Tanger Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

The Company and the Operating Partnership

Tanger Inc. and its subsidiaries, which we refer to as the Company, is one of the leading owners and operators of outlet and other open-air retail destinations in the United States and Canada. We are a fully-integrated, self-administered and self-managed REIT, which focuses on developing, acquiring, owning, operating and managing outlet and other open-air retail centers. As of December 31, 2025, our consolidated portfolio consisted of 31 outlet centers and three open-air lifestyle centers, with a total gross leasable area of approximately 14.0 million square feet, which were 98% occupied and contained over 2,600 stores representing over 700 store brands. We also had partial ownership interests in six unconsolidated centers totaling approximately 2.1 million square feet, including two centers in Canada. Our portfolio also includes one managed center, totaling approximately 457,000 square feet. Each of our centers, except one joint venture center, features the Tanger brand name.

Our shopping centers and other assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted by, Tanger Properties Limited Partnership and its subsidiaries, which we refer to collectively as the Operating Partnership. The Company, including its wholly-owned subsidiary, Tanger LP Trust, owns the majority of the units of partnership interest issued by the Operating Partnership. The Company controls the Operating Partnership as its sole general partner. Tanger LP Trust holds a limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries owned 115,097,359 units of the Operating Partnership and the Non-Company LPs collectively owned 4,662,904 Class A common limited partnership units. Each Class A common limited partnership unit held by the Non-Company LPs is exchangeable for one of the Company's common shares, subject to certain limitations to preserve the Company's status as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Class B common limited partnership units, which are held by Tanger LP Trust, are not exchangeable for common shares of the Company.

In addition, as of December 31, 2025, 248,948 of LTIP units were outstanding. LTIP units are intended to qualify as “profits interests” for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are compensatory awards granted to service providers of the Company and the Operating Partnership. Each LTIP unit, if and upon vesting, is convertible, upon the satisfaction of minimum allocations to the capital account of the LTIP unit for federal income tax purposes, into a non-voting Class C common unit of the Operating Partnership. Each such Class C common unit may be exchanged by the holder for one common share of the Company.

Ownership of the Company's common shares is restricted to preserve the Company's status as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Subject to certain exceptions, a person may not actually or constructively own more than 9.8% of our common shares. We also operate in a manner intended to enable us to preserve our status as a REIT, including, among other things, making distributions with respect to our then outstanding common shares and preferred shares, if applicable, equal to at least 90% of our taxable income each year, excluding net capital gains.

The Company is a North Carolina corporation that was incorporated in March 1993 and the Operating Partnership is a North Carolina limited partnership that was formed in May 1993. Our executive offices are currently located at 3200 Northline Avenue, Suite 360, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27408 and our telephone number is (336) 292-3010. Our website can be accessed at www.tanger.inc (http://www.tanger.inc). Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto can be obtained, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information found on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this Annual Report or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").

Business Strategy

Our Company was built on a firm foundation of strong and enduring business relationships coupled with disciplined business practices. We partner with many of the world's best known and most respected brands and retailers. By fostering and maintaining strong relationships with these successful, high-volume companies, we believe we have been able to solidify our position as a leader in the outlet retail industry for over thirty years. The confidence and trust that we have developed with our retail partners from the very beginning has allowed us to forge the impressive retail alliances that we enjoy today with our brands and retailers. Our seasoned team of professionals with diverse sets of expertise utilize the knowledge and experience that we have gained to give us a competitive advantage in the outlet and other open-air retail formats.

The Outlet Concept

Outlet centers generally consist of stores operated by brands and retailers that sell primarily branded products, some of which are made specifically for the outlet distribution channel, to consumers at significant discounts from regular retail prices charged by department stores, specialty stores and their own full price channels. Outlet centers offer advantages to brands and retailers as they are often able to charge customers lower prices for branded and designer products by eliminating the third-party retailer or through operating efficiencies. Stores and outlet centers also typically have lower operating costs than other retailing formats, enhancing their profit potential. Outlet centers enable retailers to optimize the size of production runs and their inventory positions while continuing to maintain control of their distribution channels. Outlet centers also enable brands and retailers to establish a direct relationship with their customers and maintain brand integrity through control of product placement and pricing.

Our Centers

Each of our outlet centers, except one joint venture center, features the Tanger brand name. Additionally, we leverage the Tanger brand and platform to manage an outlet center in Palm Beach, Florida. We believe that our tenants and consumers recognize the Tanger brand as one that provides retail centers where consumers can trust the brand, value and experience.

In addition to our Tanger branded outlet portfolio, since 2023, we acquired three open-air lifestyle centers in Huntsville, Alabama, Little Rock, Arkansas and Cleveland, Ohio; which were natural extensions of our capabilities and consistent with our long-term strategy of investing in dominant open-air retail centers in markets that benefit from outsized residential and economic growth drivers.

As one of the original participants in the outlet industry and through key additions to our executive, leasing, operating and center teams, we have long-standing relationships with many of our tenants that we believe are critical in operating, managing, developing, and acquiring successful retail centers.

Our consolidated centers are typically located in a variety of geographical areas, including high frequency tourist destinations and suburbs of vibrant and fast-growing markets. Additionally, our centers are often situated in close proximity to interstate highways that provide accessibility and visibility to potential customers or that serve as the dominant shopping center in a market.

We have a diverse tenant base throughout our consolidated portfolio comprising over 2,600 stores operated by more than 700 different brand name companies. Our centers offer shoppers a curated mix of retailers specializing in apparel, footwear, accessories, athletic wear, athleisure, home furnishings, health and beauty, and digitally-native brands. Additionally, we are adding food, beverage, and entertainment options, along with other services, at our centers to attract new shoppers, extend visitor dwell time and increase frequency of visits.

No single tenant, including all of its store concepts, accounted for 10% or more of our combined base and percentage rental revenues during the years ended 2025, 2024 or 2023. As of December 31, 2025, no single tenant accounted for more than 7% of our leasable square feet or 6% of our combined base and percentage rental revenues.

A portion of our rental revenues are dependent on variable revenue sources. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the components of rental revenues are as follows (in thousands):

(1) Primarily includes rents based on a percentage of tenant gross sales volume and reimbursable expenses such as advertising, common area expenses, utilities, insurance and real estate taxes, which are paid on a pro rata basis.

Growth Strategy

Our goal is to build shareholder value through a comprehensive, disciplined plan for sustained, long-term growth. We focus our efforts on increasing net operating income at our existing centers, renovating and optimizing selected centers and pursuing disciplined external growth in our current markets and potential new markets through selective ground-up development or the acquisition of retail real estate. Future retail real estate assets may be wholly-owned by us, owned through joint ventures or partnership arrangements, or through management agreements.

Increasing net operating income at existing centers

Our leasing team focuses on optimizing the use of our real estate to attract and engage best in class brands and retailers with a focus on maximizing consumer demand and rent. The majority of our leases are negotiated to provide for inflation-based contractual rent increases or periodic fixed contractual rent increases and percentage rents. We have historically been able to renew many leases at higher base rents per square-foot and replace underperforming tenants with new or existing brands in our portfolio. Given the current retail environment, we may choose to execute leases with new tenants or renew certain tenants to enhance our tenant mix or maintain a high portfolio occupancy rate. In addition, we are focused on generating non-store revenues (other revenues), through marketing partnerships, media and return on investment ("ROI") driven sustainability initiatives, and actively managing property operating expenses and marketing expenses as a means of growing net operating income.

Expanding and renovating existing centers

Keeping our centers vibrant and growing is a key part of our formula for success. In order to maintain our reputation as the premier shopping destination in the markets that we serve, we have an ongoing program of renovations and expansions taking place at our centers. Construction for expansion and renovation of existing properties typically takes between six to nine months depending on the scope of the project.

Acquiring retail real estate

We may selectively choose to acquire individual properties or portfolios of properties that meet our strategic investment criteria. We believe that our extensive expertise in the retail real estate business, access to capital markets, familiarity with real estate markets and our management experience will allow us to evaluate and execute our acquisition strategy successfully over time. Through our tenant relationships, our teams have the ability to implement a re-merchandising strategy when needed to increase occupancy rates, optimize rents and maximize value. We believe that our brand operating platform and operational expertise and overall retail industry experience will also allow us to add long-term value and viability to these assets.

Developing new centers

We believe that there continue to be opportunities to introduce the Tanger brand in untapped or under-served markets across the United States and Canada in the long-term. We believe our expertise in the outlet and open-air retail industry, extensive development expertise and strong retail relationships give us a distinct competitive advantage.

In order to help ensure the viability of proceeding with a project, we first gauge the interest of our retail partners. We typically prefer to have signed leases or leases out for negotiation with tenants for at least 60% of the space in each center prior to acquiring the site and beginning construction; however, we may choose to proceed with construction with less than 60% of the space pre-leased under certain circumstances. Construction of a new center typically takes us 12 to 18 months from groundbreaking to the grand opening of the center.

Operating Strategy

Increasing cash flow to enhance the value of our properties and operations remains a primary business objective. Through targeted marketing and operational efficiencies, we strive to improve sales and profitability of our tenants and our centers as a whole. Achieving higher base and percentage rents and generating additional income from temporary leasing, media and other non-store sources also remains an important focus and goal.

Leasing

Our long-standing retailer relationships and our focus on identifying emerging retailers allow us the ability to provide our shoppers with a collection of the world's most popular retailers. Tanger customers shop and save on their favorite branded merchandise including men's, women's and children's ready-to-wear, digitally native brands, lifestyle apparel, footwear, jewelry and accessories, beauty, tableware, housewares, luggage and home goods. In addition, we are focused on adding non-traditional uses to our tenant mix, including experiential and food and beverage tenants. In order for our centers to perform at a high level, our leasing professionals continually monitor and evaluate tenant mix, store size, store location and sales performance. They also work to assist our tenants through re-sizing and re-location of retail space within each of our centers for maximum sales of each retail unit across our portfolio.

Marketing

Our comprehensive marketing plans are designed to drive sales and traffic in partnership with our retail partners. We leverage data to enable a return on our investment-oriented performance marketing approach for efficient customer acquisition. Investments to transform our digital channels allow us to engage existing customers with timely and personalized communications. Our loyalty strategies are two pronged – earning increased wallet share with vested customers and optimizing an incremental ancillary revenue stream. Our efforts to engage broad audiences through seasonal events and our digital channels enable our ability to monetize our customer audience for media and sponsorship opportunities with retail partners and nationally trusted brands.

Capital Strategy

We believe we achieve a strong and flexible financial position by attempting to: (1) maintain a conservative leverage position relative to our portfolio when pursuing new development, expansion and acquisition opportunities, (2) extend and sequence debt maturities, (3) manage our interest rate risk through an appropriate mix of fixed and variable rate debt and interest rate hedging strategies, (4) maintain access to liquidity by using our lines of credit in a conservative manner and (5) preserve internally generated sources of capital by maintaining a conservative distribution payout ratio. We manage our capital structure to reflect a long-term investment approach and utilize multiple sources of capital to meet our requirements, including without limitation, cash on hand, retained free cash flow and debt and equity issuances.

We intend to retain the ability to raise additional capital, including public debt or equity, to pursue attractive investment opportunities that may arise and to otherwise act in a manner that we believe to be in the best interests of our shareholders and unitholders. We are a well-known seasoned issuer with a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that allows us to register unspecified amounts of different classes of securities. To generate capital to reinvest into other attractive investment opportunities, we may also consider the use of financial, operational and developmental joint ventures, the sale or lease of outparcels on our existing properties and the sale of certain properties that do not meet our long-term investment criteria. Based on cash provided by operations, cash and cash equivalents, our short-term investments, existing lines of credit, ongoing relationships with certain financial institutions and our ability to issue debt or equity subject to market conditions, we believe that we have access to the necessary financing to fund our planned capital expenditures during 2026.

We anticipate that adequate cash will be available to fund our operating and administrative expenses, regular debt service obligations, and the payment of dividends in accordance with REIT requirements in both the short and long-term. Although we receive most of our rental payments on a monthly basis, distributions to shareholders and unitholders are made quarterly and interest payments on the senior, unsecured notes are made semi-annually. Amounts accumulated for such payments will be used in the interim to reduce the outstanding borrowings under our existing lines of credit or invested in short-term money market or other suitable instruments adhering to our investment policies.

We believe our current balance sheet position is financially sound, particularly given our recent expansion and extension of our term loans and issuance of our Exchangeable Notes in January 2026 along with capacity under our existing line of credit; however, due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of the capital and credit markets, we can give no assurance that affordable access to capital will exist between now and our next significant debt maturity, which is our $350.0 million unsecured senior notes due September 2026.

As a result, we will continue to focus on managing our capital and liquidity position by controlling our capital expenditure levels, generating positive cash flows from operations to cover our distributions and maintaining appropriate leverage levels.

Competition

We carefully consider the degree of existing and planned competition in a proposed area before deciding to develop, acquire or expand a new retail center. Our centers compete for customers primarily with retail centers built and operated by different developers, traditional shopping malls, full- and off-price retailers and e-commerce retailers.

Because our revenues are ultimately linked to our tenants' success, we are affected by the same competitive factors, such as consumer spending habits, as our tenants.

We compete with institutional pension funds, private equity investors, other REITs, individual owners of retail centers, specialty stores and others who are engaged in the acquisition, development or ownership of retail centers and stores. In addition, the number of entities competing to acquire or develop retail centers has increased and may continue to increase in the future, which could increase demand for these retail centers and the prices we must pay to acquire or develop them.

Financial Information

We have one reportable operating segment. For financial information regarding our segment, see our consolidated financial statements.

Corporate and Regional Headquarters

We rent space in an office building in Greensboro, North Carolina where our corporate headquarters is located, as well as a regional office in New York, New York.

As of December 31, 2025, we maintain offices and employ on-site management at 37 consolidated and unconsolidated centers and one managed center. The managers closely monitor the operation, marketing and local relationships at each of their centers.

Insurance

We believe that as a whole our properties are covered by adequate comprehensive liability, fire, flood, earthquake and extended loss insurance provided by reputable companies with commercially reasonable and customary deductibles and limits. Northline Indemnity, LLC, a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, is responsible for losses up to certain levels for property damage (including wind damage from hurricanes) prior to third-party insurance coverage. Specified types and amounts of insurance are required to be carried by each tenant under their lease. There are, however, types of losses, like those resulting from wars or nuclear radiation, which may either be uninsurable or not economically insurable in some or all of our locations.

An uninsured loss could result in a loss to us of both our capital investment and anticipated profits from the affected property.

Our Core Values

Our Core Values are integrity, inclusion and innovation. Integrity means always showing up with honesty and accountability, acting fairly and demonstrating care in every decision we make and action we take. Inclusion is how we build and sustain a workplace culture and community that respects the diverse perspectives, viewpoints, and identities within our organization. By embracing an inclusive mindset, we create an environment where everyone can contribute to our collective success. Innovation fuels our cutting-edge strategies and solutions and powers the best-in-class results we deliver to our customers, partners and communities.

We live our values through our actions. We build trust by fostering a culture of respect and make decisions with fairness, objectivity and accountability. We challenge the status quo by taking smart risks, finding innovative solutions and embracing change to grow stronger. We win together by putting people first, building, supporting and empowering relationships, and celebrating success together. We make it happen by taking initiative, problem-solving and delivering excellence.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2025, we had 407 full-time employees and 70 part-time employees. Our corporate headquarters are located in North Carolina, and we maintain 37 business offices. In 2025, 43% of our full-time workforce have been employed by us for five years or longer. We believe our relations with our employees to be relatively good. None of our employees are represented by a union or parties to a collective bargaining agreement.

As of December 31, 2025, female team members made up 70% of field employees, 40% of our executive leadership team, and 69% of our total 477-person workforce. Racial minorities made up 18% of our total workforce in 2025. The Board's gender composition consisted of 33% members who are female and 22% of members with racial diversity.

We believe attracting, developing and retaining talent is critical to our long-term success. We focus on creating strategies that enhance an environment of high-performance engagement, and individual development, where employees are rewarded and recognized. We provide numerous training programs, which include topics such as operational training, leadership development, customer service and technology training. We recognize that motivation and rewards are different for individuals at various times in their careers, and a balanced blend of monetary and non-monetary rewards can generate valuable business results. We provide employee benefits on par or above industry standards. In addition, we support employees with 40 hours per year of paid volunteer time off to encourage volunteering for worthwhile activities in their local communities. Part-time employees are included in our 401(k) plans. This plan allows participants to defer a portion of their compensation and to

receive matching contributions for a portion of the deferred amounts. Part-time employees also participate in paid time off ("PTO") after five years of service and are eligible to participate in our accident and critical Illness voluntary benefits.

Corporate Responsibility

We believe that supporting strong communities and making conscious decisions about our impact on our planet align with our business strategies to create long-term value for our shareholders, retail partners and employee team members. We integrate programs into our business practices which seek to address the issues most important to our stakeholders. Our Core Values of Integrity, Inclusion and Innovation form the foundation of our approach as we set goals to create positive social and economic impact while enhancing the resilience and performance of our business.

Stakeholder Alignment

Stakeholder assessments and business priorities drive the strategy behind our corporate responsibility programs. We begin by identifying opportunities and risks, and leverage external frameworks and engage stakeholders, executives and our Board members to help identify key issues impacting our business. These key issues are translated into operational priorities and processes across the Company. In 2025, we partnered with a third party to refresh our materiality assessment in alignment with double materiality to evaluate the impact of environmental and social issues on our financial performance. We believe that this double materiality assessment provides us with valuable insights that we can use to ensure that our priorities are aligned with the view and opinions of our stakeholders.

Governance and Reporting

Our management team has formed an executive committee that advises on the Company’s approach to corporate responsibility and consists of executives from various functional areas of our Company, including, without limitation, Operations, Finance and People and Culture. This executive committee monitors progress toward achievement of goals and communicates priority issues to senior leadership.

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our Board provides oversight of risks related to environmental, social and sustainability matters to ensure such risks are managed appropriately and regularly reviews our programs and practices to ensure alignment with our overall business strategy.

Our goal is to utilize best practices in every aspect of our business, including our disclosures and reporting. In 2025 we published our ninth consecutive report on corporate responsibility initiatives (the "2025 Impact Report"), enumerating our environmental, social and governance practices and programs, reinforcing our commitment to transparency and accountability. We continue to assess and refine our climate-related governance and strategy to remain apace with current regulatory landscape and framework reporting requirements.

For the avoidance of doubt, while certain matters discussed in our 2025 Impact Report may be significant, any significance should not be read as necessarily rising to the level of materiality as that concept is used for the purposes of our compliance and reporting pursuant to the U.S. federal securities laws and regulations. The concept of materiality used in our environmental, social and governance disclosures, including as it is used above, is based on other definitions of materiality, some of which may require that we use a level of estimation and assumption that may make the resulting disclosures inherently uncertain. This is the case even where we use the word “material” or “materiality” in our environmental, social and governance disclosures. Therefore, issues that we identify as “material” from an environmental, social and governance perspective are not necessarily material to the Company under the U.S. federal securities laws and regulations. The contents of our 2025 Impact Report, our corporate policies and related disclosures are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and do not form a part of this Annual Report.

Government Regulations

We are subject to regulation by various federal, state, provincial and local agencies. These agencies include the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Department of Labor and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. We believe we comply, in all material respects, with existing applicable statutes and regulations affecting environmental issues and our employment, workplace health and workplace safety practices, and compliance with such statutes and regulations has no material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.

Recent Developments

Acquisitions

In February 2025, we acquired a 640,000-square-foot open-air, grocery-anchored mixed-use center in Cleveland,

Ohio for $167.0 million using cash on hand and available liquidity. The center is Northeast Ohio's premier retail and entertainment destination and has become the go-to choice for retailers seeking market entry. The stores at the center are complemented by an expansive menu of entertainment and dining options.

In September 2025, we acquired a 690,000-square-foot open-air outlet center in Kansas City, Kansas for $130.0 million, including the assumption of a $115.0 million, 7.57% interest-only mortgage, with an effective rate of 6.0% that matures in November 2027. The center is Kansas' only outlet center and serves as the retail anchor of Village West, the state's top tourist destination.

Financing Transactions

ATM Program

In September 2025, we settled all of the outstanding forward shares that were previously issued during the fourth quarter of 2024 under the ATM Program for total gross proceeds of $69.7 million. As of December 31, 2025, we have a remaining authorization of $400.0 million under the ATM Program.

Unsecured Term Loans

In January 2026, we closed on $550.0 million of unsecured term loans, comprised of (i) an amendment of our existing $325.0 million term loan increasing the capacity to $350.0 million and extending the maturity to December 2030 (the "2030 Term Loan") and (ii) a new $200.0 million term loan due January 2033 (the "2033 Term Loan"). We drew an incremental $75.0 million at closing, for a total outstanding amount of $400.0 million and has a combined $150.0 million available under a delayed draw feature, allowing us to draw the proceeds over a six to nine month period. The applicable pricing margin is SOFR plus 95 basis points for the 2030 Term Loan and SOFR plus 125 basis points for the 2033 Term Loan based on our current credit rating.

Derivatives

Throughout 2025 and in January 2026, we entered into several interest rate swap agreements on unsecured debt totaling $275.0 million with effective dates throughout 2026 and 2027 with a weighted average interest rate of 3.3%. These agreements have expiration dates ranging from October 1, 2027 to September 1, 2030.

Exchangeable Notes

In January 2026, the Operating Partnership issued $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.375% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2031 (the “Exchangeable Notes”), which are guaranteed, on a senior unsecured basis, by the Company. The Exchangeable Notes bear interest at a rate of 2.375% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2026. The Exchangeable Notes mature on January 15, 2031, unless earlier exchanged, redeemed or repurchased. The Exchangeable Notes will be exchangeable at an initial exchange rate of 24.0662 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes (equivalent to an exchange price of approximately $41.55 per common share). The Exchangeable Notes will be exchangeable for cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes to be exchanged and, in respect of the remainder of the exchange obligation, if any, in excess thereof, cash, common shares or a combination thereof, at the election of the Operating Partnership. Net proceeds after the initial purchaser’s discount and estimated offering costs were approximately $243 million.

In connection with the Exchangeable Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain of the initial purchasers of the Exchangeable Notes or their affiliates or other financial institutions. The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of Company common shares that underlie the Exchangeable Notes. The cap price of the capped call transaction initially is approximately $47.49 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 40% over the last reported sale price of the Company's common shares of $33.92 per share on the New York Stock Exchange on January 7, 2026, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. A portion of the proceeds from the Exchangeable Notes were used to pay the capped call premium of approximately $9 million, which will be recorded in shareholders' equity for the Company and partners' equity for the Operating Partnership.

Finally, concurrent with the pricing of the Exchangeable Notes, we repurchased approximately 590,000 Company common shares for approximately $20 million in privately negotiated transactions effected with or through one of the initial purchasers or its affiliate, at a price per share equal to the last reported sale price of the Common Shares on the New York Stock Exchange on January 7, 2026.

Memphis Mortgage Refinancing

In April 2025, the Southaven, Mississippi consolidated joint venture amended its mortgage increasing the outstanding borrowings from $51.7 million to $61.7 million and extending the maturity date from October 2026 to April 2030 with no extension options. The stated interest rate remained unchanged at the Adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Adjusted SOFR”) + 2.0%. In December 2025, the mortgage was amended to remove the SOFR spread, making the interest rate Daily SOFR + 2.0%. In May 2025, we entered into an interest rate swap transaction to fix the interest rate at 3.5% through April 2029.

Organizational Changes

In May 2025, Dave Henry retired from the Board of Directors at the end of his term at the Annual Meeting. Following his retirement, the size of the Board of Directors was reduced from ten to nine.

Important risk factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods are described below. These factors are not intended to be an all-encompassing list of risks and uncertainties and are not the only risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods. Additional information regarding forward-looking statements is included in the beginning of Part I in this Annual Report.

Risks Related to Real Estate Investments

The economic performance and the market value of our centers are dependent on risks associated with real property investments.

Real property investments are subject to varying degrees of risk. The economic performance and market values of our real property investments may be affected by many factors, including changes in the international, national, regional and local economic climate, political and legislative uncertainty, inflation, deflation, interest rates, changes in government policies and regulations, including changes in tax laws, unemployment rates, consumer confidence, consumer shopping preferences, local conditions such as an oversupply of space or a reduction in demand for real estate in the area, the attractiveness of the properties to tenants, competition from other available space, our ability to provide adequate maintenance and insurance, increased operating costs and increased costs to address environmental impacts related to climate change or natural disasters.

We may be unable to develop new centers or expand existing centers successfully.

We intend to continue to develop new centers and expand existing centers as opportunities arise. However, there are significant risks associated with our development activities in addition to those generally associated with the ownership and operation of established retail properties. While we have policies in place designed to limit the risks associated with development, these policies do not mitigate all development risks associated with a project. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

• significant expenditure of money and time on projects that may be delayed or never be completed;
• higher than projected construction costs;
• shortage of construction materials and supplies;
• failure to obtain zoning, occupancy or other governmental approvals or to the extent required, tenant approvals;
• late completion because of construction delays, delays in the receipt of zoning, occupancy and other approvals or other factors outside of our control; and
• development projects may have defects we do not discover through our inspection processes, including latent defects that may not reveal themselves until many years after we put a property in service.

The realization of any of the above risks could significantly and adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders, the market price of our common shares, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

Real property investments are relatively illiquid.

Our centers represent a substantial portion of our total consolidated assets. These assets are relatively illiquid. As a result, our ability to sell one or more of our centers in response to any changes in economic or other conditions is limited. If we want to sell a center, there can be no assurance that we will be able to dispose of it in the desired time period or that the sales price will exceed the cost of our investment.

Properties have been in the past and may be in the future subject to impairment charges, which can adversely affect our financial results.

We periodically evaluate long-lived assets to determine if there has been any impairment in their carrying values or if there are other indicators of impairment and record impairment losses if the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their carrying amounts. If it is determined that an impairment has occurred, we would be required to record an impairment charge equal to the excess of the asset's carrying value over its estimated fair value, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results in the accounting period in which the adjustment is made. Our estimates of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by each property are based on a number of assumptions that are subject to economic and market uncertainties including, but not limited to, estimated hold period, terminal capitalization rates, demand for space, competition for tenants, changes in market rental rates and costs to operate each property. As these factors are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the future cash flows estimated in our impairment analysis may not be achieved.

Also, we assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures may be impaired. An investment is impaired only if management's estimate of the value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investments, and such decline in value is deemed to be other than temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss is measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the investment over the estimated fair value of the investment. Our estimates of value for each joint venture investment are based on a number of assumptions that are subject to economic and market uncertainties including, among others, estimated hold period, terminal capitalization rates, demand for space, competition for tenants, discount and capitalization rates, changes in market rental rates and operating costs of the property. As these factors are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the values estimated by us in our impairment analysis may not be realized.

In recent years, we have recorded impairment charges related to both our long-lived assets and our investments in consolidated joint ventures. In addition, based upon current market conditions, our center in Atlantic City, NJ has an estimated fair value significantly less than its recorded carrying value of approximately $102.1 million. However, based on our current plan with respect to that center, we believe that its carrying amount is recoverable and therefore no impairment charge was recorded. Accordingly, we will continue to monitor circumstances and events in future periods that could affect inputs such as the expected holding period, operating cash flow forecasts and capitalization rates, utilized to determine whether an impairment charge is necessary. As these inputs are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the future cash flows estimated by management in its impairment analysis may not be achieved, and actual losses or impairment may be realized in the future.

Dispositions may not achieve anticipated results.

From time to time, we have strategically disposed of assets, and may dispose of additional assets in the future, with the goal of improving the overall performance of our core portfolio. However, we may not achieve the results we originally anticipated at the time of disposition. If we are not successful at achieving the anticipated results, there is a potential for a significant adverse impact on our returns and our overall profitability.

We face competition for the acquisition and development of centers, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions or developments that we have identified.

We intend to grow our business in part through acquisitions and new developments. We compete with institutional pension funds, private equity investors, other REITs, small owners of outlet centers, specialty stores and others who are engaged in the acquisition, development or ownership of centers and stores. These competitors may succeed in acquiring or developing centers themselves. Also, our potential acquisition targets may find our competitors to be more attractive acquirers because they may have greater marketing and financial resources, may be willing to pay more, or may have a more compatible operating philosophy. If we pay higher prices for centers, our profitability may be reduced. We may also have to accept less favorable terms to acquire a center. For example, we may acquire assets subject to liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities, such as liabilities for the remediation of undisclosed environmental contamination; claims by tenants, vendors, or other persons dealing with the former owners of the assets; and claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers, and others indemnified by the former owners of the assets. Also, once we have identified potential acquisitions, such acquisitions are subject to the successful completion of due diligence, the negotiation of definitive agreements and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. We cannot assure you that we will be able to reach acceptable terms with the sellers or that these conditions will be satisfied. The realization of any of the above risks could significantly and adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders, the market price of our common shares, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

We may be subject to environmental regulation.

Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, we may be considered an owner or operator of real property and may be responsible for paying for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances released on or in our property or disposed of by us, as well as certain other potential costs which could relate to hazardous or toxic substances (including governmental fines and injuries to persons and property). This liability may be imposed whether or not we knew about, or were responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. This liability could exceed our resources and any recovery available through any applicable insurance coverage, which could adversely affect our ability to pay dividends to shareholders.

We may incur significant costs to comply with the Americans With Disabilities Act and fire, safety and other regulations.

Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety and other regulations may require us to make expenditures that could adversely affect our cash flows. Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”) requirements could require removal of access barriers, and non-compliance could result in the imposition of fines by the United States government, awards of damages to private litigants, or both. While the tenants to whom our portfolio is leased are obligated to comply with ADA provisions, within their leased premises, we are required to comply with ADA requirements within the common areas of the properties in our portfolio and we may not be able to pass on to our tenants any costs necessary to remediate any common area ADA issues. In addition, we are required to operate the properties in compliance with fire and safety regulations and applicable building codes, as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies and become applicable to our portfolio. We may be required to make substantial capital expenditures to comply with, and we may be restricted in our ability to renovate or redevelop the properties subject to, those requirements and to comply with the provisions of the ADA. The resulting expenditures and restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to our Business

Conditions that adversely affect the general retail environment could materially and adversely affect us

Our primary source of revenue is derived from retail tenants, which means that we could be materially and adversely affected by conditions that materially and adversely affect the retail environment generally, including, without limitation:

• domestic issues, such as government policies and regulations, tariffs, energy prices, market dynamics, rising interest rates, inflation and limited growth in consumer income as well as from actual or perceived changes in economic conditions, which can result from global events such as international trade disputes, a foreign debt crisis, foreign currency volatility, natural disasters, war, epidemics and pandemics, the fear of spread of contagious diseases, and civil unrest and terrorism;
• levels of consumer spending, changes in consumer confidence, income levels, and fluctuations in seasonal spending in the United States and internationally;
• supply chain disruptions and labor shortages;
• consumer perceptions of the safety, convenience and attractiveness of our centers, including due to a heightened level of concern in public places due to risks associated with the transmission of disease, random acts of violence or consumer perception of increased risk of criminal activity;
• the impact on our retail tenants and demand for retail space at our centers from the increasing use of the Internet by retailers and consumers, which accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic;
• the creditworthiness of our retail tenants and the availability of new creditworthy tenants and the related impact on our occupancy levels and lease income;
• the willingness of retailers to lease space in our properties at attractive rents, or at all;
• changes in applicable laws and regulations, including tax, environmental, safety and zoning;
• changes in regional and local economies, which may be affected by increased rates of unemployment, increased foreclosures, higher taxes, decreased tourism, industry slowdowns, adverse weather conditions, and other factors;
• increased costs of maintenance, insurance and operations (including real estate taxes); and
• epidemics, pandemics or other public health crises, like the COVID-19 pandemic, and the governmental reaction thereto.

To the extent that any or a portion of these conditions occur, they are likely to impact the retail industry, our retail tenants, the emergence of new tenants, the demand for retail space, market rents and rent growth, the vacancy levels at our properties, the value of our properties, which could directly or indirectly materially and adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and overall asset value. Additionally, a portion of our lease income is derived from overage rents based on sales over a stated base amount that directly depend on the sales volume of our retail tenants. Accordingly, declines in our tenants’ sales performance could reduce the income produced by our properties. Over time, declines in our tenants’ sales performance can also negatively impact our ability to sign new and renewal leases at desired rents.

Our earnings and therefore our profitability are dependent on rental income from real property.

Substantially all of our income is derived from rental income from real property. Our income and funds for distribution would be adversely affected if rental rates at our centers decrease, if a significant number of our tenants were unable to meet their obligations to us or if we were unable to lease a significant amount of space in our centers on economically favorable lease terms. In addition, the terms of outlet store tenant leases traditionally have been significantly shorter than in other retail segments. There can be no assurance that any tenant whose lease expires in the future will renew such lease or that we will be able to re-lease space on economically favorable terms.

We are substantially dependent on the results of operations of our retail tenants and their bankruptcy, early termination or closing could adversely affect us.

Our operations are subject to the results of operations of our retail tenants. As noted above, a portion of our rental revenues are derived from percentage rents that directly depend on the sales volume of certain tenants.

A number of companies in the retail industry, including some of our tenants, have declared bankruptcy or have voluntarily closed all or certain of their stores in recent years. The bankruptcy of a major tenant or number of tenants may result in the closing of certain affected stores or reduction of rent for stores that remain operating. If any of our tenants becomes a debtor in a case under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, as amended, we cannot evict that tenant solely because of its bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court may authorize the tenant to reject and terminate its lease with us. Our claim against such tenant for uncollectible future rent would be subject to a statutory limitation that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed to us under the tenant’s lease.

In addition, certain of our lease agreements include co-tenancy and/or sales-based provisions that may allow a tenant to pay reduced rent and/or terminate a lease prior to its natural expiration if we fail to maintain certain occupancy levels or retain specified named tenants, or if the tenant does not achieve certain specified sales targets. Our occupancy at our consolidated centers has remained stable at 98% on each of December 31, 2025 and 2024. If our occupancy declines, certain centers may fall below the minimum co-tenancy thresholds and could trigger many tenants ability to pay reduced rents, which in turn may negatively impact our results of operations.

Re-leasing this space may take longer than our historical experience. In addition, we may be unable to replace the space at equal or greater rent, and/or we may incur significant tenant allowances to induce tenants to enter into leases. As such, the closings of a significant amount of stores could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and could result in a lower level of funds for distribution to our shareholders.

Significant inflation could negatively impact our business.

Substantial inflationary pressures can adversely affect us by increasing the costs of materials, labor and other costs needed to operate our business. Higher construction costs could adversely impact our investments in real estate assets and our expected yields on development projects. The majority of our leases are negotiated to provide for inflation-based contractual rent increases or periodic fixed contractual rent increases and percentage rents. However, if we are unable to increase our rental prices to offset the effects of inflation, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, interest rate increases enacted to combat inflation have caused market disruption and could prevent us from acquiring or disposing of assets on favorable terms.

Inflation may also cause increased volatility in financial markets, which could affect our ability to access the capital markets or impact the cost or timing at which we are able to do so. To the extent our exposure to increases in interest rates on any of our debt is not eliminated through interest rate swaps and interest rate protection agreements, such increases will result in higher debt service costs, which will adversely affect our cash flows.

There is no guarantee that we will be able to mitigate the effects of inflation and related impacts, and the duration and extent of any prolonged periods of inflation, and any related adverse effects on our results of operations and financial condition, remain unknown at this time.

Certain of our properties are subject to ownership interests held by third parties, whose interests may conflict with ours and thereby constrain us from taking actions concerning these properties which otherwise would be in our best interests and our shareholders' interests.

We own partial interests in centers with various joint venture partners. The approval or consent of the other members of these joint ventures is required before we may sell, finance, expand or make other significant changes in the operations of these properties. We also may not have control over certain major decisions, including approval of the annual operating budgets, selection or termination of the property management company, leasing and the timing and amount of distributions, which could result in decisions that do not fully reflect our interests. To the extent such approvals or consents are required, we may experience difficulty in, or may be prevented from, implementing our plans and strategies with respect to expansion, development, property management, on-going operations, financing (for example, decisions as to whether to refinance or obtain financing, when and whether to pay down principal of any loan and whether and how to cure any defaults under loan documents) or other similar transactions with respect to such properties.

Further, these investments, and other future similar investments, could involve risks that would not be present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that partners or other owners might become bankrupt, suffer a deterioration in their creditworthiness, or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. If one of our partners or other owners in these investments were to become bankrupt, we may be precluded from taking certain actions regarding our investments without prior court approval, which at a minimum may delay the actions we would or might want to take.

Disputes between us and partners or other owners might result in litigation or arbitration that could increase our expenses and prevent us from focusing our time and efforts on our business. Consequently, actions by, or disputes with, partners or other owners might result in subjecting properties owned by the partnership or joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we risk the possibility of being liable for the actions of our partners or other owners.

We face risks associated with climate change and severe weather.

To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns, our properties in certain markets could experience, among other impacts, severe weather, rising sea levels and other natural disasters. Approximately, 37% of the square footage of our consolidated portfolio are located in coastal areas, which are at risk of being impacted by storms intensity and 13% of the square footage of our consolidated portfolio are in areas that are at risk to be impacted by rising sea levels. Over time, these conditions could result in volatile or decreased demand for retail space at certain of our properties or, in extreme cases, our inability to operate the properties at all. Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) insurance on favorable terms, or at all, increasing the cost of energy at our properties or requiring us to spend funds to repair and protect our properties against such risks. Changes in federal, state, and local legislation and regulation based on concerns about climate change, including compliance with “green” building codes, could result in increased capital expenditures on our existing properties and our new development properties (for example, to improve their energy efficiency and/or resistance to severe weather) or increased taxes and fees assessed on us or our properties, and in our and our tenants’ increased compliance and other costs, without a corresponding increase in revenue, which may result in adverse impacts to our and our tenants’ operating results. There can be no assurance that climate change and severe weather, or the potential impacts of these events on our tenants, will not have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, or business.

An uninsured loss or a loss that exceeds our insurance policies on our centers or the insurance policies of our tenants could subject us to lost capital and revenue on those centers.

Some of the risks to which our centers are subject, including risks of terrorist attacks, war, earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes and other natural disasters, are not insurable or may not be insurable in the future. Should a loss occur that is uninsured or in an amount exceeding the combined aggregate limits for the insurance policies noted above or in the event of a loss that is subject to a substantial deductible under an insurance policy, we could lose all or part of our capital invested in and anticipated revenue from one or more of our centers, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

Under the terms and conditions of our leases, tenants generally are required to indemnify and hold us harmless from liabilities resulting from injury to persons and contamination of air, water, land or property, on or off the premises, due to activities conducted in the leased space, except for claims arising from negligence or intentional misconduct by us or our agents. Additionally, tenants generally are required, at the tenant's expense, to obtain and keep in full force during the term of the lease, liability and property damage insurance policies issued by companies acceptable to us. These policies include liability coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising out of the ownership, use, occupancy or maintenance of the leased space. All of these policies may involve substantial deductibles and certain exclusions. Therefore, an uninsured loss or loss that exceeds the insurance policies of our tenants could also subject us to lost capital and revenue. We cannot predict the future availability of insurance coverage against any risk of loss. Insurance companies may discontinue coverage for certain risks, or, if offered, such coverage may become excessively expensive.

Our Canadian investments may subject us to different or greater risk from those associated with our domestic operations.

As of December 31, 2025, through a co-ownership arrangement with a Canadian REIT, we have an ownership interest in two centers located in Canada. Our operating results and the value of our Canadian operations may be impacted by any unhedged movements in the Canadian dollar. Canadian ownership activities carry risks that are different from those we face with our domestic properties. These risks include:

• adverse effects of changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. and Canadian dollar;
• changes in Canadian political and economic environments, regionally, nationally, and locally;
• challenges of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws;
• changes in applicable laws and regulations in the United States that affect foreign operations;
• property management services being provided directly by our 50/50 co-owner, not by us; and
• obstacles to the repatriation of earnings and cash.

Any or all of these factors may adversely impact our operations and financial results, as well as our overall business.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness and Financial Markets

We are subject to the risks associated with debt financing.

We are subject to risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that the cash provided by our operating activities will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. Disruptions in the capital and credit markets may adversely affect our operations, including the ability to fund planned capital expenditures and potential new developments or acquisitions. Further, there is the risk that we will not be able to repay or refinance existing indebtedness or that the terms of any refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. If we are unable to access capital markets to refinance our indebtedness on acceptable terms, we might be forced to dispose of properties on disadvantageous terms, which might result in losses.

The Company depends on distributions from the Operating Partnership to meet its financial obligations, including dividends.

The Company's operations are conducted by the Operating Partnership, and the Company's only significant asset is its interest in the Operating Partnership. As a result, the Company depends upon distributions or other payments from the Operating Partnership in order to meet its financial obligations, including its obligations under any guarantees or to pay dividends to its common shareholders. As a result, these obligations are effectively subordinated to existing and future liabilities of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership is a party to loan agreements with various bank lenders that require the Operating Partnership to comply with various financial and other covenants before it may make distributions to the Company. Although the Operating Partnership presently is in compliance with these covenants, there is no assurance that the Operating Partnership will continue to be in compliance and that it will be able to make distributions to the Company.

We may not be able to obtain additional capital to further our business objectives.

Our ability to acquire and develop properties depends upon our ability to obtain capital. The real estate industry has historically experienced periods of volatile debt and equity capital markets and/or periods of extreme illiquidity. A prolonged period in which we cannot effectively access the public debt and/or equity markets may result in heavier reliance on alternative financing sources to undertake new investments. An inability to obtain debt and/or equity capital on acceptable terms could delay or prevent us from acquiring, financing, and completing desirable investments and could otherwise adversely affect our business. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common shares and our shareholders may experience dilution. For example, if the Operating Partnership elects to deliver common shares to settle conversions of outstanding Exchangeable Notes (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), it may have a dilutive effect on our shareholders’ equity holdings.

The Operating Partnership has, and may in the future, guarantee debt or otherwise provide support for unconsolidated joint venture properties.

The Operating Partnership has, and may in the future, guarantee debt or otherwise provide support for unconsolidated joint venture properties. Joint venture debt is the liability of the joint venture and is typically secured by a mortgage on the joint venture property, which is non-recourse to us. Nevertheless, the joint venture’s failure to satisfy its debt obligations could result in the loss of our investment therein. As of December 31, 2025, the Operating Partnership did not guarantee any unconsolidated joint venture-related mortgage indebtedness. A default by a joint venture under its debt obligations would expose us to liability under a guaranty. We may elect to fund cash needs of a joint venture through equity contributions (generally on a basis proportionate to our ownership interests), advances or partner loans, although such funding is not typically required contractually or otherwise.

Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively affect our financing ability and borrowing terms.

Our credit ratings may affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms and pricing of existing financing or future financing we may obtain. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain and/or improve our current credit ratings. In the event that our current credit ratings are downgraded or removed, we would most likely incur higher borrowing costs and experience greater difficulty in obtaining additional financing, which in turn would have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and liquidity.

Hedging activity may expose us to risks, including the risk that a counterparty will not perform and that

the hedge will not yield the economic benefits we anticipate, which may adversely affect us.

As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $430.7 million of outstanding consolidated indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates, and we may incur more variable rate indebtedness in the future. As of December 31, 2025, we had interest rate hedging agreements in place for $386.7 million of variable rate cash flows which expire between January 1, 2027 and April 24, 2029, including the impact of forward swap agreements. We manage our exposure to interest rate risk by periodically entering into interest rate hedging agreements to effectively fix a portion of our variable rate debt. Our use of interest rate hedging arrangements to manage risk associated with interest rate volatility may expose us to additional risks, including that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. We enter into swaps that are exempt from the requirements of central clearing and/or trading on a designated contract market or swap execution facility pursuant to the applicable regulations and rules, and thus there may be more counterparty risk relative to others who do not utilize such exemption. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. We might be subject to additional costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs, if we terminate these arrangements.

In addition, in connection with the Exchangeable Notes Offering, we entered into certain Capped Call Transactions (as defined herein) with option counterparties, which are financial institutions or affiliates of financial institutions (as defined herein), and we are subject to the risk that one or more of such option counterparties may default under the Capped Call Transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. Past global economic conditions have resulted in the actual or perceived potential failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If any option counterparty becomes subject to bankruptcy or other insolvency proceedings, with respect to such option counterparty’s obligations under the relevant Capped Call Transaction, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under such transaction. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be positively correlated to an increase in the market price of the common shares and in the volatility of the market price of the common shares. In addition, upon a default by any of the option counterparties, we may suffer dilution with respect to the common shares under the relevant Capped Call Transaction. We can provide no assurance as to the financial stability or viability of any of the option counterparties.

The price of our common shares may fluctuate significantly.

The market price of our common shares may fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

• the availability and cost of debt and/or equity capital;
• the condition of our balance sheet;
• actual or anticipated capital requirements;
• the condition of the financial and banking industries;
• actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends;
• the amount and timing of debt maturities and other contractual obligations;
• changes in our net income, funds from operations, or guidance;
• the publication of research reports and articles (or false or misleading information) about us, our tenants, the real estate industry, or the retail industry;
• the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of their equity securities in comparison to other debt or equity securities (including securities issued by other real estate-based companies);
• general stock and bond market conditions, including changes in interest rates on fixed-income securities, that may lead prospective shareholders to demand a higher annual yield from future dividends;
• changes in our analyst ratings;
• changes in our corporate credit ratings or credit ratings of our debt or other securities;
• changes in market valuations of similar companies;
• adverse market reaction to any additional debt we incur or equity we raise in the future;
• additions, departures, or other announcements regarding our key management personnel and/or the Board;
• actions by institutional shareholders;
• speculation in the press or investment community;
• short selling of our common shares;
• the publication or dissemination of opinions, characterizations, or disinformation that are intended to create negative market momentum, including through the use of social media;
• risks associated with generative artificial intelligence tools and large language models and the conclusions that these tools and models may draw about our business and prospects in connection with the dissemination of negative opinions, characterizations, or disinformation;
• terrorist activity adversely affecting the markets in which our securities trade, possibly increasing market volatility and causing the further erosion of business and consumer confidence and spending;
• government regulatory action and changes in tax laws;
• fiscal policies or inaction at the U.S. federal government level that may lead to federal government shutdowns or negative impacts on the U.S. economy;
• fluctuations due to general market volatility;
• disruptions in the banking sector or failures of financial institutions that we or our tenants may or may not have business relationships with;
• global market factors adversely affecting the U.S. and Canadian economic and political environments;
• general market and economic conditions; and
• the realization of any of the other risk factors included in this annual report on Form 10-K.

These factors may cause the market price of our common shares to decline, regardless of our financial condition, results of operations, business, or prospects.

The exchange of the Exchangeable Notes may dilute the ownership interest of our shareholders or may

otherwise depress the price of the common shares.

The exchange of some or all of the Exchangeable Notes may dilute the ownership interests of our shareholders. Upon exchange of the Exchangeable Notes, the Operating Partnership has the option to pay, or pay and deliver (or cause the delivery of), as the case may be, cash, common shares or a combination of cash and common shares in respect of the portion, if any, of its exchange obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes being exchanged. If the Operating Partnership elects to settle the portion, if any, of its exchange obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes being exchanged in common shares or a combination of cash and common shares, any sales in the public market of the common shares deliverable upon such exchange could adversely affect prevailing market prices of the common shares. In addition, the existence of the Exchangeable Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the exchange of the Exchangeable Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated exchange of the Exchangeable Notes for common shares could depress the price of the common shares.

The Operating Partnership may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle exchanges of the Exchangeable Notes or to repurchase the Exchangeable Notes upon a fundamental change, and the Operating Partnership’s future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon exchange or repurchase of the Exchangeable Notes.

Holders of the Exchangeable Notes will have the right, subject to certain conditions and limited exceptions, to require the Operating Partnership to repurchase all or a portion of their Exchangeable Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon exchange of the Exchangeable Notes, the Operating Partnership will be required to make cash payments in an amount at least equal to the principal amount of such Exchangeable Notes (or, if less, the exchange value thereof). However, the Operating Partnership may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time it is required

to make repurchases of Exchangeable Notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to Exchangeable Notes being exchanged (or at the time we are required to pay such amounts due under the guarantee). In addition, the Operating Partnership’s ability to repurchase the Exchangeable Notes or to pay cash upon exchange of the Exchangeable Notes, and its ability to pay such amounts due under the guarantee of the Exchangeable Notes by the Company, may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our indebtedness. The failure to repurchase notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture or to pay any cash payable on future exchanges of the Exchangeable Notes as required by the indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our other or future indebtedness, which may result in that other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, the Company or the Operating Partnership may not have sufficient funds to repay such indebtedness and repurchase the Exchangeable Notes and/or make cash payments upon exchanges thereof.

The conditional exchange feature of the Exchangeable Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.

In the event the conditional exchange feature of the Exchangeable Notes is triggered, holders of Exchangeable Notes will be entitled to exchange their Exchangeable Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to exchange their Exchangeable Notes, the Operating Partnership would be required to settle any exchanged principal through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to exchange their Exchangeable Notes, the Operating Partnership would be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Exchangeable Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of the Operating Partnership’s net working capital.

The Capped Call Transactions entered into in connection with the issuance of the Exchangeable Notes may affect the market price of our common shares.

In connection with the Exchangeable Notes, we entered into the Capped Call Transactions with certain financial institutions as counterparties. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to our common shares upon any conversion of the Exchangeable Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Operating Partnership is required to make in excess of the principal amount of such converted Exchangeable Notes, as the case may be, in the event that the market price per share of the common shares, as measured under the terms of the Capped Call Transactions, is greater than the strike price of the Capped Call Transactions, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap.

From time to time, the counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common shares and/or purchasing or selling our common shares or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Exchangeable Notes. This activity could also cause or prevent an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common shares.

Certain provisions in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes may delay or prevent an attempted takeover of us that might be financially advantageous to shareholders.

Certain provisions in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire us. For example, the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes will generally require the Operating Partnership to repurchase the Exchangeable Notes for cash upon the occurrence of a fundamental change and, in certain circumstances, to increase the exchange rate for a holder that exchanges its notes in connection with a make-whole fundamental change. A takeover of our company may trigger the requirement that we repurchase the Exchangeable Notes and/or increase the exchange rate, which could make it more costly for a potential acquirer to engage in such takeover. Such additional costs may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of our company that would otherwise be beneficial to investors.

Changes in the accounting treatment for exchangeable debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the Exchangeable Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-06, Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which amends the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. Among other things, ASU 2020-06 eliminates requirements to separately account for liability and equity components of such convertible debt instruments and eliminates the ability to use the “treasury stock” method for calculating diluted earnings per share for convertible instruments whose principal amount may be settled using shares. Instead, ASU 2020-06 requires the (i) entire amount of the security to be presented as a liability on the balance sheet and (ii) application of the “if-converted” method for calculating diluted earnings per share.

We adopted ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2022, and as such we expect the Exchangeable Notes will be reflected as a liability on our balance sheets, with the initial carrying amount equal to the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes, net of issuance costs. The issuance costs will be treated as a debt discount for accounting purposes, which will be amortized into interest expense over the term of the Exchangeable Notes. As a result of this amortization, the interest expense that we expect to recognize for the Exchangeable Notes for accounting purposes will be greater than the cash interest payments we will pay on the Exchangeable Notes, which will result in lower reported income.

In addition, we expect to apply the “if-converted” method for calculating diluted earnings per share. Under the “if-converted” method, diluted earnings per share will generally be calculated assuming that all the Exchangeable Notes were exchanged solely into common shares at the beginning of the reporting period, unless the result would be anti-dilutive, which could adversely affect our diluted earnings per share. Because the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes upon exchange is required to be paid in cash, and only the excess is permitted to be settled in shares, the application of the “if-converted” method to the Exchangeable Notes offered hereby will produce a similar result as the “treasury stock” method prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06. The effect of the “treasury stock” method is that the shares issuable upon exchange of such Exchangeable Notes are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share except to the extent that the exchange value of such notes exceeds their principal amount. As a result, our earnings per share could be lower than it would be if the Operating Partnership had not issued the Exchangeable Notes, even at times when the Exchangeable Notes are not exchangeable. The requirement that the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes upon exchange must be paid in cash could adversely affect our liquidity.

We have not reached a final determination regarding the accounting treatment for the Exchangeable Notes, and the description above is preliminary. Accordingly, we may account for the Exchangeable Notes in a manner that is significantly different than described above. We cannot be sure whether other changes may be made to the current accounting standards related to the Exchangeable Notes, or otherwise, that could impact our accounting for the Exchangeable Notes and could have a material effect on the Operating Partnership’s or our reported financial results.

Risks Related to Federal Income Tax Laws

If we fail to qualify as a REIT, our operations and distributions to shareholders would be adversely affected.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"). We believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that has allowed us to qualify and will allow us to remain qualified as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, there can be no assurance that we have qualified or will continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT. In addition, new legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly change the tax laws, possibly with retroactive effect, with respect to qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of such qualification.

If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year:

• we would not be allowed to deduct our distributions to shareholders when computing our taxable income;
• we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates;
• for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, we could also be subject to certain taxes enacted by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 that are applicable to non-REIT corporations, such as the nondeductible one percent excise tax on certain stock repurchases;
• we would be disqualified from being taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost, unless entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions;
• our cash available for distributions to shareholders would be reduced; and
• we may be required to borrow additional funds or sell some of our assets in order to pay corporate tax obligations that we may incur as a result of our disqualification.

We may need to incur additional borrowings to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirement and to avoid excise tax.

In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our annual real estate investment trust taxable income (excluding any net capital gain and before application of the dividends paid deduction). In addition, we are subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which certain distributions paid by us with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary income for that year, (ii) 95% of our net capital gain for that year and (iii) 100% of our undistributed taxable income from prior years. Although we intend to pay distributions to our shareholders in a manner that allows us to meet the 90% distribution requirement and avoid this 4% excise tax, we cannot assure you that we will always be able to do so. We may need to borrow funds to meet the REIT distribution requirements and avoid the payment of income and excise taxes even if the then prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These borrowing needs could result from differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of cash reserves or required debt or amortization payments. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities and/or to dispose of assets at inopportune times, and could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and per share trading price of our common shares.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our shareholders and the ownership of our shares. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance.

In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our shareholders.

The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

A REIT's net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, unless a sale or disposition qualifies under certain statutory safe harbors, or is held through a taxable REIT subsidiary, such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to make use of the available safe harbors.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and may cause us to incur tax liabilities.

The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code limit our ability to hedge our liabilities. Generally, income from a hedging transaction does not constitute "gross income" for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests, provided that we properly identify the hedging transaction pursuant to the applicable sections of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury Regulations. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, or fail to make the proper tax identifications, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may need to limit our use of otherwise advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through taxable REIT subsidiaries.

Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

For non-corporate taxpayers the maximum tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income” paid by regular C corporations to U.S. shareholders generally is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividend income. Instead, our ordinary dividends generally are taxed at the higher tax rates applicable to ordinary income, the current maximum rate of which is 37%. However, individual shareholders are generally allowed to deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends distributed by us, subject to certain limitations, which would reduce the maximum marginal effective tax rate for individuals on the receipt of such ordinary dividends to 29.6%.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of the cash that we might receive from cash settlement of the forward sale agreement is unclear and could jeopardize our ability to meet the REIT qualification requirements.

In the event that we elect to settle the forward sale agreement for cash and the settlement price is below the forward sale price, we would be entitled to receive a cash payment from the forward purchaser. Under Section 1032 of the Internal Revenue Code, generally, no gains and losses are recognized by a corporation in dealing in its own shares, including pursuant to a “securities futures contract,” as defined in the Internal Revenue Code by reference to the Exchange Act. Although we believe that any amount received by us in exchange for our shares would qualify for the exemption under Section 1032 of the Internal Revenue Code, because it is not entirely clear whether a forward sale agreement qualifies as a “securities futures contract,” the U.S. federal income tax treatment of any cash settlement payment we receive is uncertain. In the event that we recognize a significant gain from the cash settlement of a forward sale agreement, we might not be able to satisfy the gross income requirements applicable to REITs under the Internal Revenue Code. In that case, we may be able to rely upon the relief provisions under the Internal Revenue Code in order to avoid the loss of our REIT status. Even if the relief provisions apply, we will be subject to a 100% tax on the greater of (1) the excess of 75% of our gross income (excluding gross income from prohibited transactions) over the amount of such income attributable to sources that qualify under the 75% test or (2) the excess of 95% of our gross income (excluding gross income from prohibited transactions) over the amount of such gross income attributable to sources that qualify under the 95% test, multiplied in either case by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. In the event that these relief provisions were not available, we could lose our REIT status under the Internal Revenue Code.

Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws, including the enactment of certain tax reform measures, could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

We cannot predict whether, when, or to what extent any new U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, interpretations, or rulings will impact the real estate investment industry or REITs. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of potential future changes to the federal tax laws on an investment in our shares.

General Risks

Cyber-attacks or acts of cyber-terrorism could disrupt our or our third-party providers' business operations and information technology systems or result in the loss or exposure of confidential or sensitive customer, employee or Company information.

Our information technology systems may in the future be attacked or breached by individuals or organizations intending to obtain sensitive data regarding our business, customers, employees, tenants or other third parties with whom we do business or disrupt our business operations and information technology systems. While we maintain some of our own critical information technology systems, we also depend on third-party providers for important information technology software, products and services relating to several key business functions, such as payroll, electronic communications and certain accounting and finance functions, among others. Many of these providers have likewise experienced and expect to continue to experience cyberattacks and other security incidents. Such cyberattacks and security incidents may continue to increase in sophistication and frequency in the future.

A security compromise of our or our critical providers' information technology systems or business operations could occur through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, malware, ransomware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization, due to malicious conduct, human error, negligence, and social engineering, as well as due to bugs, coding misconfigurations or other software vulnerabilities. Like many companies, we and third-party providers of certain information technology systems that we use have experienced intrusions and threats to data and information technology systems, and the risk of a future security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, cyber terrorists, and other outside parties, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. We use information technology systems to manage our centers and other business processes. Disruption of those systems, for example, due to ransomware, could adversely impact our ability to operate our business to provide timely service to our customers and maintain our relationships with our tenants. Accordingly, if such an attack or act of terrorism were to occur, our operations and financial results could be adversely affected. In addition, we use our information technology systems to protect confidential or sensitive customer, employee and Company information developed and maintained in the normal course of our business. Certain of these systems have been subjected to attempted attacks, and any attack on such systems that results in the unauthorized release or loss of customer, employee or other confidential or sensitive data could have a material adverse effect on our business reputation, increase our costs of remediation and compliance (particularly in light of increased regulation of corporate data privacy and cybersecurity practices) and expose us to material legal claims and liability by private litigants (including class actions) and regulatory agencies. If the unauthorized release or loss of customer, employee or other confidential, sensitive data or material nonpublic information were to occur, our operations and financial results and our share price could also be adversely affected.

We may expend significant resources or modify our business activities to try to protect against security incidents. Additionally, certain data privacy and security obligations may require us to implement and maintain specific security measures or industry-standard or reasonable security measures to protect our information technology systems and confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data. While we have implemented security measures designed to safeguard our systems and confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data and to manage cybersecurity risks, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective. We take steps to monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure and invest in the development and enhancement of our controls designed to prevent, detect, respond to, and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, and other events that could have a security impact.

We also have policies and procedures in place for the identification of cybersecurity incidents and technology vulnerabilities, and their timely elevation to executive management for remediation. Additionally, we take steps to detect and remediate vulnerabilities, but we may not be able to detect and remediate all vulnerabilities because the threats and techniques used to exploit vulnerabilities change frequently and are often sophisticated in nature. Therefore, such vulnerabilities could be exploited but may not be detected until after a security incident has occurred. Undetected and/or unremediated critical vulnerabilities that are exploited could pose material risks to our business. Further, we may experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures designed to address any such identified vulnerabilities.

Moreover, the security measures employed by third-party service providers may prove to be ineffective at preventing breaches of their systems, which in turn may impact our business and operations. We expect the frequency and intensity of cyberattacks to escalate in the future, particularly as threat actors become more sophisticated, for example, by deploying tools and techniques that are specifically designed to circumvent controls, to evade detection, and even to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence, all of which impedes our ability to detect, identify, investigate and remediate against cyberattacks. Continued remote and hybrid working arrangements also present additional cybersecurity risks given the prevalence of social engineering and vulnerabilities that are inherent in many non-corporate and home networks.

It may not always be possible to anticipate, detect, or recognize threats to our systems, or to implement effective preventive measures against all security incidents. We may not be able to immediately address the consequences of a security incident. A successful breach of our computer systems, software, networks, or other technology assets could occur and persist for an extended period of time before being detected due to, among other things:

• the breadth of our operations and the high volume of transactions that our systems process;
• the wide breadth of software required to run our business, and the increase in supply chain attacks by advanced persistent threats;
• the large number of our business partners;
• the frequency and wide variety of sources from which a cyberattack can originate;
• the severity of cyberattacks; and
• the proliferation and increasing sophistication and types of cyberattacks.

Furthermore, the extent of a particular cyberattack and the steps that we may need to take to investigate the attack may not be immediately clear. Therefore, in the event of an attack, it may take a significant amount of time before such an investigation can be completed. During an investigation, we may not necessarily know the extent of the damage incurred or how best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated, which could further increase the costs and consequences of a cyberattack. Additionally, applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us to notify relevant stakeholders of security incidents. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosure or the failure to comply with such disclosure requirements could lead to adverse consequences.

Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our data privacy and security obligations. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities arising out of our data privacy and security practices, that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that such coverage will pay future claims.

In addition to experiencing a security incident, third parties may gather, collect, or infer sensitive information about us from public sources, data brokers, or other means that reveals competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to undermine our competitive advantage or market position. Additionally, proprietary, confidential, and/or sensitive information of the Company or our tenants could be leaked, disclosed, or revealed as a result of or in connection with our employees’, personnel’s, or vendors’ use of generative artificial intelligence or machine-learning technologies.

Even if we are not targeted directly, cyberattacks on the U.S. or Canadian governments, financial markets, financial institutions, or other businesses, including our tenants, vendors, software creators, cloud providers, cybersecurity service providers, and other third parties upon which we rely, may occur, and such events could disrupt our normal business operations and networks in the future.

In addition, cybersecurity has become a top priority for regulators around the world. Many jurisdictions in which we operate have laws and regulations relating to data privacy, cybersecurity and protection of personal information. Some jurisdictions have also enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals of data security breaches involving certain types of personal data. Breaches in security could potentially jeopardize our or our employees’ or counterparties’ confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through our or third-party computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our, our employees’, our counterparties’ or third parties’ operations, which could result in significant losses, increased costs, disruption of our business, liability to other counterparties, regulatory intervention or reputational damage. Additionally, if we fail to comply with the relevant laws and regulations, it could result in regulatory investigations and penalties, which could lead to negative publicity and may cause investors, our customers or our tenants to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures. While we carry insurance related to cybersecurity events, our policies may not cover all of the costs and liabilities that could be incurred as the result of cyberattack or other security incident.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract, retain and develop talented employees, and our failure to do so, including the loss of any one of our key personnel, could adversely impact our business.

The success of our business depends, in part, on the leadership and performance of our executive management team and key employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, some of whom operate without the existence of employment agreements or similar employment and severance arrangements. Many of our senior executives have extensive experience and strong reputations in the real estate industry, which aid us in identifying opportunities and partnering with tenants. Our ability to attract, retain and motivate talented employees, and develop talent internally, could significantly impact our future performance. Competition for these individuals is intense, and we cannot assure you that we will retain our executive management team and other key employees or that we will be able to attract, retain and/or develop other highly qualified individuals for these positions in the future. Additionally, the compensation and benefits packages we may need to offer to remain competitive for these individuals could increase the cost of replacement and retention. Losing any one or more of these persons could adversely affect our business, disrupt short-term operational performance, diminish our opportunities and weaken our relationships with lenders, business partners, existing and prospective tenants and others, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Use of artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that could impact our business.

As with many technological innovations, the use of artificial intelligence ("AI"), including generative AI tools, presents risks and challenges that could adversely affect our business. AI and its current and potential future applications, as well as the legal and regulatory frameworks within which AI operates, continue to rapidly evolve and it is impossible to predict the future risks that may arise from such developments. Recent technological advances in AI pose risks to us and our tenants. We and our tenants could also be exposed to the risks of AI if third-party service providers or any counterparties, whether or not known to us, also use AI in their business activities. We may not be in a position to control the use of AI technology in third-party products or services.

Use of AI could include the input of confidential information in contravention of applicable policies, contractual or other obligations or restrictions, resulting in such confidential information becoming accessible by other third-party AI applications and users. The use of AI could also exacerbate or create new and unpredictable risks to our business, including by potentially significantly disrupting the markets in which we operate or subjecting us to increased competition and regulation, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, the use of AI by bad actors could heighten the sophistication and effectiveness of cyber and security attacks experienced by us or our tenants.

We are evaluating AI solutions to assist our employees with research, content generation, and decision support. Our vendors may incorporate AI tools into their services and deliverables without disclosing this to us, and the providers of these AI tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to security, privacy, and data protection. If we, our vendors, or third parties experience an actual or perceived privacy or security incident because of the use of AI, we could lose valuable intellectual property and confidential information, and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed.

Independent of its context of use, AI technology is generally highly reliant on the collection and analysis of large amounts of data, and it is not possible or practicable to incorporate all relevant data into the model that AI technology utilizes to operate. Certain data in such models could contain a degree of inaccuracy and error-potentially materially so-and could otherwise be inadequate or flawed, which could degrade the effectiveness of AI technology. Due to these issues, these models could lead us to make flawed decisions that could result in adverse consequences to us, including reputational and competitive harm, loss of customers, and legal liability. Moreover, uncertainty in the regulatory environment related to AI may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with applicable law, the nature of which continues to evolve and may prevent or limit our ability to use AI in our business, lead to regulatory fines or penalties, or require us to change our business practices. If we cannot use AI, or that use is restricted, our business may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, investments in AI may not realize the benefits that were anticipated.

Trade negotiations and related government actions may create regulatory uncertainty for us and our tenants and adversely affect our performance.

The U.S. government has at times indicated a willingness to significantly change, and has in some cases significantly changed, trade policies or agreements. Specific proposals that could have a material impact on us involve matters including (but not limited to) changes to existing trade agreements or entry into new trade agreements, sanctions policies, import and export regulations, tariffs or proposed tariffs, taxes and customs duties, public company reporting requirements, environmental regulation, and antitrust enforcement. The U.S. administration has recently announced or proposed multiple new tariffs on certain industry sectors or imports from various countries, including India, the European Union, Switzerland, Mexico, Canada, and China. Because the situation is fluid and trade negotiations may be ongoing, we cannot at this time predict future trade policy or what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. government with respect to trade agreements or the imposition of additional tariffs or other measures, including ongoing trade negotiations between U.S. and other nations, as trade agreements are negotiated. Tariffs on imported goods could further increase costs, decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of products offered by current and future tenants, decrease consumer income and spending, and adversely affect the revenues and profitability of our tenants whose businesses rely on goods imported from such impacted jurisdictions.

Additionally, political leaders around the world (including the U.S. and certain European nations) have been elected on protectionist platforms, fueling doubts about the future of global free trade. There is uncertainty as to further actions that may be taken under the current U.S. presidential administration with respect to U.S. trade policy. Global trade disruption, significant introductions of trade barriers and bilateral trade frictions, together with any future downturns in the global economy resulting therefrom, could adversely affect our performance.

Meeting Environmental, Social and Governance expectations or standards may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

Businesses across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny from stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance practices and reporting. If we do not adapt to or comply with investor or stakeholder expectations and standards, which are evolving, or if we are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for environmental, social and governance issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, we may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition and/or the value of our common shares could be materially and adversely affected.

Such attention to sustainability matters, including expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and

disclosure on topics such as climate change, human capital, labor and risk oversight, could expand the nature,

scope, and complexity of matters that we are required to control, assess and report on. At the same time, regulators and other stakeholders have increasingly expressed or pursued opposing views, legislation and investment expectations with respect to sustainability initiatives, including the enactment or proposal of “anti-environmental, social and governance” legislation or policies.

Views about environmental, social and governance issues have become a consideration in investment decisions, and as investors evaluate investment decisions, many investors look not only at company disclosures but also to environmental, social and governance rating systems that have been developed by third parties to allow environmental, social and governance comparisons among companies. Although we participate in a number of these ratings systems, we do not participate in all such systems. The criteria used in these ratings systems may conflict and change frequently, and we cannot predict how these third parties will score us, nor can we have any assurance that they score us accurately or other companies accurately or that other companies have provided them with accurate data. We supplement our participation in ratings systems with published disclosures of our environmental, social and governance activities, but some investors may desire other disclosures that we do not provide. Failure to participate in certain of the third-party ratings systems, failure to score well in those ratings systems or failure to provide certain environmental, social and governance disclosures could result in reputational harm when investors compare us to other companies, and could cause certain investors to be unwilling to invest in our shares, which could adversely impact our share price.

Risk management and strategy

We recognize the critical importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard our information systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data.

Our corporate technology, communication networks, enterprise applications, accounting and financial reporting platforms, and related systems are necessary for the operation of our business. We use these systems, among others, to manage our tenant relationships, for internal communications, for accounting to operate our record-keeping function, and for many other key aspects of our business. Our business operations rely on the secure collection, storage, transmission, and other processing of proprietary, confidential, and sensitive data.

Managing Material Risks & Integrated Overall Risk Management

We have strategically integrated cybersecurity risk management into our broader risk management framework to promote a company-wide culture of cybersecurity risk management. This integration ensures that cybersecurity considerations are an integral part of our decision-making processes at every level. Our technology department continuously identifies, evaluates and manages material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical computer networks, third-party hosted services, communications systems, hardware and software, and our critical data, including intellectual property, confidential information that is proprietary, strategic or competitive in nature, and tenant data in alignment with our business objectives and operational needs.

Engage Third-parties on Risk Management

Recognizing the complexity and evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, we engage with a range of external experts, including cybersecurity assessors and consultants in evaluating and testing our risk management systems. We seek to engage reliable, reputable service providers that maintain cybersecurity programs. These partnerships enable us to leverage specialized knowledge and insights, ensuring our cybersecurity strategies and processes remain at the forefront of industry best practices. Our collaboration with these third parties include regular monitoring, threat assessments, and consultation on security enhancements. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity and quantity of information processed, and the identity of the service provider, our vendor management process may include reviewing the cybersecurity practices of such provider, contractually imposing obligations on the provider, conducting security assessments, and conducting periodic reassessments during their engagement.

We are not aware of any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any cybersecurity incidents, which have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our Company or the Operating Partnership, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk factors” in this Annual Report, including the risk factor entitled “Cyber-attacks or acts of cyber-terrorism could disrupt our or our third-party providers' business operations and information technology systems or result in the loss or exposure of confidential or sensitive customer, employee or Company information”, for additional discussion about cybersecurity-related risks.

Governance

The Board is focused on the critical nature of managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats as well as challenges to our business from evolving information technology systems. The Board has delegated to its Audit Committee oversight of management's processes for identifying and mitigating risks, including cybersecurity risks such as network security, information and digital security, data privacy and protection, and risks related to emerging technologies such as generative artificial intelligence and machine learning, to help align our risk exposure with our strategic objectives.

Board of Directors Oversight

The Audit Committee of the Board oversees our annual enterprise risk assessment, where we assess key material risks within our Company, including technology risks and cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee engages in regular discussions with management regarding the Company’s significant financial risk exposures and the measures implemented to monitor and control these risks, including those that may result from material cybersecurity threats. These discussions include the Company’s risk assessment and risk management policies.

Management’s Role Managing Risk

Assessing, identifying and managing cybersecurity related risks are integrated into our overall enterprise risk management ("ERM") process. Cybersecurity related risks are included in the population that the ERM function evaluates to assess the top risks to the enterprise on a quarterly basis. To the extent the ERM process identifies a heightened cybersecurity related risk, management develops risk mitigation plans to minimize the risk. The ERM annual risk assessment is presented to the Audit Committee of the Board.

Monitor Cybersecurity Incidents

The Senior Vice President of Technology ("SVP Technology") is continually informed about the latest developments in cybersecurity, including potential threats and innovative risk management techniques. This ongoing knowledge acquisition is crucial for the effective prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The SVP Technology implements and oversees processes for the regular monitoring of our information systems. This includes the deployment of advanced security measures and regular system audits to identify potential vulnerabilities. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we believe we have a well-defined incident response plan governing our assessment, response and notifications internally and externally upon the occurrence of a cybersecurity incident.

Depending on the nature and severity of an incident, this process provides for evaluation by an executive management group to determine if the incident is material to us by evaluating the impact on our financial condition, reputation and potential litigation risk and regulatory impact. The management group is comprised of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel, Chief Accounting Officer and the SVP Technology to determine if escalation is necessary by the Chief Executive Officer to the Board (specifically our Lead Independent Director and the Audit Committee Chair).

Reporting to Board of Directors

The SVP Technology plays a pivotal role in informing the Audit Committee on cybersecurity-related risks. The Audit Committee holds quarterly meetings and the SVP Technology provides periodic reports, on at least a quarterly basis, to the Audit Committee.

These reports cover a broad range of topics, including:

• Status of ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and strategies;
• Incident reports and learnings from any cybersecurity events; and
• Compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards

The SVP Technology regularly informs our executive management group of all aspects related to cybersecurity risks and incidents. This ensures that the highest levels of management are kept abreast of the cybersecurity environment and potential risks facing us. Furthermore, significant cybersecurity matters, and strategic risk management decisions are escalated to the Audit Committee, ensuring that they have comprehensive oversight and can provide guidance on critical cybersecurity issues.

As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not experienced any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

As of December 31, 2025, our consolidated portfolio consisted of 31 outlet centers and three open-air lifestyle centers, totaling 14.0 million square feet located in 21 states. We own interests in six other outlet centers totaling approximately 2.1 million square feet through unconsolidated joint ventures, including two outlet centers located in Canada. Our portfolio also includes one managed center totaling approximately 457,000 square feet. Each of our outlet centers, except one joint venture property, features the Tanger brand name. Our consolidated centers range in size from 182,735 to 737,473 square feet. The centers are generally located near tourist destinations or along major interstate highways to provide visibility and accessibility to potential customers.

In February 2025, we acquired a 640,000-square-foot open-air, grocery-anchored mixed-use center in Cleveland, Ohio for $167.0 million using cash on hand and available liquidity. The center is Northeast Ohio's premier retail and entertainment destination and has become the go-to choice for retailers seeking market entry. The stores at the center are complemented by an expansive menu of entertainment and dining options.

In September 2025, we acquired a 690,000-square-foot open-air outlet center in Kansas City, Kansas for $130.0 million, including the assumption of a $115.0 million, 7.57% interest-only mortgage, with an effective rate of 6.0% that matures in November 2027. The center is Kansas' only outlet center and serves as the retail anchor of Village West, the state's top tourist destination.

We believe that our centers are well diversified geographically and by tenant and that we are not dependent upon any single property or tenant. No property comprises more than 10% or more of our consolidated total assets or revenues as of December 31, 2025.

We have an ongoing strategy of acquiring centers, developing new centers and expanding existing centers. See “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of the cost of such programs and the sources of financing thereof.

As of December 31, 2025, of the 34 centers in our consolidated portfolio, we own the land underlying 28 and have ground leases on all or a portion of six centers. The following table sets forth information about such land leases:

Generally, our leases with our center tenants typically have an initial term that ranges from 5 to 10 years and provide for the payment of fixed monthly rent in advance. There are often contractual base rent increases during the initial term of the lease. In addition, the rental payments are customarily subject to upward adjustments based upon tenant sales volume. A component of most leases includes a pro-rata share or escalating fixed contributions by the tenant for property operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance and advertising and promotion, thereby reducing exposure to increases in operating expenses resulting from inflation.

The following table summarizes certain information with respect to our consolidated centers as of December 31, 2025:

40

The following table summarizes certain information with respect to our consolidated centers in which we have an ownership interest as of December 31, 2025. Except as noted, all properties are fully owned:

(1) Excludes square footage and occupancy associated with ground leases to tenants.

(2) These properties or a portion thereof are subject to a ground lease.

(3) Property encumbered by mortgage. See Notes 7 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements for further details of our debt obligations.

(4) Based on capital contribution and distribution provisions in the joint venture agreement, we expect our economic interest in the venture's cash flow to be greater than our legal ownership percentage. We currently receive substantially all the economic interest of the property.

(1) Excludes square footage and occupancy associated with ground leases to tenants.

(2) Property encumbered by mortgage. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for further details of our joint ventures' debt obligations.

Base Rents and Occupancy Rates

The following table sets forth our year end occupancy and average annual base rent per square foot during each of the last five calendar years for our consolidated centers:

(1) Average annual base rent per square foot is calculated based on base rental revenues recognized during the year on a straight-line basis including non-cash adjustments to base rent required by United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and the effects of inducements and rent concessions divided by the weighted average total square feet of the consolidated portfolio. Average annual base rent excludes tenant payments for common area maintenance and reimbursements.

Lease Expirations

The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2025, scheduled lease expirations for our consolidated centers, assuming none of the tenants exercise renewal options:

(1) Excludes leases that have been entered into but which tenant has not yet taken possession, vacant space, leases that have turned over but are not open, and temporary leases, and residential, totaling in the aggregate approximately 2.3 million square feet of our consolidated centers. 2026 lease expirations include month-to-month leases.

(2) Annualized base rent is defined as the minimum monthly payments due as of the end of the reporting period annualized, excluding periodic contractual fixed increases. Includes rents that are based on a percentage of gross sales in lieu of fixed contractual rents and ground lease rents.

Changes in rental income associated with individual signed leases on comparable spaces may be positive or negative, and we can provide no assurance that the rents on new leases or renewals of existing leases will increase from current levels, if at all.

Expiring leases

The following table sets forth information regarding the expiring leases for our consolidated centers during each of the last five calendar years:

(1) Excludes data for properties sold in each respective year.

(2) Represents the percentage of total square footage at the beginning of each year that is scheduled to expire during the respective year.

Leasing activity

The following table sets forth leasing activity for each of the calendar years for comparable space for executed leases for consolidated centers.(1) Comparable space excludes leases for space that was vacant for more than 12 months (non-comparable space).

(1) For consolidated properties owned as of the period-end date. Represents leases for new stores or renewals that were executed during the respective calendar year and excludes license agreements, seasonal tenants and month-to-month leases.

(2) Represents average initial cash rent (base rent and common area maintenance (“CAM”)).

(3) Represents change in initial and expiring cash rent (base rent and CAM). See above for a description of the change in calculation from prior periods.

Occupancy Costs

We believe that our ratio of average tenant occupancy cost (which includes base rent, common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance, advertising and promotions) to average sales per square foot is one of the lowest in the retail industry. The following table sets forth for tenants that report sales, for each of the last five calendar years, tenant occupancy costs per square foot as a percentage of reported tenant sales per square foot for our consolidated centers:

As of December 31, 2025, our occupancy cost ratio increased to 9.7%. The increase from 2024 predominantly relates to higher tenant occupancy costs.

Tenants

The following table sets forth certain information for our consolidated centers with respect to our 25 largest tenants based on total annualized base rent as of December 31, 2025 (1) :

(1) Excludes leases that have been entered into but which tenant has not yet taken possession, leases that have turned over but are not open and temporary leases. Includes all retail concepts of each tenant group for consolidated centers; tenant groups are determined based on leasing relationships.

(2) Annualized base rent is defined as the minimum monthly payments due as of the end of the reporting period annualized, excluding periodic contractual fixed increases. Includes rents that are based on a percentage of gross sales in lieu of fixed contractual rents and ground lease rents.

The Company and the Operating Partnership are, from time to time, engaged in a variety of legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the results of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the final outcome of such proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report. Historical results and percentage relationships set forth in the consolidated statements of operations, including trends which might appear, are not necessarily indicative of future operations.

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of our management regarding our financial condition and results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

• General Overview
• Leasing Activity
• Results of Operations
• Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company
• Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership
• Critical Accounting Estimates
• Recent Accounting Pronouncements
• Non-GAAP Supplemental Measures
• Economic Conditions and Outlook

General Overview

As of December 31, 2025, we had 31 consolidated centers and 3 open-air lifestyle centers in 21 states totaling 14.0 million square feet. We also had 6 unconsolidated centers totaling 2.1 million square feet, including 2 outlet centers located in Canada. Our portfolio also includes one managed center totaling approximately 457,000 square feet. The table below details our acquisitions, new developments, expansions and dispositions of consolidated and unconsolidated centers that impacted our results of operations and liquidity from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2025:

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Leasing Activity

The following table provides information for our consolidated centers related to leases for new stores that opened or renewals that were executed during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

Comparable Space for Executed Leases (1) (2)

Comparable and Non-Comparable Space for Executed Leases (1) (2)

(1) For consolidated properties owned as of the period-end date. Represents leases for new stores or renewals that were executed during the respective calendar years and excludes license agreements, seasonal tenants and month-to-month leases.

(2) Comparable space excludes leases for space that was vacant for more than 12 months (non-comparable space).

(3) Represents average initial cash rent (base rent and common area maintenance (“CAM”)).

(4) Represents change in average initial and expiring cash rent (base rent and CAM).

(5) Includes other landlord costs.

Results of Operations

2025 Compared to 2024

Net income

Net income increased $16.7 million in 2025 to a net income of $119.5 million compared to net income of $102.8 million for 2024. The change in net income was primarily due to the following:

• higher rental revenues from a strengthened tenant mix and higher new and renewal rental rates related to the same center portfolio;
• higher rental revenues, operating expenses, depreciation and amortization from the acquisition of our center in Little Rock, AR during the fourth quarter of 2024, the Cleveland, OH center during the first quarter of 2025 and the Kansas City, KS center during the third quarter of 2025;
• decrease in net income from the sale of the Howell, MI center during the second quarter of 2025;
• higher interest expense due to the increased balance on our unsecured lines of credit that were used to partially fund our acquisitions; and
• an impairment charge of $4.2 million recorded in the first quarter of 2025 related to our Howell, MI center.

In the tables below, information set forth for acquired properties includes our centers in Little Rock, AR, Cleveland, OH and Kansas City, KS that were acquired in December 2024, February 2025 and September 2025, respectively. Properties disposed includes the center in Howell, MI that sold in April 2025.

Rental Revenues

Rental revenues increased $53.4 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of rental revenues (in thousands):

Rental revenues at existing properties were positively impacted by obtaining higher rents from new and existing tenants during the last twelve months and strengthening our tenant mix. Straight-line rent adjustment income has increased in conjunction with the additional properties added to the portfolio and stronger lease execution results.

Management, Leasing and Other Service Revenues

Management, leasing and other service revenues increased $127,000 in 2025 compared to 2024. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of management, leasing and other services (in thousands):

Other Revenues

Other revenues increased $2.0 million in 2025 as compared to 2024. The following table sets forth the changes in other revenues (in thousands):

Other revenues from existing properties increased in 2025 due to an increase in other revenue streams, such as paid media sponsorships and onsite signage, on a local and national level.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses increased $17.8 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of property operating expenses (in thousands):

Property operating expenses from existing properties increased in the 2025 period primarily from higher snow removal costs, property taxes and property payroll related expenses, partially offset by decreases in advertising expenses and property insurance costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased $702,000 in 2025 compared to 2024. We recorded executive separation amounts totaling $1.6 million in the 2024 period. We had no executive separation costs in 2025. Exclusive of the 2024 amounts, general and administrative expenses increased approximately $2.3 million primarily due to higher compensation expenses, healthcare costs and technology related licensing costs, partially offset by lower third-party professional fees.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $12.3 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of depreciation and amortization costs from the 2024 period to the 2025 period (in thousands):

The decrease in depreciation and amortization from existing properties was primarily due to acquisition intangible lease related costs that became fully depreciated from prior acquisitions between the comparative periods.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $5.2 million in 2025 compared to 2024. We had outstanding balances averaging approximately $76.5 million on our unsecured lines of credit during 2025 compared to an average of $21.7 million in 2024. In addition, we assumed a $115.0 million interest only mortgage with the acquisition of the Kansas City, KS center in September 2025.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) decreased approximately $816,000 in 2025 compared to 2024 driven by higher interest income earned during the 2024 period from higher average cash balances. During the second half of 2024, we raised $115.9 million of proceeds through our ATM Program which were invested to interest bearing accounts until ultimately deployed into the February 2025 Pinecrest, OH acquisition, contributing to the reduction in other income.

Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures increased approximately $2.3 million in the 2025 period compared to the 2024 period. The Galveston joint venture refinanced its mortgage during the second quarter of 2025 that resulted in a lower interest rate and the Charlotte joint venture produced stronger comparative results between the periods.

2024 Compared to 2023

For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, including a year-to-year comparison between 2024 and 2023, refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company

In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company” section, the term, the "Company", refers only to Tanger Inc. on an unconsolidated basis, excluding the Operating Partnership.

The Company's business is operated primarily through the Operating Partnership. The Company issues public equity from time to time, but does not otherwise generate any capital itself or conduct any business itself, other than incurring certain expenses in operating as a public company, which are fully reimbursed by the Operating Partnership. The Company does not hold any indebtedness, and its only material asset is its ownership of partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. The Company's principal funding requirement is the payment of dividends on its common shares. The Company's principal source of funding for its dividend payments is distributions it receives from the Operating Partnership.

Through its status as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, the Company has the full, exclusive and complete responsibility for the Operating Partnership's day-to-day management and control. The Company causes the Operating Partnership to distribute all, or such portion as the Company may in its discretion determine, of its available cash in the manner provided in the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement. The Company receives proceeds from equity issuances from time to time, but is required by the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement to contribute the proceeds from its equity issuances to the Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership units of the Operating Partnership.

We are a well-known seasoned issuer with a shelf registration that expires in December 2026, which allows us to register various unspecified classes of equity securities and the Operating Partnership to register various unspecified classes of debt securities. As circumstances warrant, we may issue equity from time to time on an opportunistic basis, dependent upon market conditions and available pricing. The Operating Partnership may use the proceeds to repay debt, including borrowings under its lines of credit, develop new or existing properties, make acquisitions of properties or portfolios of properties, invest in existing or newly created joint ventures, or for general corporate purposes.

Our liquidity is dependent on the Operating Partnership's ability to make sufficient distributions to us. The Operating Partnership is a party to loan agreements with various bank lenders that require the Operating Partnership to comply with various financial and other covenants before it may make distributions to us. We also guarantee some of the Operating Partnership's debt. If the Operating Partnership fails to fulfill its debt requirements, which would trigger our guarantee obligations, then we may be required to fulfill our cash payment commitments under such guarantees. However, our only material asset is our investment in the Operating Partnership.

We believe the Operating Partnership's sources of working capital, specifically its cash flow from operations, and borrowings available under its unsecured credit facilities, are adequate for it to make its distribution payments to us and, in turn, for us to make dividend payments to our shareholders and to finance our continued operations, investment and growth strategy and additional expenses we expect to incur. However, there can be no assurance that the Operating Partnership's sources of capital will continue to be available at all or in amounts sufficient to meet its needs, including its ability to make distribution payments to us. The unavailability of capital could adversely affect the Operating Partnership's ability to pay its distributions to us, which will in turn, adversely affect our ability to pay cash dividends to our shareholders.

We operate in a manner intended to enable us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must pay dividends to our shareholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our taxable income. While historically we have satisfied this distribution requirement by making cash distributions to our shareholders, it may choose to satisfy this requirement by making distributions of cash or other property, including, in limited circumstances, our own shares.

For tax reporting purposes, we distributed approximately $130.2 million during 2025. If in any taxable year, we were to fail to qualify as a REIT and certain statutory relief provisions were not applicable, we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to shareholders in computing taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax for tax years prior to 2019) on our taxable income at the regular corporate rate.

As a result of this distribution requirement, the Operating Partnership cannot rely on retained earnings to fund its on-going operations to the same extent that other companies whose parent companies are not REITs can. We may need to continue to raise capital in the equity markets to fund the Operating Partnership's working capital needs, as well as potential developments of new or existing properties, acquisitions or investments in existing or newly created joint ventures.

We currently consolidate the Operating Partnership because we have (1) the power to direct the activities of the Operating Partnership that most significantly impact the Operating Partnership’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive the residual returns of the Operating Partnership that could be potentially significant. We do not have significant assets other than our investment in the Operating Partnership. Therefore, the assets and liabilities and the revenues and expenses of the Company and the Operating Partnership are the same on their respective financial statements, except for immaterial differences related to cash, other assets and accrued liabilities that arise from public company expenses paid by the Company. However, all debt is held directly or indirectly at the Operating Partnership level, and we have guaranteed some of the Operating Partnership's unsecured debt as discussed below. Because we consolidate the Operating Partnership, the section entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership" should be read in conjunction with this section to understand the liquidity and capital resources of the Company on a consolidated basis and how the Company is operated as a whole.

Dividend Declarations

In January 2025, the Board declared a $0.275 cash dividend per common share payable on February 14, 2025 to each shareholder of record on January 31, 2025, and in its capacity as General Partner of the Operating Partnership, authorized a $0.275 cash distribution per Operating Partnership unit to the Operating Partnership's unitholders.

In April 2025, the Board declared a $0.2925 cash dividend per common share payable on May 15, 2025 to each shareholder of record on April 30, 2025, and in its capacity as General Partner of the Operating Partnership, authorized a $0.2925 cash distribution per Operating Partnership unit to the Operating Partnership's unitholders.

In July 2025, the Board declared a $0.2925 quarterly cash dividend per common share payable on August 15, 2025 to each shareholder of record on July 31, 2025, and, in its capacity as General Partner of the Operating Partnership, authorized a $0.2925 cash distribution per Operating Partnership unit to the Operating Partnership's unitholders.

In October 2025, the Board declared a $0.2925 quarterly cash dividend per common share payable on November 14, 2025 to each shareholder of record on October 31, 2025, and, in its capacity as General Partner of the Operating Partnership, authorized a $0.2925 cash distribution per Operating Partnership unit to the Operating Partnership's unitholders.

In January 2026, the Board declared a $0.2925 cash dividend per common share payable on February 13, 2026 to each shareholder of record on January 30, 2026, and a $0.2925 cash distribution per general and limited partnership unit to the Operating Partnership's unitholders.

ATM Program

Under our at-the-market share offering program (“ATM Program”), we may offer and sell our common shares, $0.01 par value per share, having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $400 million. The ATM Program includes forward sales capability detailed in the “Forward Sale Agreements” section below. We may sell the common shares in amounts and at times to be determined by us but we have no obligation to sell any of the common shares. Actual sales, if any, will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of the common shares, capital needs and determinations by us of the appropriate sources of its funding. We currently intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of common shares pursuant to the ATM Program for external growth, working capital and general corporate expenses. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $400.0 million remaining available for sales of shares under the ATM Program.

The following table sets forth information regarding settlements under our ATM Offering program:

There were no sales of our common shares during 2025. However, during the third quarter of 2025, we settled all of the forward shares that were outstanding under the ATM Program, as discussed in the “Forward Sale Agreements” section below.

Forward Sale Agreements

During the fourth quarter of 2024, we sold an aggregate of 1.9 million shares under the ATM Program, which were subject to forward sale agreements, for an estimated aggregate gross value of $69.7 million based on the initial forward sale price of $36.40 with respect to each forward sale agreement. In September 2025, we settled all of the outstanding forward shares that were issued under the ATM Program for total gross proceeds of $69.7 million. A portion of the proceeds were used to fund the acquisition of the Legends Outlets in Kansas City, Kansas.

Share Repurchase Program

In May 2025, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $200.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares, replacing the previously authorized plan to repurchase up to $100.0 million of the Company's outstanding shares that expired May 31, 2025. Repurchases may be made from time to time through open market, privately-negotiated, structured or derivative transactions (including accelerated share repurchase transactions), or other methods of acquiring shares. The Company intends to structure open market purchases to occur within the pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The Company may, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate the repurchase of its shares under this authorization. The Company did not repurchase any shares in 2025 subsequent to the authorization of the repurchase plan in May 2025. The remaining amount authorized to be repurchased under the program as of December 31, 2025 was $200.0 million.

In January 2026, we used approximately $20 million of the net proceeds from the Exchangeable Notes Offering to repurchase 589,622 of the Company’s common shares concurrently with the pricing of the Exchangeable Notes in privately negotiated transactions for $33.92 per common share.

Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership

In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” section, the terms “we”, “our” and “us” refer to the Operating Partnership or the Operating Partnership and the Company together, as the context requires.

Summary of Our Major Sources and Uses of Cash and Cash Equivalents

General Overview

Property rental income represents our primary source to pay property operating expenses, debt service, capital expenditures and distributions, excluding non-recurring capital expenditures and acquisitions. To the extent that our cash flow from operating activities is insufficient to cover such non-recurring capital expenditures and acquisitions, we finance such activities from borrowings under our unsecured lines of credit or from the proceeds from the Operating Partnership’s debt offerings and the Company’s equity offerings.

We believe we achieve a strong and flexible financial position by attempting to: (1) maintain a conservative leverage position relative to our portfolio when pursuing new development, expansion and acquisition opportunities, (2) extend and sequence debt maturities, (3) manage our interest rate risk through an appropriate mix of fixed and variable rate debt and interest rate hedging strategies, (4) maintain access to liquidity by using our lines of credit in a conservative manner and (5) preserve internally generated sources of capital by maintaining a conservative distribution payout ratio. We manage our capital structure to reflect a long-term investment approach and utilize multiple sources of capital to meet our requirements, including without limitation, cash on hand, retained free cash flow and debt and equity issuances.

Capital Expenditures

The following table details our capital expenditures for consolidated centers for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively (in thousands):

(1) The increase in new center developments, redevelopments, first generation tenant allowances and expansions was primarily due to outparcel investments and center enhancements.

(2) In the 2025 and 2024 periods, second generation tenant allowances are presented net of $646,000 and $206,000 tenant allowance reversals respectively, which were the result of a lease modifications.

(3) The increase in other capital expenditures in 2025 was primarily related to recent acquisitions and larger scale projects.

We expect total capital expenditures for 2026 to be approximately $120.0 million as compared to capital expenditures of $90.2 million in 2025. The higher 2026 amount as compared to 2025 is driven primarily by renovations and redevelopments at certain centers and continuing operational capital expenditures. We expect to maintain sufficient liquidity to fund these capital expenditures.

Acquisitions, Development and Disposition

Our transaction summary for 2025, 2024 and 2023 is shown in the following table:

Potential Future Developments, Acquisitions and Dispositions

As of the date of the filing of this Annual Report, we are not in the pre-development period for any potential new developments. We may use joint venture arrangements to develop potential sites. We expect to maintain sufficient liquidity to fund existing capital expenditures.

In the case of projects to be wholly-owned by us, we expect to fund these projects with cash on hand, borrowings under our unsecured lines of credit and cash flows from operations, but may also fund them with capital from additional public debt and equity offerings. For projects to be developed through joint venture arrangements, we may use collateralized construction loans to fund a portion of the project, with our share of the equity requirements funded from sources described above.

We intend to continue to grow our portfolio by developing, expanding or acquiring additional retail real estate assets. Future retail real estate assets may be wholly-owned by us, owned through joint ventures or partnership arrangements, or through management agreements. However, you should note that any developments or expansions that we, or a joint venture that we have an ownership interest in, have planned or anticipated may not be started or completed as scheduled, or may not result in accretive net income or FFO. See the section "Non-GAAP Supplemental Earnings Measures" - "Funds From Operations" below for further discussion of FFO. In addition, we regularly evaluate acquisition or disposition proposals and engage from time to time in negotiations for acquisitions or dispositions of properties. We may also enter into letters of intent for the purchase or sale of properties. Any prospective acquisition or disposition that is being evaluated or that is subject to a letter of intent may not be consummated, or if consummated, may not result in an increase in earnings or liquidity.

Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures

From time to time, we form joint venture arrangements to develop or acquire centers. As of December 31, 2025, we have partial ownership interests in six unconsolidated centers totaling approximately 2.1 million square feet, including two centers located in Canada. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for details of our individual joint ventures, including, but not limited to, the carrying values of our investments, fees we receive for services provided to the joint ventures, recent development and financing transactions and condensed combined summary financial information.

We may elect to fund cash needs of a joint venture through equity contributions (generally on a basis proportionate to our ownership interests in the joint venture), advances or partner loans, although such funding is not typically required contractually or otherwise. We separately report investments in joint ventures for which accumulated distributions have exceeded investments in, and our share of net income or loss of, the joint ventures within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets because we are committed and intend to provide further financial support to these joint ventures. We believe our joint ventures will be able to fund their operating and capital needs during the year ended 2026 based on their sources of working capital, specifically cash flow from operations, access to contributions from partners, and ability to refinance all or portion of their debt obligations, including the ability to exercise upcoming extensions of near-term maturities.

Our joint ventures are typically encumbered by a mortgage on the joint venture property. We provide guarantees to lenders for our joint ventures which include standard non-recourse carve out indemnifications for losses arising from items such as but not limited to fraud, physical waste, payment of taxes, environmental indemnities, misapplication of insurance proceeds or security deposits and failure to maintain required insurance. A default by a joint venture under its debt obligations may expose us to liability under the guaranty. For construction and mortgage loans, we may include a guaranty of completion as well as a principal guaranty. The principal guarantees include terms for release based upon satisfactory completion of construction and performance targets including occupancy thresholds and minimum debt service coverage tests. Our joint ventures may contain make whole provisions in the event that demands are made on any existing guarantees.

Our joint ventures are generally subject to buy-sell provisions, which are customary for joint venture agreements in the real estate industry. Either partner may initiate these provisions (subject to any applicable lock up period), which could result in either the sale of our interest or the use of available cash or additional borrowings to acquire the other party's interest. Under these provisions, one partner sets a price for the property, then the other partner has the option to either (1) purchase their partner's interest based on that price or (2) sell its interest to the other partner based on that price. Since the partner other than the partner who triggers the provision has the option to be the buyer or seller, we do not consider this arrangement to be a mandatory redeemable obligation.

Future Debt Obligations

As described further in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2025, scheduled maturities and principal amortization of our existing debt for 2026, 2027, and 2028 are $355.7 million, $740.0 million and $44.0 million, respectively. There are no scheduled maturities in 2029. As of December 31, 2025, scheduled maturities after 2029 aggregate to $461.7 million. In anticipation of our upcoming maturities, we have raised $225 million of incremental term loans, extended the maturity to 2030, and $250 million of proceeds from our Exchangeable Notes.

Future Interest Payments

We are obligated to make periodic interest payments at fixed and variable rates, depending on the terms of the applicable debt agreements. Based on applicable interest rates and scheduled debt maturities as of December 31, 2025 and the debt transactions discussed in our subsequent events footnote, these interest obligations total approximately $306.2 million and range from approximately $52.0 million to $79.1 million on an annual basis over the next five years. Our variable rate debt agreements are based on Daily SOFR so the Daily SOFR rate at December 31, 2025, combined with interest rate swaps entered into, was used to calculate future interest expense.

Operating Lease Obligations

As described further in Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2025, we had a total of $249.6 million of minimum operating lease obligations. These minimum lease payments range from approximately $5.1 million to $6.4 million on an annual basis over the next five years.

Other Contractual Obligations

Other contractual obligations totaled $4.7 million as of December 31, 2025. These obligations range from approximately $338,000 to $2.1 million on an annual basis over the next five years.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth our changes in cash flows from 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Operating Activities

The increase in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to the addition of two centers during 2025, changes in working capital and an increase in rental revenues at existing centers primarily driven by an increase in occupancy rates and increase in rental rates.

Investing Activities

The increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by the acquisition of our Cleveland, OH and Kansas City, KS centers during 2025, partially offset by proceeds from the sale of our center in Howell, MI.

Financing Activities

The primary cause for the decrease in net cash used in financing activities was higher draws on our unsecured lines of credit to fund acquisitions and development and proceeds from the amendment of our mortgage at our Southaven, MS center, offset by higher dividend payments and lower proceeds from share issuances.

Financing Arrangements

See Notes 7 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, for details of our current outstanding debt, financing transactions that have occurred over the past three years and debt maturities. As of December 31, 2025, unsecured borrowings represented 89% of our outstanding debt and 93% of the gross book value of our real estate portfolio was unencumbered. As of December 31, 2025, 3% of our outstanding debt, excluding variable rate debt with interest rate protection agreements in place, had variable interest rates and therefore was subject to market fluctuations.

We intend to retain the ability to raise additional capital, including public debt or equity, to pursue attractive investment opportunities that may arise and to otherwise act in a manner that we believe to be in the best interests of our shareholders and unitholders. The Company and Operating Partnership are well-known seasoned issuers with a joint shelf registration statement on Form S-3, expiring in December 2026, that allows us to register unspecified amounts of different classes of securities. To generate capital to reinvest into other attractive investment opportunities, we may also consider the use of additional operational and developmental joint ventures, property management opportunities, the sale or lease of outparcels on our existing properties and the sale of certain properties that do not meet our long-term investment criteria. Based on cash provided by operations, existing lines of credit, ongoing relationships with certain financial institutions and our ability to sell debt or issue equity subject to market conditions, we believe that we have access to the necessary financing to fund the planned capital expenditures for at least the next twelve months.

We anticipate that adequate cash will be available to fund our operating and administrative expenses, regular debt service obligations, and the payment of dividends in accordance with REIT requirements in both the short and long-term. Although we receive most of our rental payments on a monthly basis, dividends and distributions to shareholders and unitholders, respectively, are typically made quarterly and interest payments on the senior, unsecured notes are made semi-annually. Amounts accumulated for such payments will be used in the interim to reduce the outstanding borrowings under our existing unsecured lines of credit or invested in short-term money market or other suitable instruments.

We believe our current balance sheet position is financially sound, particularly given our recent extension and expansion of our term loans and issuance of our exchangeable notes in January 2026 along with capacity under our existing line of credit; however, due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of the capital and credit markets, we can give no assurance that affordable access to capital will exist between now and our next significant debt maturity, which is our $350.0 million unsecured senior notes due September 2026.

Equity Offerings under the ATM Program

During 2025, we did not sell any shares under our at-the-market share offering program (“ATM Program”). As of December 31, 2025, we have a remaining authorization of $400.0 million under the ATM Program.

Our ATM Program also provides that we may sell common shares through forward sale contracts. Actual sales under the ATM Program will depend on a variety of factors including market conditions, the trading price of our common shares, our capital needs, and our determination of the appropriate sources of funding to meet such needs.

During the fourth quarter of 2024, we sold an aggregate of 1.9 million shares under the ATM Program which were subject to forward sale agreements for an estimated aggregate gross value of $69.7 million based on the initial forward sale price of $36.40 with respect to each forward sale agreement. In September 2025, we settled all of the outstanding forward shares under the ATM Program for total gross proceeds of $69.7 million. A portion of the proceeds were used to fund the acquisition of the Legends Outlets in Kansas City, Kansas.

Unsecured Term Loans

In January 2026, we closed on $550.0 million of unsecured term loans, comprised of (i) an amendment of our existing $325.0 million term loan increasing the capacity to $350.0 million and extending the maturity to December 2030 (the "2030 Term Loan") and (ii) a new $200.0 million term loan due January 2033 (the "2033 Term Loan"). We drew an incremental $75.0 million at closing, for a total outstanding amount of $400.0 million and has a combined $150.0 million available under a delayed draw feature, allowing us to draw the proceeds over a six to nine month period. The applicable pricing margin is SOFR plus 95 basis points for the 2030 Term Loan and SOFR plus 125 basis points for the 2033 Term Loan based on our current credit rating.

Derivatives

Throughout 2025 and into January 2026, we entered into several interest rate swap agreements on our unsecured debt totaling $275.0 million with effective dates throughout 2026 with a weighted average interest rate of 3.3%. These agreements have expiration dates ranging from October 1, 2027 to September 1, 2030.

Unsecured Lines of Credit Amendments

In January 2026, the Operating Partnership also entered into amendments to each of (i) the Revolving Credit Agreement with, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, and (ii) the Liquidity Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A.,referred to herein as the Operating Partnership’s unsecured lines of credit, such amendments in each case removing the 10 basis point SOFR credit adjustment spread and making certain conforming changes from the 2030 Term Loan and the 2033 Term Loan.

Exchangeable Notes

In January 2026, the Operating Partnership issued $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.375% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2031 (the “Exchangeable Notes”), which are guaranteed, on a senior unsecured basis, by the Company. The Exchangeable Notes bear interest at a rate of 2.375% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2026. The Exchangeable Notes mature on January 15, 2031, unless earlier exchanged, redeemed or repurchased. The Exchangeable Notes will be exchangeable at an initial exchange rate of 24.0662 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes (equivalent to an exchange price of approximately $41.55 per common share). The Exchangeable Notes will be exchangeable for cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes to be exchanged and, in respect of the remainder of the exchange obligation, if any, in excess thereof, cash, common shares or a combination thereof, at the election of the Operating Partnership. Net proceeds after the initial purchaser’s discount and estimated offering costs were approximately $243 million.

In connection with the Exchangeable Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain of the initial purchasers of the Exchangeable Notes or their affiliates or other financial institutions. The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of Company common shares that underlie the Exchangeable Notes. The cap price of the capped call transaction initially is approximately $47.49 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 40% over the last reported sale price of the Company's common shares of $33.92 per share on the New York Stock Exchange on January 7, 2026, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. A portion of the proceeds from the Exchangeable Notes were used to pay the capped call premium of approximately $9 million, which will be recorded in shareholders' equity for the Company and partners' equity for the Operating Partnership.

Finally, concurrent with the pricing of the Exchangeable Notes, we repurchased approximately 590,000 Company common shares for approximately $20 million in privately negotiated transactions effected with or through one of the initial purchasers or its affiliate, at a price per share equal to the last reported sale price of the Common Shares on the New York Stock Exchange on January 7, 2026.

Other Financing Activity

In April 2025, the Southaven, Mississippi consolidated joint venture amended its mortgage increasing the outstanding borrowings from $51.7 million to $61.7 million and extending the maturity date from October 2026 to April 2030 with no extension options. The stated interest rate remained unchanged at the Adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Adjusted SOFR”) + 2.0%. In December 2025, the mortgage was amended to remove the SOFR spread, making the interest rate Daily SOFR + 2.0%. In May 2025, we entered into an interest rate swap transaction to fix the interest rate at 3.5% through April 2029.

In September 2025, we assumed a $115.0 million 7.57% interest only mortgage that matures in November 2027 in conjunction with the acquisition of the Legends Outlets in Kansas City, Kansas. The effective interest rate calculated as part of the purchase price allocation was 6.0%.

The Operating Partnership’s debt agreements require the maintenance of certain ratios, including debt service coverage and leverage, and limit the payment of dividends such that dividends and distributions will not exceed FFO, as defined in the debt agreements, for the prior fiscal year on an annual basis or 95% on a cumulative basis.

Debt Covenants

We have historically been, and, at December 31, 2025 are, in compliance with all of our debt covenants. Our continued compliance with these covenants depends on many factors and could be impacted by current or future economic conditions. Failure to comply with these covenants would result in a default which, if we were unable to cure or obtain a waiver from the lenders, could accelerate the repayment obligations. Further, in the event of default, we may be restricted from paying dividends to our shareholders in excess of dividends required to maintain our REIT qualification. Accordingly, an event of default could have a material and adverse impact on us. As a result, we have considered our short-term (one year or less from the date of filing these financial statements) liquidity needs and the adequacy of our estimated cash flows from operating activities and other financing sources to meet these needs. These other sources include but are not limited to: existing cash, ongoing relationships with certain financial institutions, our ability to sell debt or issue equity subject to market conditions and proceeds from the potential sale of non-core assets. We believe that we have access to the necessary financing to fund our short-term liquidity needs.

As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants related to our debt obligations, as detailed below:

65

Debt of unconsolidated joint ventures

The following table details information regarding the outstanding debt of the unconsolidated joint ventures and guarantees of such debt provided by us as of December 31, 2025 (dollars in millions):

Houston/Galveston, Texas

In June 2025, the Galveston/Houston joint venture refinanced its mortgage loan to extend the maturity from June 2026 to June 2030, which included an increase in principal balance from $58.0 million to $60.0 million, and reduced the interest rate from the Daily Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Daily SOFR”) + 3.0% to Daily SOFR + 1.65%. In conjunction with this refinancing, the joint venture entered into a $60.0 million interest rate swap that fixes Daily SOFR at 3.4% until June 2029. The refinancing provided for the removal of the Operating Partnership's principal guarantee.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP and the Company’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and operating results require the Company’s management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates, and such differences may be material. Management believes the Company’s critical accounting estimates are those related to impairment of long-lived assets, impairment of investments, revenue recognition and collectability of operating lease receivables. Management considers these estimates critical because they are both important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and operating results, and they require management to make judgments and estimates about inherently uncertain matters. The Company’s senior management has reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of the Board.

Evaluation of Impairment of long-lived assets

Rental property held and used by us is reviewed for impairment in the event that facts and circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In such an event, we compare the estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset to the asset's carrying amount, and if less than such carrying amount, recognize an impairment loss in an amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The cash flow estimates used both for determining recoverability and estimating fair value are inherently judgmental and reflect current and projected trends in rental, occupancy, capitalization and discount rates, and estimated holding periods for the applicable assets. Impairment analyses are based on our current plans, intended holding periods and available market information at the time the analyses are prepared. If our estimates of the projected future cash flows change based on uncertain market conditions or holding periods, our evaluation of impairment losses may be different and such differences could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

Due to the financial impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, we began performing the above described procedures on our Atlantic City, New Jersey center in 2020. While the center’s performance has improved since that time, we have continued to perform those procedures and concluded each quarter that the carrying amount of the asset was recoverable. We evaluate different holding period scenarios and apply probabilities to those scenarios to determine an average holding period of 9 years. Management has the intent, and we have the ability, to hold the property for at least this period, and we believe this period is reasonable based on the center’s performance and our history of being a long-term owner and operator of our centers. We believe the carrying value is recoverable because in our models the sum of the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, $51.1 million, and the estimated potential disposition proceeds of the sale of the center, $65.5 million (in aggregate totaling $116.6 million) exceeds the carrying value of $102.1 million by $14.6 million. The recorded carrying amount includes intangible lease costs from our 2011 acquisition of the center. Accordingly, we will continue to monitor circumstances and events in future periods that could affect inputs such as the expected holding period, operating cash flow forecasts and capitalization rates, utilized to determine whether an impairment charge is necessary. As these inputs are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the future cash flows estimated by management in its impairment analysis may not be achieved, and actual losses or impairment may be realized in the future.

In April 2025, we sold the center in Howell, Michigan for $17.0 million. As part of our quarterly impairment evaluation procedures, we recorded a $4.2 million impairment charge in the first quarter of 2025 to lower the property’s carrying value to the estimated fair value based on the purchase agreement.

Evaluation of Impairment of investments

Our estimates of value for each joint venture investment are based on a number of assumptions that are subject to economic and market uncertainties including, among others, estimated hold period, terminal capitalization rates, demand for space, competition for tenants, changes in market rental rates and operating costs of the property. These above factors are considered in the estimation process and are subject to significant management judgment, difficult to predict and contingent on future events that may alter our assumptions and the values estimated by us in our impairment analysis may not be realized.

Acquisitions of Real Estate

In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, we determine whether the acquisition of a property qualifies as a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. If the property acquired is not a business, we account for the transaction as an asset acquisition and therefore capitalize transaction costs. We evaluate each real estate acquisition to determine whether the integrated set of acquired assets and activities meets the definition of a business.

We allocate the purchase price of asset acquisitions based on the fair value of land, building, tenant improvements, debt and deferred lease costs and other intangibles, such as the value of leases with above or below market rents, origination costs associated with the in-place leases, the value of in-place leases and tenant relationships, if any. We depreciate the amount allocated to building, deferred lease costs and other intangible assets over their estimated useful lives, which range up to 36 years. The values of the above and below market leases are amortized and recorded as either an increase (in the case of below market leases) or a decrease (in the case of above market leases) to rental income over the remaining term of the associated lease. The values of below market leases that are considered to have renewal periods with below market rents are amortized over the remaining term of the associated lease plus the renewal periods when the renewal is deemed probable to occur. The value associated with in-place leases is amortized over the remaining lease term and tenant relationships are amortized over the expected term, which includes an estimated probability of the lease renewal. If a tenant terminates its lease prior to the contractual termination of the lease and no rental payments are being made on the lease, any unamortized balance of the related intangibles is written off. The tenant improvements and origination costs are amortized as an expense over the remaining life of the lease (or charged against earnings if the lease is terminated prior to its contractual expiration date). In instances where an acquisition includes the assumption of a mortgage or other debt, we amortize the related discount or premium over the life of the debt instrument. We assess fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and capitalization rates and available market information. These cash flow projections may be derived from various observable and unobservable inputs and assumptions. Also, we may utilize third-party valuation specialists.

The table below summarizes our asset acquisitions from 2023 - 2025. Purchase price includes capitalized transaction costs.

68

Revenue recognition and collectability of operating lease receivables

We, as a lessor, retain substantially all of the risks and benefits of ownership of our centers and account for our leases as operating leases. We accrue fixed lease income on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, when we believe substantially all lease income, including the related straight-line rent receivable, is probable of collection. Our assessment of collectability requires the exercise of considerable judgment and incorporates available operational performance measures such as sales and the aging of billed amounts as well as other publicly available information with respect to our tenant’s financial condition, liquidity and capital resources. When a tenant seeks to reorganize its operations through bankruptcy proceedings, we assess the collectability of receivable balances including, among other things, the timing of a tenant’s bankruptcy filing and our expectations of the assumption by the tenant in bankruptcy proceeding of leases at our properties on substantially similar terms. In the event that we determine accrued receivables are not probable of collection, lease income will be recorded on a cash basis, with the corresponding tenant receivable and straight-line rent receivable charged as a direct write-off against lease income in the period of the change in our collectability determination.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for information on recently adopted accounting standards and new accounting pronouncements issued.

Non-GAAP Supplemental Measures

Funds From Operations

FFO is a widely used measure of the operating performance for real estate companies that supplements net income (loss) determined in accordance with GAAP. We determine FFO based on the definition set forth by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), of which we are a member. In December 2018, Nareit issued “Nareit Funds From Operations White Paper - 2018 Restatement” which clarifies, where necessary, existing guidance and consolidates alerts and policy bulletins into a single document for ease of use. Nareit defines FFO as net income (loss) available to the Company’s common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding (i) depreciation and amortization related to real estate, (ii) gains or losses from sales of certain real estate assets, (iii) gains and losses from change in control, (iv) impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity and (v) after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis.

FFO is intended to exclude historical cost depreciation of real estate as required by GAAP, which assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes ratably over time. Historically, however, real estate values have risen or fallen with market conditions. Because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, gains and losses from property dispositions and extraordinary items, it provides a performance measure that, when compared year over year, reflects the impact to operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs, development activities and interest costs, providing perspective not immediately apparent from net income (loss).

We present FFO because we consider it an important supplemental measure of our operating performance. In addition, a portion of cash bonus compensation to certain members of management is based on our FFO or Core FFO, which is described in the section below. We believe it is useful for investors to have enhanced transparency into how we evaluate our performance and that of our management. In addition, FFO is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of REITs, many of which present FFO when reporting their results. FFO is also widely used by us and others in our industry to evaluate and price potential acquisition candidates. We believe that FFO payout ratio, which represents regular distributions to common shareholders and unitholders of the Operating Partnership expressed as a percentage of FFO, is useful to investors because it facilitates the comparison of dividend coverage between REITs. Nareit has encouraged its member companies to report their FFO as a supplemental, industry-wide standard measure of REIT operating performance.

FFO has significant limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

• FFO does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
• FFO does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
• Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and FFO does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and
• Other companies in our industry may calculate FFO differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, FFO should not be considered as a measure of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or our dividend paying capacity. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using FFO only as a supplemental measure.

Core Funds From Operations

We present Core FFO as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define Core FFO as FFO further adjusted to eliminate the impact of certain items that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. These further adjustments are itemized in the table below, if applicable. You are encouraged to evaluate these adjustments and the reasons we consider them appropriate for supplemental analysis. In evaluating Core FFO you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of Core FFO should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.

We present Core FFO because we believe it assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. In addition, we believe it is useful for investors to have enhanced transparency into how we evaluate management’s performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies. We use Core FFO when certain material, unplanned transactions occur as a factor in evaluating management’s performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and may use Core FFO when determining incentive compensation.

Core FFO has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

• Core FFO does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
• Core FFO does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
• Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and Core FFO does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements;
• Core FFO does not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations; and
• Other companies in our industry may calculate Core FFO differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, Core FFO should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Core FFO only as a supplemental measure.

Below is a reconciliation of net income to FFO and Core FFO available to common shareholders (in thousands, except per share amounts):

(1) Assumes the Class A common limited partnership units of the Operating Partnership held by the noncontrolling interests are exchanged for Common Shares. Each Class A common limited partnership unit is exchangeable for one Common Share, subject to certain limitations to preserve the Company's REIT status.

(2) For the 2024 period, represents executive severance costs.

Portfolio Net Operating Income and Same Center NOI

We present portfolio net operating income (“Portfolio NOI”) and same center net operating income (“Same Center NOI”) as supplemental measures of our operating performance. Portfolio NOI represents our property level net operating income, which is defined as total operating revenues less property operating expenses and excludes termination fees and non-cash adjustments including straight-line rent, net above and below market rent amortization, impairment charges, loss on early extinguishment of debt, and gains or losses on the sale of assets recognized during the periods presented. We define Same Center NOI as Portfolio NOI for the properties that were operational for the entire portion of both comparable reporting periods, and which were not acquired, or subject to a material expansion or non-recurring event, such as a natural disaster, during the comparable reporting periods.

We believe Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI are non-GAAP metrics used by industry analysts, investors and management to measure the operating performance of our properties because they provide performance measures directly related to the revenues and expenses involved in owning and operating real estate assets and provide a perspective not immediately apparent from net income (loss), FFO or Core FFO. Because Same Center NOI excludes properties developed, redeveloped, acquired and sold; as well as non-cash adjustments, gains or losses on the sale of outparcels and termination rents; it highlights operating trends such as occupancy levels, rental rates and operating costs on properties that were operational for both comparable periods. Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI should not be considered alternatives to net income (loss) as an indication of our performance or to cash flows as a measure of our liquidity or ability to make distributions. Other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI, and accordingly, our Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI may not be comparable to other REITs.

Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI should not be considered alternatives to net income (loss) or as an indicator of our financial performance since they do not reflect the entire operations of our portfolio, nor do they reflect the impact of general and administrative expenses, acquisition-related expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization costs, other non-property income and losses, the level of capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, or trends in development and construction activities which are significant economic costs and activities that could materially impact our results from operations. Because of these limitations, Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI should not be viewed in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI only as supplemental measures.

Below is a reconciliation of net income to Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI for the consolidated portfolio (in thousands):

(1) Non-cash items include straight-line rent, above and below market rent amortization, straight-line rent expense on land leases and gains or losses on outparcel sales, as applicable.

(2) Centers excluded from Same Center NOI Basis:

Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre

We present Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”) as adjusted for items described below (“Adjusted EBITDA”), EBITDA for Real Estate (“EBITDAre”) and Adjusted EBITDAre, all non-GAAP measures, as supplemental measures of our operating performance. Each of these measures is defined as follows:

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) available to the Company's common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP before net interest expense, income taxes (if applicable), depreciation and amortization, gains and losses on sale of operating properties, joint venture properties, outparcels and other assets, impairment write-downs of depreciated property and of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures caused by a decrease in value of depreciated property in the affiliate, compensation related to voluntary retirement plan and other executive officer severance, certain executive departure related adjustments, gain on sale of non-real estate asset adjustments, casualty gains and losses, gains and losses on early extinguishment of debt, net and other items that we do not consider indicative of the Company's ongoing operating performance.

We determine EBITDAre based on the definition set forth by Nareit, which is defined as net income (loss) available to the Company's common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP before net interest expense, income taxes (if applicable), depreciation and amortization, gains and losses on sale of operating properties, gains and losses on change of control and impairment write-downs of depreciated property and of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures caused by a decrease in value of depreciated property in the affiliate and after adjustments to reflect our share of the EBITDAre of unconsolidated joint ventures.

Adjusted EBITDAre is defined as EBITDAre excluding gains and losses on early extinguishment of debt, net, casualty gains and losses, compensation related to voluntary retirement plan and other executive officer severance, certain executive departure related adjustments, gain on sale of non-real estate asset adjustments, gains and losses on sale of outparcels, and other items that that we do not consider indicative of the Company's ongoing operating performance.

We present Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre as we believe they are useful for investors, creditors and rating agencies as they provide additional performance measures that are independent of a Company’s existing capital structure to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of the Company’s operating performance to other REITs and provide a more consistent metric for comparing the operating performance of the Company’s real estate between periods.

Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre have significant limitations as analytical tools, including:

• They do not reflect our net interest expense;
• They do not reflect gains or losses on sales of operating properties or impairment write-downs of depreciated property and of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures caused by a decrease in value of depreciated property in the affiliate;
• Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDAre do not reflect gains and losses on extinguishment of debt and other items that may affect operations; and
• Other companies in our industry may calculate these measures differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre only as supplemental measures.

Below is a reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

Below is a reconciliation of Net Income to EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre (in thousands):

(1) For the 2024 period, represents executive severance costs and for the 2023 period, represents the reversal of previously expensed compensation related to a voluntary executive departure.

Economic Conditions and Outlook

We are closely monitoring the impact of supply chain and labor issues, inflationary and deflationary pressures, changes in interest rates and the overall macroeconomic environment on all aspects of our business and geographies, including how it will impact our tenants and business partners.

The majority of our leases contain provisions designed to mitigate the impact of inflation. Such provisions include clauses for the escalation of base rent and clauses enabling us to receive percentage rentals based on tenants’ gross sales (above predetermined levels), which generally increase as prices rise. A component of most leases includes a pro-rata share or escalating fixed contributions by the tenant for property operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance and advertising and promotion, thereby reducing exposure to increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation.

A portion of our rental revenues are derived from rents that directly depend on the sales volume of certain tenants. Accordingly, declines in these tenants’ sales would reduce the income produced by our properties. If the sales or profitability of our retail tenants decline sufficiently, whether due to a change in consumer preferences, health concerns, legislative changes that increase the cost of their operations or otherwise, such tenants may be unable to pay their existing rents as such rents would represent a higher percentage of their sales.

In addition, certain of our lease agreements include co-tenancy and/or sales-based provisions that may allow a tenant to pay reduced rent and/or terminate a lease prior to its natural expiration if we fail to maintain certain occupancy levels or retain specified named tenants, or if the tenant does not achieve certain specified sales targets. If our occupancy declines, certain centers may fall below the minimum co-tenancy thresholds and could trigger many tenants' contractual ability to pay reduced rents, which in turn may negatively impact our results of operations. Our occupancy at our consolidated centers was 98% at the end of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Our centers typically include well-known, national, branded companies. By maintaining a broad base of well-known tenants, increased diversity of uses, strong population growth in our markets and a geographically diverse portfolio of properties located across the United States, we believe we reduce our operating and leasing risks. During the year ended December 31, 2025, no one tenant (including affiliates) accounted for more than 7% of our square feet or 6% of our rental revenues.

Due to the relatively short-term nature of our tenants’ leases, a significant portion of the leases in our portfolio come up for renewal each year. During 2026, approximately 2.7 million square feet, or 18% of the total portfolio including our share of unconsolidated joint ventures, will come up for renewal. For the total portfolio, including the Company’s pro rata share of unconsolidated joint ventures, as of January 31, 2026, we had lease renewals executed or in process for 46.0% of the space scheduled to expire during 2026 compared to 34.9% of the space scheduled to expire during 2025 that was executed or in process as of January 31, 2025. As of January 31, 2026, we had lease renewals executed or in process for 75.6% of the space that came up for renewal in 2025.

We believe retail real estate will continue to be a profitable and fundamental distribution channel for many brands and retailers. While we continue to attract and retain additional tenants, if we were unable to successfully renew or re-lease a significant amount of this space on favorable economic terms or in a timely manner, the loss in rent and our Same Center NOI could be negatively impacted in future periods.

Market Risk

We are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates.

Interest Rate Risk

We may periodically enter into certain interest rate protection and interest rate swap agreements to effectively convert existing floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. As of December 31, 2025, we had interest rate swap agreements to fix the interest rates on outstanding debt with notional amounts totaling $386.7 million. Throughout 2025 and into January 2026, we entered into several forward starting interest rate swap agreements on our unsecured debt totaling $275.0 million with effective dates throughout 2026 with a weighted average interest rate of 3.3%. These agreements have expiration dates ranging from October 1, 2027 to September 1, 2030. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details related to our outstanding derivatives.

As of December 31, 2025, 3% of our outstanding consolidated debt, excluding the amount of variable rate debt with interest rate protection agreements in place, had variable interest rates and therefore was subject to market fluctuations. A change in the SOFR index of 100 basis points would result in an increase or decrease of approximately $440,000 in interest expense on an annual basis.

As of December 31, 2025, the interest rate spreads associated with our unsecured lines of credit and our unsecured term loan are based on the higher of our three investment grade credit ratings. As of December 31, 2025, we had a $44.0 million balance on our unsecured line of credit. An upgrade or downgrade to our credit rating could decrease or increase, respectively, our interest expense depending on the level of change.

The information presented herein is merely an estimate and has limited predictive value. As a result, the ultimate effect upon our operating results of interest rate fluctuations will depend on the interest rate exposures that arise during the period, our hedging strategies at that time and future changes in the level of interest rates.

The estimated fair value and recorded value of our debt consisting of senior unsecured notes, unsecured term loans, secured mortgages and unsecured lines of credit was as follows (in thousands):

A 100 basis point increase from prevailing interest rates at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 would result in a decrease in fair value of total consolidated debt of approximately $30.2 million and $34.5 million, respectively. Refer to Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our methodology in calculating the estimated fair value of debt. Considerable judgment is necessary to develop estimated fair values of financial instruments. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts we could realize on the disposition of the financial instruments.

Foreign Currency Risk

We are also exposed to foreign currency risk on investments in centers that are located in Canada. Our currency exposure is concentrated in the Canadian Dollar. To mitigate some of the risk related to changes in foreign currency, cash flows received from our Canadian joint ventures are either reinvested to fund ongoing Canadian development activities, if applicable, or converted to U.S. dollars and utilized to repay amounts outstanding under our unsecured lines of credit, if any. Accordingly, cash held in Canadian Dollars at any point in time is insignificant. We generally do not hedge currency translation exposures.

Tanger Inc.

(a) Evaluation of disclosure control procedures.

The President and Chief Executive Officer, Stephen J. Yalof (Principal Executive Officer), and Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Investment Officer, Michael J. Bilerman (Principal Financial Officer), evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information the Company is required to disclose in its filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Management's report on internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company's Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the Board, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining policies and procedures designed to maintain the adequacy of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, including those policies and procedures that:

(1) Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

(2) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

(3) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

The Company's management has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 based on the criteria established in a report entitled Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment and those criteria, the Company's management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2025.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

(c) There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Tanger Properties Limited Partnership

(a) Evaluation of disclosure control procedures.

The President and Chief Executive Officer, Stephen J. Yalof (Principal Executive Officer), and Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Investment Officer, Michael J. Bilerman (Principal Financial Officer) of Tanger Inc., the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, evaluated the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(c) and 15d-15(e) and concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

(b) Management's report on internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer of the Operating Partnership's general partner, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the general partner's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management, with the participation of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer of the general partner, is responsible for establishing and maintaining policies and procedures designed to maintain the adequacy of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting, including those policies and procedures that:

(1) Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Operating Partnership;

(2) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Operating Partnership are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the Board, as the Operating Partnership's sole general partner; and

(3) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Operating Partnership's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management has evaluated the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 based on the criteria established in a report entitled Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment and those criteria, management has concluded that the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting was effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2025.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

(c) There were no changes in the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.