Strive, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2025

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes to those consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. References to "we", "us", "our", or "the Company" refer to Strive, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless specifically stated otherwise.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Rule 175 promulgated thereunder, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and Rule 3b-6 promulgated thereunder, which statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Such statements are often characterized by the use of qualified words (and their derivatives) such as “may,” “will,” “anticipate,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “potential,” “assume,” “forecast,” “target,” “budget,” “outlook,” “trend,” “guidance,” “objective,” “goal,” “strategy,” “opportunity,” and “intend,” as well as words of similar meaning or other statements concerning opinions or judgment of the Company or its management about future events. Forward-looking statements are based on assumptions as of the time they are made and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that are difficult to predict with regard to timing, extent, likelihood and degree of occurrence, which could cause actual results to differ materially from anticipated results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

Although Company believes that its expectations with respect to forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions within the bounds of its existing knowledge of its business and operations, there can be no assurance that actual results of Company will not differ materially from any projected future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described above can be found under the “Risk Factors” heading in Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, under the “Risk Factors” heading in Company’s Form S-4 filed on August 6, 2025 and October 10, 2025, under the “Supplementary Risk Factors” filed as an exhibit to Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 24, 2025, and the risks that can be found in Company’s other documents filed with the SEC. The actual results anticipated may not be realized or, even if substantially realized, they may not have the expected consequences to or effects on Company. Investors are cautioned not to rely too heavily on any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report speak only as of the date hereof, and Company undertakes no obligation to update or clarify these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except to the extent required by applicable law.

Overview

Strive was founded with a mission to maximize long-term value for shareholders through the unapologetic embrace of capitalism, meritocracy and innovation. Following the completion of Strive Enterprises, Inc.'s reverse acquisition of Asset Entities Inc. in September 2025, Strive began operating as a publicly traded company and began deploying capital to execute on its bitcoin treasury strategy, becoming the first publicly traded bitcoin treasury asset management firm.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company manages over $2.0 billion in assets under management ("AUM") across 13 exchange, collective investment trusts, and a direct indexing platform. These activities provide recurring, fee-based revenue streams which increase with AUM. Beginning in fiscal year 2026, we plan to operate our asset-management segment within a single-digit-million dollar operating loss to single-digit-million dollar operating profit range.

Our Bitcoin Strategy

Our bitcoin strategy generally involves, from time to time, subject to market conditions and the need for cash and cash equivalents to meet short-term working capital requirements, (i) acquiring bitcoin using open market purchases using available cash, which may be raised from our operating activities as well as capital raising initiatives, such as issuing equity and fixed income offerings, among other capital raise strategies (collectively, "beta" initiatives) and (ii) acquiring bitcoin through alpha strategies, such as acquiring bitcoin through strategic M&A activity or other transactions, resulting in the acquisition of bitcoin at a discount relative to market value, which are intended to deliver returns above and beyond what beta initiatives may deliver alone.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company held approximately 5,886 bitcoin, with a total cost of $683.0 million, and a fair value of $672.9 million, which were acquired at an average price of $116,053, including fees and expenses.

Available Information

Our website is located at www.strive.com (http://www.strive.com). We make available free of charge, on or through the Investor Relations section of our website (https://investors.strive.com), our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing such reports with the SEC. Information found on our website is not part of this Quarterly Report or any other report filed with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file or furnish electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov). We also maintain a dashboard on our website (https://treasury.strive.com/) as a disclosure channel for providing broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information regarding the Company to the public, including information regarding market prices of our outstanding securities, bitcoin purchases and holdings, certain KPI metrics and other supplemental information, and as one means of disclosing non-public information in compliance with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Investors and others are encouraged to regularly review the information that we make public via the website dashboard.

Recent Developments

Third quarter highlights

On May 6, 2025, Strive Enterprises, Inc. entered into that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 6, 2025, as amended by that certain Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 27, 2025 (the "Asset Entities Merger Agreement"), with Asset Entities Inc. On September 12, 2025, pursuant to the Asset Entities Merger Agreement, Alpha Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Asset Entities, merged with and into Strive Enterprises, Inc., with Strive Enterprises, Inc. surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Asset Entities. Concurrent with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Asset Entities Merger Agreement, Asset Entities Inc. was renamed Strive, Inc. and became the first bitcoin treasury asset management firm.

Concurrent with the consummation of the Asset Entities Merger, the Company closed its previously announced PIPE financing transaction, issuing Class A common stock and pre-funded warrants to raise $749.6 million in gross proceeds, with the ability to raise $749.6 million in additional gross proceeds upon the exercise of traditional warrants issued to PIPE participants. In addition, the Company completed an exchange pursuant to Section 351 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, with certain accredited investors, in which the Company exchanged 2.7 million shares of Class A common stock for 69 bitcoin (the "351 Exchange"). The bitcoin acquired through the 351 Exchange, along with open market purchases of 5,817 bitcoin by the Company, resulted in the Company acquiring an aggregate of 5,886 bitcoin during the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025.

On September 15, 2025, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Company, from time to time, at its option, may offer and sell shares of its Class A common stock to or through the Agent, acting as the principal and/or the sole agent, having an aggregate sales price of up to $450.0 million. During the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, the Company issued 11.0 million shares of Class A common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of $59.2 million. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has the availability to raise approximately $390.8 million through the issuance and sale of its Class A common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

On September 22, 2025, the Company entered into that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Semler Merger Agreement") with Semler Scientific, Inc. ("Semler" and the transaction, the "Semler Merger"). Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of the Semler Merger Agreement, Semler is expected to become a wholly owned subsidiary of Strive. Entry into the Semler Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of each of Strive and Semler. Pursuant to the Semler Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Semler Merger, each share of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Semler issued and outstanding immediately before the effective time (other than treasury shares held by Semler and certain shares held by Strive) will be converted into the right to receive 21.05 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Strive. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions and approval by Semler shareholders. No assurances can be made that the transaction will close at the currently disclosed terms.

On November 10, 2025, the Company completed a registered public offering of 2,000,000 shares of its Variable Rate Series A Perpetual Preferred Stock (“SATA Stock”), at a price to the public of $80.00 per share, for net proceeds of approximately $149.3 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the Company’s estimated offering expenses. The Company filed a certificate of designation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada designating and establishing the terms of the SATA Stock. The SATA Stock is listed for trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “SATA.” All net proceeds from the offering were used for general corporate purposes, including the acquisition of bitcoin and for working capital.

Results of Operations

The comparability of our operating results for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 (Successor), for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025 (Predecessor), and for the three months ended September 30, 2024 (Predecessor) as well as the comparability of our operating results for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 (Successor), for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025 (Predecessor), and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (Predecessor) was impacted by our Asset Entities Merger and may not be comparable. For the purposes of the comparison of the results of operations below, we have compared the relevant Predecessor three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 to the respective combined Predecessor and Successor periods of 2025.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents information regarding the consolidated results of operations for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 (Successor) and for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025 (Predecessor) compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 (Predecessor) (amounts in thousands, other than percentages):

25

Net loss $(192,287) $(14,366) $(6,802) $(199,851) 2,938.1 %

Investment advisory fees

Investment advisory fees increased by $0.6 million, or 60.9%, to $1.5 million ($0.2 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $1.3 million for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was driven by an increase in assets under management of Strive offerings.

Other revenue

Other revenue remained at less than $0.1 million during all periods.

Fund management and administration

Fund management and administration expense increased by $0.3 million, or 20.5%, to $1.5 million ($0.3 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $1.3 million for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an expansion in AUM held within previously launched Strive funds.

Employee compensation and benefits

Employee compensation and benefits expense increased by $19.7 million, or 902.3%, to $21.9 million ($18.7 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $3.2 million for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily a result of stock compensation expense recorded during the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 as a result of the achievement of the liquidity event performance condition, which resulted in an increase of $16.3 million, largely due to the one-time catch up of previously time-vested awards. This was paired with an increase in the average headcount in 2025 compared to 2024.

General and administrative expense

General and administrative expense decreased by $3.1 million, or (70.1)%, to $1.3 million ($0.4 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $0.9 million for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $4.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in legal and consulting expenses of $3.0 million related to the launch of the wealth management business line in late 2024, regulatory compliance consultations, general counsel representation and various legal matters throughout 2024.

Marketing and advertising

Marketing and advertising remained at less than $0.1 million during all periods.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization remained at less than $0.1 million during all periods presented.

Net unrealized loss on digital assets

Net unrealized loss on digital assets increased by $10.1 million, or (100.0)%, to $10.1 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025. The Company did not hold any digital assets throughout periods prior to September 12, 2025.

Other derivative loss

Other derivative loss increased by $14.7 million, or (100.0)%, to $14.7 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, which was driven by the market price of the Company's Class A common stock being higher than the price agreed-upon as part of the exchange of bitcoin for Class A common shares at the exchange date.

Other income

Other income decreased by $0.1 million, or (62.5)%, to $0.1 million ($68 thousand for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $10 thousand for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was due to decreases in market interest rates as well as a non-recurring expense incurred during the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025.

Transaction costs

Transaction costs increased by $17.8 million, or (100.0)%, to $17.8 million ($7.5 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $10.3 million for the period from July 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from no transaction costs for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to accounting and legal costs incurred related to the Asset Entities Merger and the pending Semler Merger, which did not occur during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment increased by $140.8 million, or (100.0)%, to $140.8 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025. The Company performed an impairment assessment of goodwill and intangible assets acquired as part of the Asset Entities Merger and determined that these assets were impaired. No such impairments occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents information regarding the consolidated results of operations for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 (Successor) and for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025 (Predecessor) compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (Predecessor) (amounts in thousands, other than percentages):

27

Investment advisory fees

Investment advisory fees increased by $1.9 million, or 73.2%, to $4.4 million ($0.2 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $4.2 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $2.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was driven by an increase in assets under management of existing Strive offerings, leading to an increase in investment advisory fees of $1.8 million, coupled with additional Strive fund offerings launched in 2024 and 2025.

Other revenue

Other revenue remained at less than $0.1 million during all periods.

Fund management and administration

Fund management and administration expense increased by $1.0 million, or 29.9%, to $4.5 million ($0.3 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $4.3 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to expansion in AUM held within previously launched Strive funds, which led to a $0.8 million increase, as well as additional Strive fund offerings launched

Employee compensation and benefits

Employee compensation and benefits expense increased by $19.5 million, or 301.3%, to $25.9 million ($18.7 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $7.2 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $6.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily a result of stock compensation expense recorded during the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 as a result of the achievement of the liquidity event performance condition, which resulted in an increase of $16.3 million, largely due to the one-time catch up of previously time-vested awards. This was paired with an increase in the average headcount in 2025 compared to 2024.

General and administrative expense

General and administrative expense decreased by $5.4 million, or (53.4)%, to $4.7 million ($0.4 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $4.2 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $10.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in legal and consulting expenses of $5.1 million related to the launch of the wealth management business line in late 2024, regulatory compliance consultations, general counsel representation and various legal matters throughout 2024.

Marketing and advertising

Marketing and advertising decreased by less than $0.2 million, or (43.8)%, to $0.2 million ($18 thousand for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $0.2 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to additional marketing consulting and advertising services as a result of additional public relations efforts throughout 2024.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased by less than $0.1 million, or 14.2%, to $0.2 million ($12 thousand for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $0.1 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was due to purchases of property, plant, and equipment during 2024.

Net unrealized loss on digital assets

Net unrealized loss on digital assets increased by $10.1 million, or (100.0)%, to $10.1 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025. The Company did not hold any digital assets during periods prior to September 12, 2025.

Other derivative loss

Other derivative loss increased by $14.7 million, or (100.0)%, to $14.7 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, which was driven by the market price of the Company's Class A common stock being higher than the price agreed-upon as part of the exchange of bitcoin for Class A common shares at the exchange date.

Other income

Other income increased by $0.2 million, or 30.8%, to $0.7 million ($68 thousand for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $0.6 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was due to an increase in the average level of holdings of interest-bearing assets during 2025 as compared to 2024.

Transaction costs

Transaction costs increased by $23.2 million, or (100.0)%, to $23.2 million ($7.5 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025 and $15.7 million for the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025) from no transaction costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to accounting and legal costs incurred related to the Asset Entities Merger and the pending Semler Merger, which did not occur during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment increased by $140.8 million, or (100.0)%, to $140.8 million for the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025. The Company performed an impairment assessment of goodwill and intangible assets acquired as part of the Asset Entities Merger and determined that these assets were impaired. No such impairments occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

The following table summarizes Strive's available liquidity (in thousands):

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. Cash and cash equivalents may include holdings in bank demand deposits, money market investments, and certificates of deposit. Strive considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Short-term investments consist of U.S. Treasury Bills that have a maturity exceeding three months and less than 12 months at the time of purchase. Strive classifies short-term investments as held-to-maturity based on Strive’s intent and ability to hold these investments until maturity. The Company decreased holdings of short-term investments period-over-period, instead holding in cash and cash equivalents, to meet commitments from recent transactions and to opportunistically invest in bitcoin and bitcoin-related product investments.

Although the Company holds significant investments in bitcoin, all of which are unencumbered, the Company's intention is to hold these assets and not liquidate any such investments for working capital needs.

Management believes that Strive's liquidity position puts the Company in a position of strategic advantage to execute on strategic initiatives and meet working capital needs for at least the next twelve months.

Capital resources

On September 12, 2025, the Company consummated a private offering of Class A common stock, Pre-Funded Warrants, and Traditional Warrants, pursuant to which it issued 345.5 million shares of Class A common stock, 209.8 million PIPE Pre-Funded Warrants, and 555.3 million PIPE Traditional Warrants, and received gross proceeds of $749.6 million, with the ability to raise $749.6 million in additional gross proceeds upon the exercise of such warrants. Each PIPE Pre-Funded Warrant became immediately exercisable, and will be exercisable until each PIPE Pre-Funded Warrant is exercised in full.

Each PIPE Traditional Warrant became immediately exercisable, and will expire on the first anniversary of the effectiveness date of the registration statement covering the resale of the PIPE securities.

On September 15, 2025, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Company, from time to time, at its option, may offer and sell shares of its Class A common stock to or through the Agent, acting as the principal and/or the sole agent, having an aggregate sales price of up to $450.0 million. During the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, the Company issued 11.0 million shares of Class A common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of $59.2 million. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has the availability to raise approximately $390.8 million through the issuance and sale of its Class A common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

On September 15, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $500.0 million of its Class A common stock through a share repurchase program. Repurchases may be made from time-to-time, subject to general business and market conditions, other investment opportunities, and applicable legal requirements. Repurchases may be made through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, including through Rule 10b5-1 plans. During the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, the Company has not repurchased any Class A common stock. As of September 30, 2025, $500.0 million of our Class A common stock remains available through the share repurchase program.

On November 10, 2025, we issued 2,000,000 shares of SATA Stock in a public offering registered under the Securities Act. In connection with such issuance, we filed the certificate of designation for the SATA Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada designating an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of, and establishing the terms of, the SATA Stock. We received approximately $149.3 million of net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and our offering expenses, from the issuance of our SATA Stock in the initial public offering of SATA Stock. All net proceeds from the offering were used for general corporate purposes, including the acquisition of bitcoin and for working capital.

Contractual and Other Obligations

As of September 30, 2025, our material contractual obligations and commitments primarily include operating leases and employee compensation agreements. Strive did not have any long-term debt or other long-term liabilities as of September 30, 2025.

Strive maintains operating leases for its office locations in Dallas, Texas and Dublin, Ohio. In May 2025, Strive entered into an agreement to sub-lease the Dublin, Ohio office location to a third-party for substantially the same terms as Strive’s lease. At September 30, 2025, Strive had operating lease payment obligations of approximately $5.6 million, of which $0.7 million is payable within 12 months. Of these amounts, $2.4 million of the future lease obligations, $0.3 million of which is due within 12 months, relate to amounts that will be recovered through lease payments from our sub-tenant for the Dublin, Ohio lease.

The following table summarizes Strive's cash flow activities (in thousands):

Net cash used in operating activities

The primary sources of our cash and cash equivalents from operating activities are collections from customers related to investment advisory services and interest collections from our short-term investments and holdings of cash and cash equivalents. Our primary uses of cash and cash equivalents are from general and administrative expenses and employee-related expenditures. Non-cash items to reconcile net loss to net cash and cash equivalents used in operating activities include depreciation and amortization, accretion of discount on short-term investments, amortization of right-of-use assets and liabilities, unrealized gain (loss) on digital assets, other derivative loss, share-based compensation expense, goodwill and intangible asset impairments, and non-cash transaction expenses.

For the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents used in operating activities was $14.0 million. This was primarily driven by a $192.3 million net loss generated by Strive, which in turn was driven by a goodwill and intangible asset impairment of $140.8 million, net investment losses of $24.9 million, operating expenses of $19.5 million, and transaction costs of $7.5 million, partially offset by total revenues of $0.3 million. Strive’s net loss was adjusted for non-cash items totaling $184.9 million. Further, Strive had a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $6.6 million, driven by a decrease in accounts payable and other liabilities of $5.4 million and an increase in prepaid expenses of $2.9 million, which were partially offset by a decrease in other current assets of $1.5 million and an increase in compensation and benefits payable of $0.3 million.

For the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents used in operating activities was $18.2 million. This was primarily driven by a $27.0 million net loss generated by Strive, which in turn was driven by operating expenses of $16.1 million, and transaction costs of $15.7 million, partially offset by total revenues of $4.2 million and net other income of $0.6 million. Strive’s net loss was adjusted for non-cash items totaling $2.5 million. Further, Strive had a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $6.2 million, driven by an increase in accounts payable and other liabilities of $9.8 million, which was partially offset by a decrease compensation and benefits payable of $1.0 million, an increase in prepaid expenses of $0.2 million, an increase in other current assets of $1.6 million, and an increase in other non-current assets of $0.7 million.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash and cash equivalents used in operating activities was $15.5 million. This was primarily driven by a $17.5 million net loss generated by Strive, which in turn was driven by operating expenses of $20.6 million, partially offset by total revenues of $2.6 million and net other income of $0.5 million. Strive’s net loss was adjusted for non-cash items totaling $0.2 million. Further, Strive had a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $1.7 million, driven by an increase in accounts payable and other liabilities of $1.3 million and an increase in compensation and benefits payable of $0.9 million, which were partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses of $0.2 million and an increase in other current assets of $0.4 million.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

For the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents used in investing activities was $674.7 million, primarily due to purchases of digital asset investments of $675.0 million and purchases of intangible assets of $0.1 million, partially offset by cash acquired through the Asset Entities Merger of $0.4 million.

For the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents provided by investing activities was $16.5 million, primarily due to net proceeds from short-term investments of $16.6 million, partially offset purchases of intangible assets of $0.1 million.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash and cash equivalents used in investing activities was $11.7 million, primarily due to net purchases of short-term investments of $11.5 million and purchases of property, plant, and equipment of $0.2 million.

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

For the period from September 12, 2025 to September 30, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents provided by financing activities was $793.8 million, primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of Class A common stock of $525.6 million, proceeds from the issuance of pre-funded warrants of $283.2 million, proceeds from the exercise of warrants of $13.0 million, which were partially offset by the payment of financing issuance costs of $28.0 million.

For the period from January 1, 2025 to September 11, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents used in investing activities was $0.5 million, primarily due to repurchases of preferred stock of $0.5 million.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash and cash equivalents provided by investing activities was $28.9 million, primarily due to net proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock of $28.9 million, partially offset by repurchases of preferred stock of $0.1 million.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This Quarterly Report contains certain non-GAAP financial measures, consisting of non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss) and non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share. Non-GAAP financial measures are subject to material limitations as they are not measurements prepared in accordance with GAAP and are not a substitute for such measurements. Our non-GAAP financial measures are not meant to be considered in isolation and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We rely primarily on such consolidated financial statements to understand, manage, and evaluate our business performance and use the non-GAAP financial measures as supplemental information. Reconciliations of reported GAAP historic measures to adjusted non-GAAP measures are included in the financial schedules contained in this Quarterly Report.

Non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss)

Non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss) and the related non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share excludes the impact of (i) share-based compensation expense, (ii) depreciation and amortization, (iii) other derivative loss, (iv) transaction costs, and (v) goodwill and intangible asset impairments. We believe these measures offer management and investors insight as they exclude significant non-cash and/or non-recurring items. The following provides GAAP measures of net loss and net loss per diluted common share and the details with respect to reconciling the line items to non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss) and non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share (all amounts in thousands, other than share and per share information):

32

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and equity, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results and outcomes could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Critical accounting estimates involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and are estimates that have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

The following discussion about our market risk exposures involves forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements.

We are exposed to the impact of market price changes in bitcoin and interest rate risk.

Bitcoin Market Price Risk

We have invested, and plan to continue to invest, a significant amount of our capital into bitcoin and bitcoin-related products. Our investments in bitcoin are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using observed prices from active exchanges, with changes in fair value recorded in net income. The market price of bitcoin may fluctuate significantly, and declines in market price of bitcoin could result in a material adverse effect on our financial results in future periods. As of September 30, 2025, the Company held approximately 5,886 bitcoin with a fair value of $672.9 million.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily via our SATA Stock, which accumulates cumulative dividends, which we refer to in this Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk as “regular dividends”, at a variable dividend rate, which has been initially set at 12.00% per annum. However, we have the right, in our sole and absolute discretion, to adjust the regular dividend rate applicable to subsequent regular dividend periods, subject to certain restrictions, including restrictions on the maximum reduction of the dividend rate and a requirement to declare a dividend equal to at least the monthly SOFR per annum rate. Our current intention (which is subject to change in our sole and absolute discretion) is to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum in such manner as we believe is designed to cause the SATA Stock to trade at prices at or close to its stated amount of $100 per share.

As of November 10, 2025, if we determined to increase the regular dividend rate on our SATA Stock by 0.50%, the SATA Stock’s monthly dividend accrual would increase by approximately less than $0.1 million. We do not believe our interest rate risk exposure via the SATA Stock is material as of November 10, 2025.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer. Based on that evaluation, the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b) Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

As required by Rule 13a-15(d) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the Company's internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, there have been no such changes, during the third quarter of 2025.

Any investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Investors should carefully consider these risks described in Part I, Item 1A in “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, under the “Risk Factors” heading in our Form S-4 filed on August 6, 2025 and October 10, 2025, under the “Supplementary Risk Factors” filed as an exhibit to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 24, 2025 and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission before deciding whether to purchase our securities.

Risks Related to Our Preferred Stock

Our SATA Stock is senior to our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, junior to our existing and future indebtedness, structurally junior to the liabilities of our subsidiaries and subject to the rights and preferences of any other class or series of preferred stock that we may issue in the future.

If we liquidate, dissolve or wind up, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, then our assets will be available to distribute to our equity holders, including holders of our Class A common stock, our Class B common stock and our SATA Stock, only if all of our then-outstanding indebtedness is first paid in full. The remaining assets, if any, would then be allocated among the holders of our equity securities in accordance with their respective liquidation rights. If we issue any class or series of preferred stock senior to our SATA Stock, which we refer to as “liquidation senior stock,” in the future, then the amounts due upon that liquidation senior stock must be paid in full before any payments can be made on the SATA Stock or common stock. If any assets remain after any liquidation senior stock is paid in full, those assets will be distributed pro rata among holders of the SATA Stock and any series of preferred stock with liquidation parity with our SATA Stock, which we refer to as “liquidation parity stock,” with any remaining assets distributed to holders of our common stock. There may be insufficient remaining assets available to pay the liquidation preference and unpaid accumulated dividends on our SATA Stock in which case holders of our common stock would not receive any value for their shares. If we issue any dividend senior stock in the future, such dividend senior stock could contain provisions that prohibit us from paying accumulated dividends on our SATA Stock, or from purchasing, redeeming or acquiring our SATA Stock until and unless we first pay accumulated dividends in full on such dividend senior stock.

In addition, our subsidiaries have no obligation to pay any amounts on the SATA Stock. If any of our subsidiaries liquidates, dissolves or winds up, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, then we, as a direct or indirect common equity owner of that subsidiary, will be subject to the prior claims of that subsidiary’s creditors, including trade creditors and preferred equity holders, if any. We may never receive any amounts from that subsidiary, and, accordingly, the assets of that subsidiary may never be available to make payments on the SATA Stock.

We may not have sufficient funds to pay dividends in cash on our SATA Stock, or we may choose not to pay dividends on our SATA Stock, and regulatory and contractual restrictions may prevent us from declaring or paying dividends on our SATA Stock.

Concurrent with the closing of our registered public offering of our SATA Stock, we established a dividend reserve in an amount equal to the first 12 months of dividend payments (assuming dividend payments are made at a rate of 12.00% per annum) calculated as of the date of the offering of our SATA Stock (the “Dividend Reserve”) by depositing $12.00 per share of SATA Stock into a separate account (the “Dividend Payment Account”) funded by us with existing cash on hand. Subject to compliance with Nevada law and any other applicable requirements, we may make dividend distributions from the Dividend Payment Account or from any other account maintained by us to the holders of the then-outstanding SATA Stock on a monthly basis following the closing of our registered public offering of our SATA Stock. Following the 12-month period after such closing, we expect to fund any dividends paid in cash on the SATA Stock primarily through additional capital raising activities, including, but not limited to, at-the-market offerings of our Class A common stock. Our ability to declare and pay cash dividends on our SATA Stock will depend on many factors, including the following:

• our financial condition, including the amount of cash we have on hand;
• the amount of cash, if any, generated by our operations and financing activities (including our ability to raise additional capital from the equity capital markets on favorable terms or at all);
• our anticipated financing needs, including the amounts needed to service our indebtedness or other obligations, which may be impacted by our ability to sell equity which is reliant on maintaining effective registration statements, certain market conditions, such as sufficient liquid trading volume for our stock, the market price of our securities, the value of our bitcoin holdings, investor sentiment and the general public perception of bitcoin, our strategy and our value proposition;
• the degree to which we decide to reinvest any cash generated by our operations or financing activities to fund our future operations;
• the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us;
• regulatory restrictions on our ability to pay dividends, including under the Nevada Revised Statutes;
• our ability to sell equity securities under existing or new at-the-market offering programs; and
• contractual restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

In addition, our board of directors or any duly authorized committee thereof may choose not to pay accumulated dividends on our SATA Stock for any reason. Accordingly, we may pay less than the full amount of accumulated dividends on our SATA Stock. If we fail to declare and pay accumulated dividends on our SATA Stock in full, then the value of our SATA Stock, as well as our Class A common stock, will likely decline.

Provisions contained in the instruments governing our future indebtedness may restrict or prohibit us from paying cash dividends on our SATA Stock. If the terms of our indebtedness restrict or prohibit us from paying dividends, then we may seek to refinance that indebtedness or seek a waiver that would permit the payment of dividends. However, we may be unable or may choose not to refinance the indebtedness or obtain a waiver.

Under the Nevada Revised Statutes, we may declare dividends on our SATA Stock if, after giving each dividend effect, we are able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business and our total assets would be more than the sum of our total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed, if we were to be dissolved immediately after the time of the dividend, to satisfy the preferential rights upon such dissolution of holders of shares of any class or series of our capital stock having preferential rights superior to those receiving the dividend.

If we fail to declare and pay full dividends on our SATA Stock, then we will be prohibited from paying dividends on our Class A common stock and any other junior securities, subject to limited exceptions. Although we do not currently pay dividends on our Class A common stock, if we decide to do so in the future, a reduction or elimination of dividends on our Class A common stock may cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to decline, which, in turn, will likely depress the value of our SATA Stock.

We have not engaged an escrow or independent third-party agent to manage the distribution of dividends of our SATA Stock, including dividends from the Dividend Payment Account, nor entered into an escrow agreement or other similar arrangement.

We have not engaged, and do not intend to engage, an escrow or independent third-party agent to manage the distribution of dividends of our SATA Stock, including dividends from the Dividend Payment Account, nor entered into, and do not intend to enter into, an escrow agreement or other similar arrangement. While we intend to manage the distribution of dividends in good faith, there will not be independent custodianship of the funds allocated for distribution to the holders of our SATA Stock as dividends, which may result in the mismanagement or misallocation of such funds. In addition, the absence of an escrow or independent third-party agent imposes additional operational and administrative burdens on senior management, and holders of our SATA Stock may experience delayed or incorrect distributions of their dividends.

Our SATA Stock has only limited voting rights.

Our SATA Stock confers no voting rights except with respect to certain dividend arrearages, certain amendments to the terms of our SATA Stock, and certain other limited circumstances, and except as required by the Nevada Revised Statutes. Holding our SATA Stock will not confer the right to vote together with holders of our Class A common stock on matters on which our holders of Class A common stock are entitled to vote. For example, holders of our SATA Stock, as such, do not have the right to vote in the general election of our directors, although those holders will have a limited right, voting together with holders of any voting parity stock, if any, with similar voting rights regarding the election of directors upon a failure to pay dividends, which similar voting rights are then exercisable, to elect one director upon the occurrence of a regular dividend non-payment event. For the full terms of our SATA Stock, see Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025. However, because certain existing holders of Strive, including Vivek Ramaswamy, by virtue of our dual-class structure, control a majority of the voting power of our common stock, the impact of any such election may be limited. Accordingly, the voting provisions of our SATA Stock may not afford meaningful protections.

Without the consent of any holder of our SATA Stock or Class A common stock, we may issue preferred stock in the future that ranks equally with our SATA Stock with respect to dividends and liquidation rights, which may adversely affect the rights of holders of our SATA Stock and our Class A common stock.

Without the consent of any holder of SATA Stock or Class A common stock, we may authorize and issue preferred stock (including additional SATA Stock) that ranks equally with our SATA Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and other distributions or the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up. If we issue any such equally ranked preferred stock in the future, the rights of holders of our SATA Stock and our Class A common stock will be diluted and the value of our SATA Stock and Class A common stock may decline. For example, if we issue any dividend parity stock in the future, no dividends may be declared or paid on the SATA Stock unless regular dividends are simultaneously declared on any dividend parity preferred stock on a pro rata basis. The issuance of any preferred stock in the future would also have the effect of further subordinating our Class A common stock.

The terms of our SATA Stock will not impose any contractual restrictions on our use of the Dividend Payment Account and the Dividend Payment Account could be subject to the claims of creditors.

We have established a Dividend Payment Account to hold the Dividend Reserve for dividend distributions payable to the holders of our then-outstanding SATA Stock. However, the terms of our SATA Stock do not impose any contractual restrictions or limit our discretion on how we may use the funds in the Dividend Payment Account, nor grant any liens or contractual rights in favor of the holders of our SATA Stock over such funds. For example, we are permitted to invest the proceeds of the Dividend Payment Account in various capital preservation instruments, including short-term investment grade, interest-bearing securities, and money-market funds. We expect that any investment income earned from the Dividend Payment Account will be remitted to us to use for working capital or general corporate purposes, including the acquisition of additional bitcoin. In addition, we are not contractually required to increase our contributions to the Dividend Payment Account if the dividend rate increases above 12.00% or if we issue additional SATA Stock following the Closing. In the event we experience any insolvency issues and/or file for bankruptcy, the proceeds held in the Dividend Payment Account could be subject to the claims of creditors.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of our Class A common stock, our debt instruments, our SATA Stock, or other classes or series of preferred stock could depress the price of our listed securities.

We may issue and sell additional shares of Class A common stock, shares of SATA Stock, notes, or other securities in subsequent offerings to raise capital or issue such securities for other purposes, including in connection with the acquisition of additional bitcoin. For example:

• between September 12, 2025 and September 30, 2025, we issued and sold $59.2 million of shares of Class A common stock through our existing at-the-market equity offering program; and
• on November 10, 2025, we issued and sold $160 million of shares of our SATA Stock.

On September 15, 2025, we filed a prospectus for a new at-the-market equity offering program pursuant to which we may sell Class A common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $450 million from time to time, through Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as agent, under a Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”). As of September 30, 2025, we may issue and sell additional Class A common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $390.8 million from time to time under the Sales Agreement. We cannot predict:

• the size and terms of future issuances of equity securities; or
• the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our securities will have on the market price of our listed securities.

Transactions involving newly issued Class A common stock, SATA Stock, debt, other series of preferred stock could result in possibly substantial dilution of or decrease in the market price of our Class A common stock and our SATA Stock.

Our right to unilaterally reduce the regular dividend rate of the SATA Stock could cause the SATA Stock to accumulate dividends at rates that are below those of otherwise comparable instruments, could cause the trading price or value of the SATA Stock to decrease, and could otherwise significantly harm investors.

The SATA Stock will accumulate cumulative regular dividends on the stated amount thereof at a variable rate per annum equal to the monthly regular dividend rate per annum. The monthly regular dividend rate per annum has been initially set at 12.00%. However, we will have the right, in our sole and absolute discretion, to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum that applies to each regular dividend period that begins after the first regular dividend period. Our right to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum will be subject to certain restrictions. For example, we will not be permitted to reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum that will apply to any regular dividend period (i) by more than the following amount from the monthly regular dividend rate per annum applicable to the prior regular dividend period: the sum of (1) 25 basis points; and (2) the excess, if any, of (x) the monthly SOFR per annum on the first business day of such prior regular dividend period, over (y) the minimum of the monthly SOFR per annum rates that occur on the business days during the period from, and including, the first business day of such prior regular dividend period to, and including, the last business day of such prior regular dividend period; or (ii) to a rate per annum that is less than the monthly SOFR per annum in effect on the business day before we provide notice of the next regular dividend rate. In addition, we will not be entitled to reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum of the SATA Stock unless, at the time we provide the related notice of the adjustment, all accumulated regular dividends, if any, on the SATA Stock then outstanding for all prior completed regular dividend periods, if any, have been paid in full (or have been declared in full and consideration in kind and amount that is sufficient, in accordance with the certificate of designation, to pay such accumulated regular dividends, is set aside for the benefit of the preferred stockholders entitled thereto). For the full terms of our SATA Stock, see Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025.

Our current intention, which is subject to change in our sole and absolute discretion, is to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum in such a manner as we believe will maintain SATA Stock’s trading price within its stated long-term range of $95 and $105 per share. We may, at any time in our sole and absolute discretion, and without the consent of any holder of SATA Stock, choose to reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum to the maximum extent permitted by the terms of the SATA Stock, without regard to the impact that reduction may have on the trading price or value of the SATA Stock.

If we reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum, then the trading price or value of the SATA Stock could decrease significantly. If you hold SATA Stock at the time of such a decrease, the value of your investment could materially depreciate, and you may not be able to resell your SATA Stock at favorable prices, if at all. Moreover, the mere existence of our right to unilaterally reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum could, in itself and without any actual reduction in the monthly regular dividend rate per annum, cause the SATA Stock to trade at prices below those that may otherwise be expected.

Notwithstanding the limitations on our ability to reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum, the trading price of SATA Stock could decline significantly if, for example, we reduce the dividend rate in successive regular dividend periods, or there is a market expectation that we do so. Further, consecutive monthly reductions of the regular dividends rate on the SATA Stock may cause the regular dividend rate on SATA Stock to be viewed as reasonably expected to decline, which could result in adverse consequences to holders of SATA Stock. See “—The tax rules applicable to “fast-pay stock” could result in adverse consequences to holders of SATA Stock” above. If we reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum to the minimum dividend rate of the monthly SOFR per annum, and the monthly SOFR per annum thereafter increases, we will have no obligation to increase the monthly regular dividend rate per annum to the new monthly SOFR per annum. Moreover, SOFR has a limited history, and its future performance cannot be predicted.

Despite our current intention, which is to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum in such a manner as we believe will maintain SATA Stock’s trading price within its stated long-term range of $95 and $105 per share, since we are permitted to exercise our right to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum for any reason, the trading price of the SATA Stock could be significantly volatile. For example, we could choose to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum for reasons not directly related to the market value of our bitcoin holdings, the credit spreads on our other debt and preferred stock instruments, or the interest rate environment. Accordingly, the trading profile of our SATA Stock could be significantly different than that of our other securities. Increased volatility could harm investors by, for example, causing wide fluctuations in the implied yield of the SATA Stock and otherwise increasing the uncertainty regarding the price at which investors may resell their SATA Stock, if at all.

Certain provisions of the SATA Stock are intended to protect investors in the event we fail to declare and pay regular dividends on the SATA Stock. These provisions include restrictions on our ability to make payments on, or engage in certain other transactions relating to, other classes of our capital stock that rank junior to, or on parity with, the SATA Stock. For the full terms of our SATA Stock, see Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025. Our ability to reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum could cause these provisions to be inadequate to protect investors. For example, we could reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum to a sufficiently low rate that permits us to pay all accumulated regular dividends and avoid invoking the protective measures of these provisions.

We may be unsuccessful in achieving, or may abandon, our current intention of adjusting the regular dividend rate on our SATA Stock in such a manner as we believe (in our sole and absolute judgment) would be designed to cause the SATA Stock to trade at prices, or otherwise have a value, within its targeted long-term trading range of $95 and $105 per share.

Our current intention, which is subject to change in our sole and absolute discretion, is to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum on our SATA Stock in such a manner as we believe will maintain SATA Stock’s trading price within its stated long-term range of $95 and $105 per share. However, we have no obligation to do so, and even if we attempt to achieve our current stated intent, any adjustments we make to the monthly regular dividend rate per annum, or any other actions we take, may fail to achieve or maintain a long-term trading level for the SATA Stock between $95 and $105 per share. For example, if the SATA Stock is trading at a price per share above $105 and we reduce the monthly regular dividend rate per annum with the goal of decreasing the trading price per share of the SATA Stock, such reduction may cause the trading price of the SATA Stock to decrease by a greater amount than we anticipate. Similarly, if the SATA Stock is trading at a price per share below $95 and we increase the monthly regular dividend rate per annum with the goal of increasing the trading price per share of the SATA Stock, such increase may cause the trading price of the SATA Stock to increase by a lesser amount than we anticipate. Further, for any additional shares of SATA Stock that we issue (whether in an “at-the-market” or similar offering or otherwise following the listing of SATA Stock on The Nasdaq Global Market), our current intention (which is subject to change in our sole and absolute discretion) is to issue any such shares of SATA Stock at a price per share not less than $95 or more than $110. However, we may issue any additional shares of SATA Stock (whether in an “at-the-market” or similar offering or otherwise following the listing of SATA Stock on The Nasdaq Global Market) at any price we choose. Like any other security, the trading price or value of the SATA Stock will depend on a wide range of factors, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control. While we expect that the dividend rate on the SATA Stock will directly impact its trading price or value, there are many other factors that could have equal or more significant impacts. Any adjustment we make to the monthly regular dividend rate per annum on the SATA Stock that is designed to achieve a specified trading price or value will, necessarily, be based on assumptions regarding those other factors. These assumptions will always be inaccurate or incomplete to some degree, and potentially to a material extent. Moreover, even if such an adjustment initially achieves a specified trading price or value, the trading price or value may fluctuate significantly throughout the relevant regular dividend period before we have an opportunity to adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum for the next regular dividend period. Importantly, the mere existence of our right to unilaterally adjust the monthly regular dividend rate per annum will impact the trading price and value of the SATA Stock. Specifically, we expect the trading price of the SATA Stock at any time to reflect the market’s expectations at that time regarding how we will exercise this right in the foreseeable future. Comments we make regarding our intentions regarding the adjustment of the monthly regular dividend rate per annum could also impact the trading price and value of the SATA Stock. Modeling the impact of market expectations on the trading price of the SATA Stock may be impossible. For example, if we increase, or announce an intention to increase, the monthly regular dividend rate per annum, then the trading price of the SATA Stock may in fact decrease if the market expected us to make a larger increase. From time to time, we may publicly disclose our expected policies regarding adjustments to the monthly regular dividend rate per annum of the SATA Stock. These disclosures may include specific numerical frameworks setting forth the amount of any change to the monthly regular dividend rate per annum that we intend to make based on the trading price of the SATA Stock or other metrics. In all cases, these disclosures refer only to our current intent as of the time of the applicable disclosure; they are neither a guarantee that the SATA Stock will trade at a specified price in response to any changes to the monthly regular dividend rate per annum, nor a guarantee that we will make any specific adjustment to the monthly regular dividend rate per annum. Moreover, we are free to abandon our stated intent, as described above, or any policies or frameworks that we may subsequently disclose publicly, at any time in our sole and, at any time in our sole and absolute discretion and without the consent of any preferred stockholder. See “—Our right to unilaterally reduce the regular dividend rate of the SATA Stock could cause the SATA Stock to accumulate dividends at rates that are below those of otherwise comparable instruments, could cause the trading price or value of the SATA Stock to decrease, and could otherwise significantly harm investors” above.

Holders of our SATA Stock may be treated as receiving deemed distributions, and consequently may be subject to tax with respect to our SATA Stock under certain circumstances, even though no corresponding distribution of cash has been made.

Under Section 305 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), holders of our SATA Stock may be treated as receiving a deemed distribution on our SATA Stock under certain circumstances, including (i) an increase in the liquidation preference of our SATA Stock, (ii) if our SATA Stock is issued at a discount or (iii) if we can call the SATA Stock at a price above its issue price. The liquidation preference of the SATA Stock is subject to adjustment in the manner described in Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025, which adjustment may result in an increase in the liquidation preference. In addition, if our board of directors does not declare a dividend on our SATA Stock in respect of any dividend period before the related dividend payment date, the deferred dividend may be treated as an increase in the liquidation preference of our SATA Stock. In either case, any increase in the liquidation preference could give rise to a deemed dividend to holders of our SATA Stock. Although the matter is not entirely clear, we believe any such adjustment of liquidation preference in the manner described in Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025, deferred dividend, discount or call premium should not be treated as giving rise to a deemed distribution on our SATA Stock. However, there is no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or an applicable withholding agent will not take a contrary position. It is also possible you may be treated as receiving a deemed distribution under Section 305 of the Code if we elect to increase the price at which we exercise our optional redemption right, with the likelihood of such treatment depending on the circumstances existing at the time the redemption price is adjusted. Any deemed distribution will generally be taxable to the same extent as a cash distribution. In addition, for any holder of our SATA Stock that is a non-U.S. holder, any deemed distribution could be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable treaty. Because deemed distributions received by a holder of our SATA Stock would not give rise to any cash from which any applicable withholding tax could be satisfied, if we (or an applicable withholding agent) pay withholding (including backup withholding) on behalf of a holder of our SATA Stock, we (or an applicable withholding agent) may set off any such payment against, or withhold such taxes from, payments of cash to such holder of our SATA Stock or sales proceeds received by, or other funds or assets of, such holder of our SATA Stock, or require alternative arrangements with respect to such withholding taxes. The application of the rules under Section 305 of the Code to our SATA Stock is uncertain, and holders of our SATA Stock should consult their tax advisors about the impact of these rules in their particular situations.

Holders of our SATA Stock may not be entitled to the dividends-received deduction or preferential tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income.

Distributions paid to corporate U.S. holders of our SATA Stock may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction and distributions paid to non-corporate U.S. holders of our SATA Stock may be subject to tax at the preferential tax rates applicable to “qualified dividend income” if we have current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes and certain holding period and other requirements are met. We may not have sufficient current or accumulated earnings and profits during any fiscal year for the distributions on our SATA Stock to qualify as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If any distributions on our SATA Stock with respect to any fiscal year are not eligible for the dividends-received deduction or for the preferential tax rates applicable to “qualified dividend income” because of insufficient current or accumulated earnings and profits, the market value of the SATA Stock may decline.

The tax rules applicable to “fast-pay stock” could result in adverse consequences to holders of our SATA Stock.

Under Treasury Regulations promulgated under Section 7701(l) of the Code (the “Fast-Pay Stock Regulations”), if stock of a corporation is structured such that dividends paid with respect to the stock are economically (in whole or in part) a return of the stockholder’s investment (rather than a return on the stockholder’s investment), then the stock is characterized as “fast-pay stock” and is subject to adverse tax reporting requirements and potentially penalties, as described below. In addition, under the Fast-Pay Stock Regulations, unless clearly demonstrated otherwise, stock is presumed to be fast-pay stock if it is structured to have a dividend that is reasonably expected to decline (as opposed to a dividend rate that is reasonably expected to fluctuate or remain constant) (for such purpose, the dividend rate may be viewed as reasonably expected to decline if we are reasonably expected to stop paying regular dividends on our SATA Stock or if we are reasonably expected to reduce the monthly regular dividend rate over a meaningful time period) or is issued for an amount that exceeds (by more than a de minimis amount, as determined under applicable Treasury Regulations) the amount at which the stockholder can be compelled to dispose of the stock. It is not clear what amount would constitute “de minimis” in the case of stock with a perpetual term. The determination of whether stock is fast-pay stock is based on all the facts and circumstances. To determine whether it is fast-pay stock, stock is examined when issued, and, for stock that is not fast-pay stock when issued, when there is a significant modification in the terms of the stock or the related agreements or a significant change in the relevant facts and circumstances. The relevant tax regulations do not indicate the types of significant changes in facts and circumstances that are intended to give rise to such a determination, and therefore it is possible that such a change could arise when, for example, there is a change to the terms of optional redemption or a compounded dividend rate comes into effect. We do not believe that our SATA Stock is fast-pay stock. We may issue additional shares of our SATA Stock (or resell any shares that we or any of our subsidiaries have purchased or otherwise acquired) (such additional or resold shares, the “Additional Shares”). We do not intend to issue any Additional Shares that would be treated as fast-pay stock. Moreover, we intend to obtain advice of counsel in connection with future offerings of Additional Shares for the purpose of analyzing the consequences of issuing such Additional Shares in light of any legal developments regarding the definition of fast-pay stock. As the liquidation preference of the SATA Stock is subject to adjustment in the manner described in Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025 and our current intention is to issue any Additional Shares at a price per share not more than $110 plus accrued and unpaid dividends that may apply to such instrument at the time of its issuance, it is generally not expected that the Additional Shares would be issued at such a level of premium above their liquidation preference or optional redemption price at the time of sale of the Additional Shares so as to implicate the fast-pay stock rules. In addition, we do not intend to adjust the regular dividend rate in a manner that would cause the SATA Stock to be treated as fast-pay stock. Any adjustment to the regular dividend rate is expected to be consistent with our current intention to maintain a long-term trading level for the SATA Stock between $95 and $105 per share, and therefore the SATA Stock’s dividend rate is generally expected to fluctuate over time. Nonetheless, there may be increased risk that the IRS could assert that such Additional Shares constitute fast-pay stock. Transactions involving fast-pay stock arrangements are treated as “listed transactions” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Issuers and holders of any shares of fast-pay stock would be required to report their participation in the transaction on IRS Form 8886 on an annual basis with their U.S. federal income tax returns and would also be required to mail a copy of that form to the IRS Office of Tax Shelter Analysis. Failure to comply with those disclosure requirements could result in the assessment by the IRS of interest, additions to tax and onerous penalties. In addition, an accuracy-related penalty applies under the Code to any reportable transaction understatement attributable to a listed transaction if a significant purpose of the transaction is the avoidance or evasion of U.S. federal income tax. Furthermore, certain material advisors would also be required to file a disclosure statement with the IRS. If we determine that we are required to file an IRS Form 8886 (including a protective filing) in connection with the potential issuance of fast-pay stock with respect to our previously issued SATA Stock or Additional Shares, we intend to provide public notice to the holders of our previously issued SATA Stock or Additional Shares, as applicable, which notice may be by a press release, by publication on our investor relations website, or by filing a current report on Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Notwithstanding our intent not to issue Additional Shares that would be fast-pay stock, the rules regarding the definition of fast-pay stock are unclear in certain respects and, therefore, the IRS could disagree with our determination and treat such Additional Shares as fast-pay stock. In addition, even though we believe that our previously issued SATA Stock is not fast-pay stock, treatment of the Additional Shares as fast-pay stock could result in adverse consequences to holders of our previously issued SATA Stock because such Additional Shares may be indistinguishable from our previously issued SATA Stock. See “—A future issuance of Additional Shares could have an adverse tax profile, which could subject holders of our previously issued SATA Stock to adverse consequences” below. Accordingly, holders of our SATA Stock are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the Fast-Pay Stock Regulations and their potential consequences to an investment in our SATA Stock.

A future issuance of Additional Shares could have an adverse tax profile, which could subject holders of our previously issued SATA Stock to adverse consequences.

If we issue Additional Shares that have a different, and potentially adverse, tax profile or treatment for U.S. federal income tax purposes from our previously issued SATA Stock, since such Additional Shares would trade under the same CUSIP or other identifying number as that of our previously issued SATA Stock, our previously issued SATA Stock may be treated by subsequent purchasers, withholding agents and potentially the IRS as having the same profile or treatment as such Additional Shares if our previously issued SATA Stock is not otherwise distinguishable from the Additional Shares. For example, notwithstanding our intent not to issue any Additional Shares that are fast-pay stock, the IRS could assert that such Additional Shares constitute fast-pay stock. See “—The tax rules applicable to “fast-pay stock” could result in adverse consequences to holders of our SATA Stock.” above. Furthermore, if any Additional Shares are issued at a price that exceeds their liquidation preference, such Additional Shares would constitute “disqualified preferred stock” within the meaning of Section 1059(f)(2) of the Code and any corporate U.S. holder generally will be required to reduce its tax basis (but not below zero) in our SATA Stock by the amount of any dividends-received deduction it receives. The liquidation preference of the SATA Stock is subject to adjustment in the manner described in Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025, which adjustment may be taken into account for purposes of disqualified preferred stock determination. If Additional Shares issued are considered disqualified preferred stock, our previously issued SATA Stock could also be subject to same treatment as a practical matter due to fungible trading. If any Additional Shares are sold at a discount (or at a discount that exceeds the discount that applies to our previously issued SATA Stock), such Additional Shares may be subject to rules that require the accrual of such discount (or such greater discount) currently over the deemed term of the Additional Shares as deemed distributions under U.S. tax rules similar to those governing original issue discount for debt instruments. In that event, the IRS or a withholding agent may treat any such discount as resulting in deemed taxable distributions with respect to our previously issued SATA Stock as well as such Additional Shares. Because the IRS or other parties (such as withholding agents) may not be able to distinguish between our SATA Stock and the Additional Shares, a holder of our SATA Stock might be subject to adverse tax consequences or might be required to demonstrate to the IRS (or such other parties) that the holder purchased our SATA Stock as opposed to such Additional Shares. Moreover, any adverse tax consequences as described above in connection with the future issuance of Additional Shares may adversely affect the market value of our SATA Stock.

Provisions of our SATA Stock could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover of us.

Certain provisions in our SATA Stock could make a third-party attempt to acquire us more difficult or expensive. For example, if a takeover constitutes a fundamental change, then, subject to certain exceptions, holders of our SATA Stock will have the right to require us to repurchase their SATA Stock for cash. For the full terms of our SATA Stock, see Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025. These fundamental change provisions could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management, including in a transaction that holders of our SATA Stock or holders of our Class A common stock may view as favorable.

Your investment in the SATA Stock may be harmed if we redeem the SATA Stock.

We will have the right to redeem the SATA Stock in certain circumstances. For the full terms of our SATA Stock, see Item 1 to the Form 8-A we filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025. If we redeem your SATA Stock, then you may be unable to reinvest any proceeds from the redemption in comparable investments at favorable dividend or interest rates. Furthermore, if we elect to redeem the SATA Stock, the redemption price per share of SATA Stock that we redeem may be less than the price per share of SATA Stock that you may receive upon a sale of your SATA Stock in the open market. In addition, a redemption of less than all of the outstanding SATA Stock may harm the liquidity of the market for the unredeemed SATA Stock following the redemption. Accordingly, if your SATA Stock is not redeemed in a partial redemption, then you may be unable to sell your SATA Stock at the times you desire or at favorable prices, if at all, and the trading price of your SATA Stock may decline.

The accounting method for our SATA Stock may result in lower reported net earnings attributable to common stockholders and lower reported diluted earnings per share.

The accounting method for reflecting the provisions of our SATA Stock in our financial statements may adversely affect our reported earnings. Applicable accounting standards require us to separately account for certain redemption features associated with our SATA Stock as embedded derivatives. Under this treatment, any embedded derivatives are measured at its fair value and accounted for separately as liabilities that are marked-to-market at the end of each reporting period. For each financial statement period after the issuance of the SATA Stock, a gain or loss would be reported in our statement of operations to the extent the valuation of any of the embedded derivatives changes from the previous period. This accounting treatment may subject our reported net income (loss) to significant non-cash volatility. In addition, accounting standards may change in the future. Accordingly, we may account for our SATA Stock in a manner that is significantly different than described above.

Future sales or other dilution of our Class A common stock, including other equity-related securities, could dilute our existing stockholders or otherwise depress the market price of our Class A common stock and the value of our SATA Stock.

Future sales of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could negatively impact the market price of our Class A common stock, and, accordingly, the value of our SATA Stock. The terms of our SATA Stock do not restrict our ability to issue additional SATA Stock, Class A common stock or other equity-related securities in the future. Future sales or issuances of Class A common stock, SATA Stock or other equity-related securities could be dilutive to holders of our Class A common stock and SATA Stock and could adversely affect their voting and other rights and economic interests. If we issue additional shares of our SATA Stock, shares of Class A common stock (including as payment for regular dividends on our SATA Stock), or other equity-related securities, the price of our Class A common stock and the value of our SATA Stock may decline. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our Class A common stock or other securities or the effect, if any, that the issuance of our SATA Stock, and future sales and issuances of our Class A common stock and other securities would have on the market price of our Class A common stock and the value of our SATA Stock. The sale or the availability for sale of a large number of shares of Class A common stock in the public market could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.

Holding SATA Stock does not, in itself, confer any rights with respect to our Class A common stock.

Holding SATA Stock does not confer any rights with respect to our Class A common stock (including the voting rights of, and rights to receive any dividends or other distributions on, our Class A common stock). However, holders of our SATA Stock are subject to all changes affecting our Class A common stock to the extent the value of our SATA Stock depends on the market price of our Class A common stock. For example, if we propose an amendment to our charter documents that requires the approval of our Class A common stockholders but not the approval of the preferred stockholders, then holders of any SATA Stock will not, as such, be entitled to vote on the amendment, although those holders will be subject to any changes implemented by that amendment in the powers, preferences or special rights of our Class A common stock.