Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

As used herein, "Comstock", "CHCI", "the Company," "we," "us," "our," and similar terms are referring to Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise.

Overview

Comstock is a leading asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. region. We have become one of the area’s premier real estate services companies by creating extraordinary places, delivering exceptional experiences, and generating excellent results for all stakeholders.

Since 1985, we have acquired, developed, operated, and sold millions of square feet of residential, commercial, and mixed-use properties. Our industry expertise and commitment to excellence enable us to consistently deliver best-in-class services across the diverse assets in our managed portfolio. We specialize in supporting the seamless integration of residential, commercial, and retail offerings into vibrant mixed-use communities, exemplified by Reston Station and Loudoun Station, the two flagship developments that make up our Anchor Portfolio and are among the region's largest and most prominent mixed-use, transit-oriented neighborhoods (see "Our Portfolio" for additional information). We maintain a market-leading position in Northern Virginia's Dulles Corridor, an area that is undergoing an urban transformation driven by the creation of Metro's Silver Line, which connects Loudoun County and Dulles International Airport to Reston, Tysons, Washington, D.C., and suburban Maryland.

We provide a comprehensive suite of real estate services to our asset-owning clients, including asset management, property management, development and construction management, and more. Our client base is composed primarily of institutional real estate investors, high net worth family offices, financial institutions, and governmental bodies seeking to develop real estate they own through public-private partnerships. We employ a team of talented real estate professionals that is led by our seasoned management team and is tasked with delivering high-quality services to the premium, strategically located assets in our managed portfolio.

We primarily operate under long-term asset management and property management agreements that provide recurring, fee-based revenue streams.

• Our asset management services platform is anchored by a long-term, full-service asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an affiliate entity controlled by our Chief Executive Officer, Christopher Clemente, which includes a cost-plus fee structure and covers all of the properties in our Anchor Portfolio (the "2022 AMA" - See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). We have entered into separate asset management agreements for non-Anchor Portfolio assets. We provide asset management services for market-rate fees to all the commercial and residential assets in our managed portfolio, as well as to certain assets managed by ParkX (see below).
• As a vertically integrated real estate services company, we perform all property management services through three wholly owned subsidiaries: CHCI Commercial, CHCI Residential, and ParkX Management ("ParkX"). All properties in our managed portfolio have entered into property management agreements that provide for market-rate fees related to our services.

Our asset-light, debt-free business model allows us to substantially mitigate risks that are typically associated with real estate development and operation. The fee-based approach we have adopted helps drive consistent top-line growth that, along with our streamlined balance sheet, provides maximum flexibility to explore growth opportunities outside of our core business operations.

We have directly aligned the equity ownership of our Company with the ownership interests of the affiliated assets that we manage in our Anchor Portfolio. This relationship, along with the baseline cost-plus feature and supplemental performance-based revenue opportunities provided by the 2022 AMA, provides us with a stable business platform on which we can (i) produce consistent, positive financial results, (ii) mature and expand our real estate service offerings, (iii) diversify and grow our managed portfolio of assets, both organically and through additional third-party relationships, (iv) pursue strategic investments and complimentary acquisitions, and (v) deliver exceptional value to our shareholders.

We distinguish ourselves from industry peers through an established standard of excellence that extends from who we hire to how we deliver our comprehensive suite of real estate services. We are able to maintain this high standard because We Show Up - every day, in person, in a collaborative environment that is structured to deliver on our mission to make a difference for our customers, our stakeholders, and in the communities that we serve.

Our Services

Our experienced team of professionals provides a comprehensive suite of services and solutions related to the management, development, and operation of real estate assets. The services we provide include asset management, property/facility management (including security, porter/janitorial, concierge, firewatch, and more), development and construction management, leasing and marketing, acquisition and disposition, asset recapitalization, design (including planning and entitlements), strategic investment consultation and execution, and various other property-specific services.

Our Managed Portfolio

The focus of our managed portfolio revolves primarily around high quality, mixed-use real estate properties and developments that are strategically located adjacent to Metro rail stations, providing convenient access to public transportation.

The following table summarizes the operating assets, categorized by asset type, that were included in our managed portfolio as of December 31, 2025:

In addition, we manage the following assets that are under construction and scheduled for delivery in the next 6 to 12 months:

• 1 commercial asset representing approximately 6,000 square feet; and
• 1 residential asset with 419 units representing approximately 430,000 square feet;

Our development pipeline currently includes 5 commercial assets that represent approximately 1.5 million square feet, 5 residential assets with more than 2,300 units that represent approximately 2.5 million square feet, and 1 dual-use hotel with 240 keys that represents approximately 220,000 square feet. At full build out, our managed portfolio of assets is currently projected to total 105 assets that represent approximately 10 million square feet.

Anchor Portfolio

Our Anchor Portfolio includes, or will soon include, millions of square feet of Trophy and Class A office towers, luxury multi-family residential buildings, luxury hotels with branded condominium residences, high-end retail and entertainment options, associated public spaces, and commercial parking garages to serve all the properties. In 2025, Anchor portfolio assets generated over $120.0 million of gross revenue for the property owners.

Reston Station (Operating + Under Construction+ In Development)

Reston Station is one of the largest mixed-use, transit-oriented developments in the mid-Atlantic region. Located at the Wiehle-Reston East station on Metro’s Silver Line, the Reston Station neighborhood spans the Dulles Toll Road and covers approximately 90 acres. The Reston Station neighborhood is being developed in phases and is composed of the following five districts:

• Metro Plaza District (Operating)

The Metro Plaza District is located adjacent to Wiehle Reston-East Metro Station and contains approximately 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development. It includes three Trophy-class office towers that represent over 800,000 square feet that are home to corporate or regional headquarters of Google, ICF Global, CARFAX, FM, Amentum, and numerous others, as well as BLVD Reston, a 456,000-square-foot luxury residential tower with 448 units. All buildings in the Metro Plaza District have ground floor retail, which has been leased to high-quality tenants, including Starbucks, CVS, Founding Farmers, Scissors & Scotch, and more.

The Metro Plaza District also includes one of the largest underground commuter parking garages and bus transit facilities in the region. The 1.7 million square foot subterranean garage and transit facility is the subject of a public-private partnership between a Comstock affiliate and Fairfax County, Virginia. The Reston Station transit facility provides Metro commuters with an indoor bus transit depot designed to accommodate upwards of 110 buses per hour, 2,300 commuter parking spaces operated by Fairfax County, and approximately 2,750 additional parking spaces for retail, office, and commuter uses, a Tesla Super Charging Station and numerous other electric vehicle charging stations, secure bicycle parking and storage facilities, substantial storm water management vaults, and state-of-the-art water treatment systems.

• Reston Row District (Operating + Under Construction)

The Reston Row District ("The Row at Reston Station") is the second and most recently delivered phase of the Reston Station development. Anchoring the district is Virginia's first and only JW-Marriott branded property, a 28-story tower representing over 540,000 square feet that includes a best-in-class 248-key hotel with approximately 40,000 square feet of event space ("JW Marriott Reston Station") and 94 luxury condominiums ("JW Marriott Residences Reston Station"), both which have direct access to fine dining and premium amenities. The Row at Reston Station includes two Trophy-class office towers that represent approximately 590,000 square feet and will be the future headquarters for Booz Allen Hamilton and numerous other major corporations, as well as BLVD Haley, a 427,000-square foot luxury residential tower with 419 units that is scheduled to fully deliver in early 2026. Highlighting the district's premier wellness and restaurant offerings are a 55,000-square-foot VIDA Fitness & Spa and Ebbitt House, the first-ever expansion of D.C.'s iconic Old Ebbitt Grill, which is also scheduled to open in early 2026.

• Commerce District (In Development)

The Commerce District is located adjacent to Wiehle Reston-East Metro Station, directly across the Dulles Toll Road from the Metro Plaza District. It has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.5 million square feet of new mixed-use development surrounding the four existing stabilized Class-A office buildings that represent a total of approximately 597,400 square feet. We are currently leasing and managing the four existing office buildings and one existing retail building while finalizing plans and permits for this new development.

• Midline District (In Development)

The Midline District, located directly across Wiehle Avenue from the Reston Row District and the Metro Plaza District, has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.2 million square feet of new mixed-use development. We are currently updating the entitlements secured by the previous owner and plan to commence development after receiving the necessary approvals and permits.

• West District (In Development)

The West District sits adjacent to the Reston Row District and Metro Plaza District and includes a previously developed 90,000-square-foot office building owned by one of our affiliates and an apartment building owned by a third party. In 2022, our affiliate acquired an existing 58,000-square-foot office building on an adjacent parcel that is planned for demolition and will be incorporated into the West District's development plans, which are planned to commence after entitlements are secured. It is anticipated that entitlements will allow for five mixed-use buildings in the West District, including the aforementioned existing apartment building.

Loudoun Station (Operating + In Development)

Loudoun Station, located in Ashburn, Virginia adjacent to Ashburn Station at the terminus of Metro’s Silver Line, is Loudoun County’s first and only Metro-connected development. With direct rail connectivity to Dulles International Airport, Reston, Tysons, and Washington, D.C., it represents the beginning of Loudoun County’s transformation into a transit-connected community. Loudoun Station has more than 1.0 million square feet of mixed-use development completed and stabilized, including nearly 700 residential units, approximately 50,000 square feet of Class-A office space, and approximately 150,000 square feet of retail space, highlighted by an 11-screen AMC Cinema as well as multiple dining and entertainment venues. It is also home to a 1,500-space Metro commuter parking garage that is the subject of a public-private partnership between a Comstock affiliate and Loudoun County. At full build, the Loudoun Station development will cover nearly 50 acres.

Other Portfolio Assets

The following summarizes additional operating assets that are currently in our managed portfolio:

Investors X

In April 2019, we entered into a Master Transfer agreement with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, Christopher Clemente, that provided for priority distribution of residual cash flow from its Class B membership interest in Comstock Investors X, L.C. ("Investors X"), an unconsolidated variable interest entity that owns Comstock’s residual homebuilding operations. As of December 31, 2025, all residential lots have been sold. The proceeds from the lot sales will be distributed to the Company as remaining land development work associated with these projects is completed.

The Hartford

In December 2019, we entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire The Hartford Building ("The Hartford"), a stabilized Class-A office building immediately adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County, Virginia. Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot LEED Gold-certified, mixed-use building located in the premier Rosslyn-Ballston corridor. In February 2020, we arranged for DivcoWest, an unaffiliated entity, to purchase a majority ownership stake in The Hartford and secured an $87 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, we entered into asset management and property management agreements for the building to go along with our 2.5% equity interest.

BLVD Forty Four

In October 2021, we entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire a stabilized 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building in Rockville, Maryland that we rebranded as BLVD Forty Four. Built in 2015 and located one block from the Rockville Station on Metro's Red Line and in the heart of the I-270 Technology and Life Science Corridor, the 263-unit mixed use property includes approximately 16,000 square feet of retail and a commercial parking garage. In connection with the transaction, we received an acquisition fee and are entitled to receive investment-related income and promote distributions in connection with our 5.0% equity interest in the asset. We also provide asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees.

BLVD Ansel

In March 2022, we entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire BLVD Ansel, a newly completed 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building with 250 units located adjacent to the Rockville Metro Station and BLVD Forty Four in Rockville, Maryland. BLVD Ansel features approximately 20,000 square feet of retail space, 611 parking spaces, and expansive amenities including multiple private workspaces designed to meet the needs of remote-working residents. In connection with the transaction, we received an acquisition fee and are entitled to receive investment-related income and promote distributions in connection with our 5.0% equity interest in the asset. We also provide residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees.

Comstock 41

In December 2023, we completed the acquisition of an 18,150 square foot land parcel located at 41 Maryland Avenue in Rockville, Maryland (“Comstock 41”) through a wholly owned subsidiary for $1.5 million. This investment property sits adjacent to BLVD Ansel and BLVD Forty Four and is currently a surface parking lot. Comstock 41 has existing entitlements for at least 117 dwelling units and approximately 11,000 square feet of retail space.

In November 2024, we entered into a definitive purchase agreement for Comstock 41 with SCG Development Holdings, LLC ("SCG") that is contingent upon the successful rezoning of the property to allow for the development of an affordable housing project at the site. Upon closing, we will enter into an operating agreement and a development agreement with SCG, under which we will provide construction management services for the affordable housing project that will be fully financed by SCG. We will also be provided with the opportunity to provide property management services upon delivery.

In December 2025, we received legislative approval from the City of Rockville for the affordable housing development and the relocation of certain moderately-priced dwelling units (MPDUs) from BLVD Forty Four to Comstock 41. The rezoning approval triggered an entitlement success fee based on a contingent fee agreement with BLVD Forty Four that was recognized as revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025. (See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Parking

ParkX, one of our wholly owned operating subsidiaries, currently manages a total of 34 commercial parking garages, including 17 commercial parking garages owned by unaffiliated parties. In addition, ParkX provides approximately 8,000 hours per week of security, concierge, porter/janitorial, and other services across a total of 76 different properties, including 41 for which we provide multiple types of property management services.

Our Business Strategy

In early 2018, we transitioned away from the development and sale of residential homes to our current business model, which primarily focuses on driving recurring fee-based revenue streams from the asset and property management services we provide for commercial and mixed-use real estate properties in the greater Washington, D.C. region. This significant shift took us from a high risk, capital-intensive approach to one that is asset-light and debt-free, providing us with a stronger balance sheet that allows for greater flexibility when it comes to exploring additional opportunities to grow our business.

We have demonstrated a proven track record of successfully managing a large-scale, diverse portfolio that contains both stabilized and in-development assets. Our decades of experience and in-depth industry knowledge provide us with the necessary foundation to successfully deliver on our unique business strategy, which is centered around the following strategic areas of focus:

• Generation of stable, recurring revenue and cash flows

We primarily operate under long-term asset management and property management agreements that provide recurring fee-based revenue streams, including the 2022 AMA and its cost-plus fee structure foundation that covers all the assets we manage in our Anchor Portfolio. This approach, along with additional opportunities to recognize supplemental and performance-based revenue based on provisions included in the 2022 AMA and our other management agreements, provide us with stability and visibility that help drive consistent, predictable top-line growth and positive operating cash flows.

• Addition of high-quality, mixed-use and transit-oriented assets in high-growth, high-potential areas

The assets in our managed portfolio are primarily composed of high-quality, trophy-class assets located in transitioning “sub-urban” markets found within the greater Washington D.C. region. These sub-markets, which include the Dulles Corridor and the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor in Northern Virginia and the I-270 Technology and Life Science Corridor in Montgomery County, Maryland, are currently experiencing a "flight to quality" that is driving demand for the type of premium developments and amenity-rich buildings that compose our managed portfolio. We anticipate the heightened demand for top-tier real estate will persist across both commercial and residential markets, driven by an increasing number of tenants who are willing to pay higher rents for top-quality assets located in mixed-use, transit-oriented communities with access to premium amenities.

In Northern Virginia specifically, growing demand for technology and cybersecurity services has driven the proliferation of major global corporations opening operational headquarters in the region. The expansion and continued investment of these influential industry leaders will benefit Northern Virginia’s employment market, further driving increased demand for the assets we manage and the mixed-use communities we are developing.

• Leveraging our growth platform and industry expertise to secure additional development and investment opportunities

Our stable growth platform and streamlined balance sheet provide us with insulation from significant downturns in the commercial real estate industry. As a result, we are well positioned to pursue, and potentially capitalize on, market disruptions that produce new attractively valued assets that would complement our existing managed portfolio. We typically engage a joint-venture partner that will provide the majority of capital needed for our investments in real estate ventures. This approach enables us to minimize risk and retain the flexibility to pursue additional value-add, core, and core-plus investments and acquisitions as new opportunities emerge.

We have worked closely with our affiliates to secure public-private partnerships with local governments from Fairfax County and Loudoun County in Virginia to develop and manage large-scale mixed-use, transit-oriented developments. Our proven track record of developing and managing best-in-class properties across the region has positioned us as an attractive partner for additional government entities looking to improve infrastructure and enhance their surrounding communities. In addition, recent changes to the comprehensive land use plans of Fairfax County and Loudoun County that encourage high-density and mixed-use development proximate to Metro's Silver Line stations may further enhance our potential growth opportunities.

Our Culture

Over nearly four decades we have curated a unique culture that distinguishes us from our industry peers and is firmly rooted in our commitment to work together - every day, in-person - to drive the standard of excellence that we consider to be our baseline. We Show Up every day because we believe that showing up makes a difference for our customers, our stakeholders, and in the communities that we serve. To learn more about Comstock's culture, please visit www.Comstock.com/WeShowUp (http://www.Comstock.com/WeShowUp).

Our Values

We are committed to pursuing environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and robust governance practices across all our operations. We recognize that development of real estate can have significant impact, positive or negative, for the surrounding community, the region, and the environment that we all share. We believe that companies developing real estate have a responsibility to maximize the positive impacts while taking steps to minimize negative impacts. Supporting and fostering these initiatives is instrumental in making our communities better places to live, work, and play while simultaneously bolstering asset value, reducing risk, and positively impacting all stakeholders. The following are highlights from our 2025 ESG Report, the full version of which can be found on our website: www.Comstock.com/Corporate-Responsibility (http://www.Comstock.com/Corporate-Responsibility).

Environmental

We believe that environmentally sound business practices are critical to the long-term success of our business and the communities in which we operate. Our managed portfolio already includes multiple assets that are Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) and Energy Star certified, and multiple initiatives are underway to increase the percentage of LEED and Energy Star certified buildings in our managed portfolio. Currently, all buildings in the Reston Metro Plaza District in Reston Station are LEED Silver certified or above and Energy Star certified. We continue to expand our capabilities around monitoring energy and utility consumption at all our properties, allowing us to better identify opportunities to maximize efficiency and sustainability through operational and capital improvements.

We established a partnership with DAVIS Construction on the utilization of CarbonCure, a sustainable concrete component, in the construction of Phase II of our Reston Station development, the Reston Row District. CarbonCure is clean technology that produces greener concrete by recycling carbon dioxide (CO2) produced during the cement manufacturing process and injecting the recycled CO2 into fresh concrete during mixing. Once injected, the CO2 transforms into a mineral that improves the compressive strength of concrete and captures the recycled CO2 emissions which are never re-released into the atmosphere. Every cubic yard of concrete produced with CarbonCure technology saves an average of 25 pounds of carbon from entering the atmosphere, which will save millions of pounds of CO2 emissions from entering the atmosphere. The Reston Row District includes approximately 500,000 cubic yards of CarbonCure, which diverts 5 million pounds of carbon, or the equivalent of 258,000 gallons of gasoline, from being burned. Furthermore, we intend to engage our supply chain to incorporate sustainable designs, materials, and systems into all our ongoing or future developments.

Our transit-oriented developments promote the use of mass transit, ride sharing, and alternate modes of transportation. We continue to expand the availability of electronic vehicle charging stations and bike racks at our properties to promote the reduction of congestion and our overall carbon footprint. In recognition of the positive impacts resulting from Reston Station’s design, the development has been awarded the designation of Best Workplaces for Commuters each year since 2020 by the Best Workplaces for Commuters Organization, coordinated by the National Center for Transit Research at the Center for Urban Transportation Research.

Social (Human Capital)

We strive to create extraordinary places and provide exceptional experiences in places where people live, work, and play. We recognize the vital importance of community engagement in achieving this goal, which is why philanthropic partnerships have always been a key focus. We host a variety of community events in the public spaces we develop, aimed at creating rich and meaningful experiences. We support local organizations through charitable events, including Boys & Girls Club of Greater Washington, Habitat for Humanity, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, multiple youth sports organizations and local schools, and others. We partner with Cornerstones, Reston’s leading non-profit dedicated to helping underserved populations, to purchase winter coats for children and contribute meals to those in need. We encourage all employees to participate in charitable efforts in the community by providing paid leave to volunteer and numerous charitable contribution matching opportunities.

A key to our success is our ability to attract and retain a talented workforce that understands the numerous benefits of working in-office rather than remotely. We employ a diverse, multi-generational staff that consisted of 308 full-time and 216 part-time employees as of December 31, 2025. We promote collaboration, support, and innovation, providing all our employees the opportunity to achieve their professional and wellness goals. We continuously strive to diversify our workforce, provide equal access to opportunities to our people, and promote a working environment based on mutual trust, confidence, and respect. Our employees have access to a comprehensive suite of benefits, including, but not limited to, medical, dental, vision, and life insurance options; flexible and health savings accounts; 401k plan matching; and professional development reimbursement. We offer numerous wellness initiatives and training opportunities, including diversity training and a broad suite of e-learning courses.

Governance

Our employees, managers and officers conduct our business under the direction of our CEO and the oversight of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) to enhance our long-term value for our stockholders. The core responsibility of our Board is to exercise its fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of our Company and our stockholders. In exercising this obligation, our Board and its individual committees perform several specific functions, including risk assessment, review and oversight. While management is responsible for the day-to-day management of risk, our Board retains oversight of risk management for our company, assisting management by providing guidance on strategic risks, financial risks, and operational risks.

We have established corporate governance guidelines and policies that promote Company values, including a code of conduct as well as a code of ethics. Our information security team deploys an array of cybersecurity capabilities to protect our various business systems and data. We continually invest in protecting against, monitoring, and mitigating risks across the enterprise. We had no material publicly reportable information security incidents in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

Competition

The real estate asset management and services industry is highly competitive. We compete with other businesses in the asset management and real estate-related services businesses on the basis of price, location, experience, service and reputation. Many of these competitors are larger than us, operate on a national or global scale, and some have access to greater technical, marketing and financial resources. These competitors may benefit from lower costs of capital, greater business scale, enhanced operating efficiencies, and greater immunity to localized market downturns due to their broad geographic presence. We also face numerous competitors on a local and regional basis. Certain competitors may also possess greater access to capital, higher risk tolerance, lower return thresholds, or less regulatory restrictions, all which could allow them to consider a broader range of investments and to bid more aggressively for investment opportunities than we are willing to.

Technology and Intellectual Property

We utilize our technology infrastructure to facilitate the management of our client’s assets and the marketing of our services. We use media and internet-based marketing platforms primarily in lieu of print advertisements. We believe that the prospective renters will continue to increase their reliance on information available on the internet to help guide their decisions. Accordingly, through our marketing efforts, we will continue to leverage this trend to lower per lease marketing costs while maximizing potential lease transactions.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Christopher Clemente, has licensed his ownership interest in the “Comstock” brand and trademark to us in perpetuity. We have registered our trademarks and routinely take steps, and occasionally take legal action, to protect against brand infringement from third parties. Mr. Clemente has retained the right to continue to use the “Comstock” brand and trademark including for real estate development projects in our current or future markets that are unrelated to the Company but, currently, substantially all of Mr. Clemente’s real estate development business is conducted with Comstock, pursuant to the 2022 AMA.

Governmental Regulation and Environmental Matters

We are subject to various local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning finance, banking, investments, zoning, building design, construction, density requirements and similar matters. We may also be subject to periodic delays or may be precluded entirely from developing in certain communities due to building moratoriums or “slow-growth” or “no-growth” initiatives that could be implemented in the future in the states where we operate. Local and state governments also have broad discretion regarding the imposition of development fees for projects in their jurisdiction.

We are also subject to a variety of local, state, and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning protection of the environment. Some of the laws to which we and our properties are subject to may impose requirements concerning development in waters of the United States, including wetlands, the closure of water supply wells, management of asbestos-containing materials, exposure to radon and similar issues. The particular environmental laws that apply to any given real estate asset vary based on several factors, including the environmental conditions related to a particular property and the present and former uses of the property.

Additional Information

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in 2004. Our principal executive offices are located at 1900 Reston Metro Plaza, 10th Floor, Reston, VA 20190, and our telephone number is 703-230-1985. Our corporate website address is www.Comstock.com (http://www.Comstock.com).

We maintain an investor relations page on our website where our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports and other required SEC filings may be accessed free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.

Our Internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Risk Management and Strategy

Cybersecurity is embedded within Comstock’s enterprise risk management framework and is treated as a core operational priority. Over the past year, the Company materially strengthened its cybersecurity governance structure, formalized policy oversight, expanded independent testing, and enhanced preventive and detective controls across the organization.

Our cybersecurity program is aligned with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework and is integrated into the Company’s broader risk oversight processes. In 2025, Comstock formalized and implemented a comprehensive Written Information Security Policy Framework, which was approved by the Board of Directors. This framework establishes defined risk classifications, control standards, documentation requirements, and escalation protocols.

During the year, we enhanced and formalized our Incident Response Plan to include severity-based classifications, executive notification thresholds, structured remediation workflows, defined disclosure evaluation procedures, and coordinated response procedures with external security partners.

Independent Monitoring, Detection, and Testing

We have engaged nationally recognized cybersecurity firms to provide continuous monitoring and independent validation of our control environment. These services include:

• 24x7 managed detection and response
• Continuous endpoint monitoring
• Monthly external vulnerability scanning
• Annual independent penetration testing
• Email threat monitoring and impersonation defense
• Incident triage and forensic response support

Vulnerabilities and findings are ranked using a standardized Critical, High, Medium, and Low methodology and tracked from discovery through remediation to closure. This risk-ranking model is incorporated into our enterprise risk matrix and reviewed quarterly with executive leadership and the Audit Committee.

The expansion of third-party monitoring, formal testing, and documented remediation tracking materially strengthened our ability to detect, contain, and remediate potential cybersecurity threats.

To date, we have not experienced a material cybersecurity incident. We experience routine cybersecurity threats and attempts; however, none have had a material impact, or are reasonably likely to have a material impact, on the Company’s operations, financial condition, or results of operations.

Identity, Endpoint, and Cloud Controls

Consistent with our cloud-first operating strategy, we prioritize SaaS-based enterprise platforms hosted by providers that undergo independent annual audit examinations, including SOC reporting.

We maintain a structured third-party risk management process that includes review of service provider security practices, evaluation of independent audit reports, contractual security requirements, and notification expectations in the event of a cybersecurity incident.

During the year, we strengthened core security controls across identity and endpoint management, including:

• Enterprise-wide multi-factor authentication enforcement
• Centralized identity governance and conditional access controls
• Privileged access management oversight
• Advanced endpoint detection and response deployment
• Business email compromise and impersonation protections
• Mobile device management and remote security enforcement

These measures reduce exposure to credential compromise, ransomware, phishing-based attacks, and unauthorized access risks across our environment.

Security Awareness and Organizational Discipline

We formalized a structured cybersecurity training program applicable to all employees. All new hires complete mandatory cybersecurity awareness training during onboarding, including phishing identification and reporting procedures.

Comstock conducts quarterly phishing simulation campaigns across the organization. Ongoing communication reinforces awareness, accountability, and reporting expectations across the Company.

Incident Review and Operational Resilience

Cybersecurity incidents are reviewed quarterly by the Vice President and Head of IT and presented to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and executive leadership team. This recurring cadence supports trend analysis, accountability, and continuous improvement.

We maintain documented backup and recovery procedures designed to preserve operational continuity. Backup integrity is monitored and recovery processes are periodically evaluated to support defined resilience objectives and company standards.

External cybersecurity partners serve as first responders in the event of a suspected incident, providing containment guidance, forensic analysis, and remediation support.

Governance

Management Oversight

The Company’s cybersecurity program is overseen by the Vice President and Head of IT, who is responsible for cybersecurity strategy, policy governance, vulnerability management, third-party security oversight, and coordination of incident response activities. The Vice President and Head of IT has more than 30 years of experience in information technology and over 15 years in technology leadership roles, including oversight of enterprise infrastructure, cloud platforms, and cybersecurity risk management programs. In this role, the Vice President and Head of IT oversees the Company’s security technologies and managed security service providers, monitors emerging threats and vulnerabilities, and evaluates cybersecurity risks across the Company’s information systems.

Cybersecurity posture, incident trends, and control enhancements are reviewed quarterly with executive leadership and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, ensuring cybersecurity risk remains visible, measurable, and accountable at the highest levels of management.

Board Oversight

The Board of Directors formally approved the Comstock’s Written Information Security Policy Framework and assigned cybersecurity oversight responsibility to both the Company's General Counsel and the Vice President and Head of IT.

The Company’s General Counsel, in partnership with the Vice President and Head of IT, provides regular updates to the Board of Directors regarding cybersecurity posture, risk exposure, and significant control enhancements. In the event of a cybersecurity incident determined to be material, management would promptly inform the Board of Directors. In consultation with the Company’s General Counsel, the Board would evaluate disclosure obligations and stakeholder communications as required.

Continued Program Advancement

Over the past year, Comstock transitioned from foundational controls to a formally governed, independently tested, and continuously monitored cybersecurity program with defined executive and Board oversight.

Key advancements include:

• Board-approved Written Information Security Policy Framework
• Defined Legal and IT shared oversight structure
• Formalized Incident Response Plan with severity classifications and escalation thresholds
• Quarterly executive and Audit Committee cybersecurity review process
• Expanded 24x7 managed detection and response capabilities
• Continuous vulnerability scanning and annual independent penetration testing
• Enterprise-wide multi-factor authentication enforcement
• Centralized identity and privileged access governance
• Structured phishing simulation and remedial training framework
• Standardized cybersecurity risk-ranking methodology integrated into enterprise risk management

Cybersecurity is not static. Threat actors continue to evolve, and regulatory expectations continue to mature. The Company expects to continue enhancing monitoring capabilities, automation, third-party risk oversight, and incident response readiness as part of its ongoing risk management strategy.

We believe the enhancements implemented during 2025 strengthened our cybersecurity posture and governance framework and further aligned Comstock with leading public companies with regards to cybersecurity risk management and oversight.

In November 2020, we executed a lease to relocate our corporate headquarters to office space located at 1900 Reston Metro Plaza in Reston, Virginia for a ten-year term. In January 2022, we executed a lease for a remote monitoring center for ParkX, our parking management subsidiary, and in November 2022 we executed a lease to expand our corporate headquarters, bringing the total amount of leased space to 25,630 square feet as of December 31, 2025. We believe our properties are adequately maintained and suitable for our needs and their intended use.

Currently, we are not subject to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, however, we are named as a defendant in legal actions arising from our normal business activities. Although we cannot accurately predict the amount of our liability, if any, that could arise with respect to legal actions filed against us, it is not anticipated that any such liability will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results, or cash flows. We believe that we have obtained adequate insurance coverage, rights to indemnification, reasonable assurances of being removed from any applicable legal action, or where appropriate, have established reserves in connection with these legal proceedings.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, the related notes thereto, and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise indicated, references to “2025” and “2024” are referring to the twelve-month period ended December 31 for each of those respective fiscal years. The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans and expectations. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.

Overview

We are a leading asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. region. We have become one of the area’s premier real estate services companies by creating extraordinary places, delivering exceptional experiences, and generating excellent results for all stakeholders.

We provide a comprehensive suite of real estate services to our asset-owning clients, including asset management, property management, development and construction management, and more. Our client base is composed primarily of institutional real estate investors, high net worth family offices, financial institutions, and governmental bodies seeking to develop real estate they own through public-private partnerships. We employ a talented staff of real estate professionals that are led by our seasoned management team and are tasked with delivering high-quality services to the premium, strategically located assets in our managed portfolio.

We primarily operate under long-term asset management and property management agreements that provide recurring fee-based revenue streams.

• Our asset management services platform is anchored by a long-term, full-service asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an affiliate entity controlled by our Chief Executive Officer Christopher Clemente, which includes a cost-plus fee structure and covers all of the properties in our Anchor Portfolio (the "2022 AMA" - See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). We have entered into separate asset management agreements for non-Anchor Portfolio assets. We provide asset management services for market-rate fees to all the commercial and residential assets in our managed portfolio, as well as to certain assets managed by ParkX (see below).
• As a vertically integrated real estate services company, we perform all property management services through three wholly owned subsidiaries: CHCI Commercial, CHCI Residential, and ParkX Management ("ParkX"). All properties in our managed portfolio have entered into property management agreements that provide for market-rate fees related to our services.

Our asset-light, debt-free business model allows us to substantially mitigate risks that are typically associated with real estate development and operation. The fee-based approach we have adopted helps drive consistent top-line growth that, along with our streamlined balance sheet, provides maximum flexibility to explore growth opportunities outside of our core business operations.

We have directly aligned the equity ownership of our Company with the ownership interests of the affiliated assets that we manage in our Anchor Portfolio. This relationship, along with the baseline cost-plus feature and supplemental performance-based revenue opportunities provided by the 2022 AMA, provides us with a stable business platform on which we can (i) produce consistent, positive financial results, (ii) mature and expand our real estate service offerings, (iii) diversify and grow our managed portfolio of assets, both organically and through additional third-party relationships, (iv) pursue strategic investments and complimentary acquisitions, and (v) deliver exceptional value to our shareholders.

We distinguish ourselves from industry peers through an established standard of excellence that extends from who we hire to how we deliver our comprehensive suite of real estate services. We are able to maintain this high standard because We Show Up - every day, in person, in a collaborative environment that is structured to deliver on our mission to make a difference for our customers, our stakeholders, and in the communities that we serve.

Managed Portfolio

The focus of our managed portfolio revolves primarily around high quality, mixed-use real estate properties and developments that are strategically located adjacent to Metro rail stations, providing convenient access to public transportation.

Our Anchor Portfolio (see below for details) includes, or will soon include, millions of square feet of Trophy and Class A office towers, luxury multi-family residential buildings, luxury hotels with branded condominium residences, high-end retail and entertainment options, associated public spaces, and commercial parking garages to serve all the properties. In 2025, Anchor portfolio assets generated over $120.0 million of gross revenue for the property owners.

The following table summarizes the operating assets, categorized by asset type, that were included in our managed portfolio as of December 31, 2025:

In addition, we manage the following assets that are under construction and scheduled for delivery in the next 6 to 12 months:

• 1 commercial asset that represents approximately 6,000 square feet; and
• 1 residential asset with 419 units representing approximately 430,000 square feet.

Our development pipeline currently includes 5 commercial assets that represent approximately 1.5 million square feet, 5 residential assets with more than 2,300 units that represent approximately 2.5 million square feet, and 1 dual-use hotel with 240 keys that represents approximately 220,000 square feet. At full build out, our managed portfolio of assets is currently projected to total 105 assets representing approximately 10 million square feet.

The following tables provide further details on the operating assets included in our managed portfolio:

Anchor Portfolio

13

Other Portfolio Assets

Comstock 41 - Additional Information

In November 2024, we entered into a definitive purchase agreement for Comstock 41 with SCG Development Holdings, LLC ("SCG") that is contingent upon the successful rezoning of the property to allow for the development of an affordable housing project at the site. Upon closing, we will enter into an operating agreement and a development agreement with SCG, under which we will provide construction management services for the affordable housing project that will be fully financed by SCG. We will also be given the opportunity to provide property management services upon delivery.

In December 2025, we received legislative approval from the City of Rockville for the affordable housing development and the relocation of certain moderately-priced dwelling units (MPDUs) from BLVD Forty Four to Comstock 41. The rezoning approval triggered an entitlement success fee based on a contingent fee agreement with BLVD Forty Four that was recognized as revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025. (See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Outlook

Our management team is committed to executing our goal to provide exceptional experiences to those we do business with while maximizing shareholder value. We believe that we are properly staffed for current and foreseeable market conditions and will maintain the ability to manage risk and pursue additional growth as opportunities arise. Our real estate development and asset management operations are primarily focused on the greater Washington, D.C. area, where we believe our decades of experience provides us with the best opportunity to continue developing, managing, and investing in high-quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends.

Our growth will continue to be fueled by our Anchor Portfolio, which will continue to generate revenue as development and construction efforts are completed for all the planned Anchor Portfolio assets, allowing us to then lease, stabilize, and arrange permanent financing for each property. Importantly, the long-term asset management agreements covering the properties included in the Anchor Portfolio, when combined with our asset-light and debt-free business model, provide us with visibility to future revenue and earnings growth while mitigating the risk for potential losses.

We aspire to be among the most admired real estate asset managers, operators, and developers by creating extraordinary places, providing exceptional experiences, and generating excellent results for all stakeholders. Our commitment to this mission drives our ability to expand our managed portfolio of assets, grow revenue, and deliver value to our shareholders.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth consolidated statement of operations data for the periods presented (in thousands):

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):

Revenue increased 22.6% in 2025. The $11.6 million variance was primarily driven by the growth of our managed portfolio, which expanded by net total of 20 assets. This expansion resulted in a combined $5.0 million, or 51.1%, increase in recurring, fee-based revenue across our three operating property management subsidiaries and a $3.3 million, or 13.7%, increase in fee-based asset management revenue. Also contributing to the increase was a $3.9 million, or 85.5%, net increase in supplemental fee revenue, stemming primarily from a $3.7 million increase in leasing fees earned.

Operating costs and expenses

The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):

15

Operating costs and expenses increased 24.2% in 2025. The $9.9 million variance was primarily due to an $8.4 million increase in personnel expenses from increased headcount and employee compensation, which includes a $4.8 million increase in onboarding and payroll expenses from the 265 new ParkX employees that were hired in 2025 to meet the staffing needs for our expanding customer base.

Other income (expense)

The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):

Other income (expense) changed by $0.5 million in 2025, primarily driven by a combined $0.3 million improvement in mark-to-market valuation impacts of equity method investments in real estate ventures and a $0.1 million increase in interest income stemming from interest earned on money market sweep accounts.

Income taxes

We recorded a $4.2 million income tax benefit in 2025, compared to a $3.8 million tax benefit in 2024. The $0.4 million net change was primarily driven by a valuation allowance release that was $1.0 million higher in the current period, partially offset by the impact of higher taxable income from operations. As of December 31, 2025, we had $96.5 million of net operating loss (“NOL") carryforwards.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we prepare certain financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), specifically Adjusted EBITDA.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) from continuing operations, excluding the impact of interest expense (net of interest income), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, and mark-to-market valuation gain (loss) on equity method investments in real estate ventures.

We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate financial performance, analyze the underlying trends in our business and establish operational goals and forecasts that are used when allocating resources. We expect to compute Adjusted EBITDA consistently using the same methods each period.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure because it permits investors to better understand changes over comparative periods by providing financial results that are unaffected by certain non-cash items that are not considered by management to be indicative of our operational performance.

While we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors when evaluating our business, it is not prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should be considered supplemental in nature. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for other financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure as measured in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

The increase in Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily driven by significant increases in recurring fee-based revenue from our three operating property management subsidiaries and supplemental fee revenue from leasing activity.

Seasonality and Quarterly Fluctuations

None.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is defined as the current amount of readily available cash and the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet the current needs for cash. We assess our liquidity in terms of our cash and cash equivalents on hand and the ability to generate cash to fund our operating activities.

Our principal sources of liquidity as of December 31, 2025, were our cash and cash equivalents of $31.3 million and our $10.0 million of available borrowings on our Credit Facility. (See Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Significant factors which could affect future liquidity include the adequacy of available lines of credit, cash flows generated from operating activities, working capital management, and investments.

Our primary capital needs are for working capital obligations and other general corporate purposes, including investments and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of working capital are cash from operations and distributions from investments in real estate ventures. We have historically financed our operations with internally generated funds and, more rarely and only when necessary, borrowings from our Credit Facility. We believe we currently have adequate liquidity and availability of capital to fund our present operations.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Operating Activities

The $5.9 million variance in net operating cash activity was driven by an $7.8 million incremental cash outflow stemming from changes to our net working capital, partially offset by a $1.9 million increase in net income from continuing operations after adjustments for non-cash items. The net working capital decrease was primarily influenced by a decrease in related party accounts receivable collections.

Investing Activities

The $1.4 million variance in net investing cash activity was driven by $1.2 million of capitalized costs in 2025 related to a potential multifamily property acquisition.

Financing Activities

The $0.2 million variance in net financing cash activity was driven by a $0.1 million decrease in equity award-related proceeds collected and an immaterial increase in cash paid for taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. Accounting policies, methods and estimates are an integral part of the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and, in part, are based upon management’s current judgments. Those judgments are normally based on knowledge and experience with regard to past and current events and assumptions about future events. Certain accounting policies, methods and estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to the consolidated financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting them may differ from management’s current judgments. While there are a number of accounting policies, methods and estimates affecting our consolidated financial statements, areas that are particularly significant include:

• Investments in real estate ventures
• Revenue - Incentive Fees
• Income taxes

Investments in real estate ventures

For investments in real estate ventures that we have elected to report at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by contributions, distributions, and the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses in our consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis, income approach, or sales-comparable approach, depending on the unique characteristics of the real estate venture.

In addition, we perform a two-step analysis to determine if our investments in real estate ventures qualify as a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and need to be consolidated. We first analyze if the entity lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or if the equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest in order to determine VIE qualification. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, we then analyze if it is the primary beneficiary to determine if the entity needs to be included in its consolidated financial results. The primary beneficiary has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the entity. We consider a variety of factors in identifying the entity that holds the power to direct matters that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, including evaluating the nature of relationships and activities of the parties involved and, where necessary, determining which party within a related-party group is most closely associated with the VIE and would therefore be considered the primary beneficiary. We determine primary beneficiary status of a VIE at the time of investment and perform ongoing reassessments to evaluate whether changes in the entity’s capital structure or changes in the nature of its involvement with the entity result in a change to the VIE designation or a change to its consolidation conclusion.

We have minority voting and economic interests in our investments in real estate ventures that we have elected to report at fair value and do not control the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary in these investments, and therefore do not consolidate them into our balance sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 or into our statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Revenue - Incentive Fees

Pursuant to the 2022 AMA, we are entitled to earn incentive compensation fees revenue ("Incentive Fees") on certain managed real estate assets if defined triggering events, which are differentiated based on the classification of the assets and defined in the agreement, are achieved. (See Note 13 for additional information).

Incentive Fees are calculated as a percentage of the imputed profit that would be realized upon the hypothetical sale or recapitalization of the asset (or assets) for which triggering event criteria were met. The calculation of imputed profit is based on a fair market value assessment that includes highly variable financial inputs and must also consider macro-economic and environmental factors that may affect fair market value. Due to the subjective and potentially volatile nature of this variable consideration, we only recognize revenue on Incentive Fees for each managed asset when 1) any material uncertainties associated with the valuation of real estate assets that drive Incentive Fees are substantially resolved and 2) it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of related cumulative Incentive Fee revenue recognized will not occur. As a result, we only recognize Incentive Fees at or near each asset's respective triggering event (as detailed in the 2022 AMA) when imputed profit can be reasonably calculated and the calculation has received consent from all parties, thereby confirming it can relied upon to not materially change.

We recognized no revenue from Incentive Fees for the year ended December 31, 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $1.5 million of revenue from Incentive Fees.

Income taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on the deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We provide a valuation allowance when we consider it “more likely than not” (greater than a 50% probability) that a deferred income tax asset will not be fully recovered. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are a component of the income tax provision or benefit in our consolidated statements of operations.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded net decreases to our deferred tax valuation allowance of $7.5 million and $6.5 million, respectively.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2025. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2025.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act.

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tread way Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

We do not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only assurance, at the reasonable assurance level, that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Due to the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

No change has occurred in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2. The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C.1350 are furnished with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibit 32.1.