

Net Interest Income Simulation. To measure interest rate risk at September 30, 2025, the Company used a simulation model to project changes in net interest income resulting from forecasted changes in interest rates. This analysis calculates the difference between a baseline net interest income forecast using forward yield curves, compared to forecasted net interest income results from an immediate, parallel shift in rates upward or downward, along with other scenarios directed by ALCO. The simulation model includes various assumptions regarding re-pricing relationships for each of the Company's products. Many of the Company's assets are variable rate loans, which are assumed to re-price at the next rate reset period and proportional to the change in market rates, depending on their contracted index, including the impact of caps or floors. The simulation model also incorporates prepayment assumptions for applicable loans and investments with such optionality. The Company's non-term deposits reprice to underlying market rate changes based on product and line of business level model assumptions. Current non-term deposit repricing assumptions result in a product-level beta range of 48% to 92%, depending on product, with an average beta of 60%.

This analysis illustrates the impact of changes in net interest income for the given set of rate changes and assumptions. It does not account for all factors that could impact the Company's results, including changes by management to mitigate interest rate changes or secondary factors, such as changes to the Company's credit risk profile as interest rates change. The results will also be impacted by seasonality in the balance sheet. Furthermore, loan prepayment rate estimates and spread relationships change regularly. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and as a result, actual results may differ from simulated results due to factors such as timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions, customer behavior, management strategies, and changes that vary significantly from the modeled assumptions may have a significant effect on the Company's actual net interest income.

The table below presents the changes in net interest income that would occur in response to an instantaneous and sustained increase or decrease (shock) in market interest rates based on a dynamic balance sheet. In addition, the table provides results from additional scenarios in response to gradual, parallel changes (ramp) in market interest rates over twelve months. The Company continues to evaluate the scenarios that are presented as interest rates change and will update these scenario disclosures as appropriate.

Sensitivity of Net Interest Income

Earnings-at-Risk. The Company’s EaR simulation model expands on its net interest income simulation, as described above, by adding certain rate-sensitive non-interest income and expense items also subject to market risk, including mortgage banking and servicing income and ECR deposit costs. Mortgage originations and prepayments are sensitive to interest rates and therefore, mortgage banking and servicing income can be impacted by changes in interest rates. In the Company’s EaR simulation model as of September 30, 2025, deposits eligible for ECRs re-price with a beta assumption of 75% to underlying market rate changes, and total non-maturity deposits, inclusive of ECRs, re-price with a weighted average beta assumption of 65%. As a result of the higher deposit betas on deposits eligible for ECRs, in the down simulation scenarios, the Company will benefit from lower deposit costs. In a shock down 100 basis points scenario, ECR related deposit costs would decrease 25% from the baseline forecast over the next twelve months. At September 30, 2025, the Company’s earnings exposure for the next twelve months related to these hypothetical changes in market interest rates was within the Company’s current limits.

Economic Value of Equity. The Company measures the impact of market interest rate changes on the NPV of estimated cash flows from its assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items, defined as EVE, using a simulation model. The Company's simulation model focuses on parallel interest rate shocks and takes into account assumptions related to loan prepayment trends that are sourced using a combination of third-party prepayment models and internal historical experience, terminal maturity for non-maturity deposits, account attrition, and pricing sensitivity derived from the Company's data and other internally-developed analysis and models. These assumptions are reviewed at least annually and are adjusted periodically to reflect changes in market conditions and the Company's balance sheet composition. As simulated model results are based on a number of assumptions outlined above, including forecasted market conditions, actual amounts may differ significantly from the projections set forth below should market conditions vary from the underlying assumptions.

This simulation model assesses the changes in the market value of interest rate sensitive financial instruments that would occur in response to an instantaneous and sustained increase or decrease (shock) in market interest rates. The Company continues to evaluate the scenarios that are presented as interest rates change and will update these scenario disclosures as appropriate.

The following table shows the Company's projected change in EVE for this set of rate shocks at September 30, 2025:

Economic Value of Equity

At September 30, 2025, the Company's EVE exposure related to these hypothetical changes in market interest rates was within the Company's current limits.

Derivative Contracts. In the normal course of business, the Company uses derivative instruments to meet the needs of its customers and manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. For additional discussion on how derivatives in a hedging relationship (fair value hedges) are used to manage the Company's interest rate risk, see "Note 12. Derivatives and Hedging Activities" to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls

Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the CEO and CFO have concluded disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) are effective to ensure information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. Additionally, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were also effective in ensuring information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or is subject to under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the CEO and CFO, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

The following risk factor, which was included in Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, has been revised and supersedes the version included therein. There have not been any other material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Offerings of debt, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, and/or preferred equity securities that may be senior to our common stock for purposes of dividend distributions or upon liquidation, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We may from time to time issue debt securities, borrow money through other means, or issue preferred stock. We may also borrow money from the FRB, the FHLB, other financial institutions, and other lenders. At December 31, 2024, we had outstanding subordinated debt, senior secured and unsecured debt, and short-term borrowings. We also have outstanding depositary shares representing Series A preferred stock, which is senior to our common stock. BW has outstanding preferred stock as well, which is pari passu with our Series A preferred stock and is conditionally exchangeable into preferred stock of WAB upon receipt of a directive from an appropriate federal regulatory authority upon the occurrence of certain specified exchange events. All of these securities or borrowings have priority over our common stock in a liquidation, which could affect the market price of our stock.

Our BOD is authorized to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock from time to time without any action on the part of the stockholders. Our BOD also has the power, without stockholder approval, to set the terms of any such classes or series of preferred stock that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights, and preferences over our common stock with respect to dividends or upon our dissolution, winding-up, and liquidation and other terms. If we or any of our subsidiaries issue additional preferred stock in the future that has a preference over our common stock, with respect to the payment of dividends or upon liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, or if we issue preferred stock with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our common stock and/or the rights of holders of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.