Accel Entertainment, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2025

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. This discussion and analysis should also be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Company Overview

We are a leading distributed gaming operator in the United States (“U.S.”), as well as a developer of brick-and-mortar casinos that serve local gaming markets and horse racing venues. We are a preferred partner for local business owners in the markets we serve. We offer turnkey, full-service gaming solutions to bars, restaurants, convenience stores, truck stops, and fraternal and veteran establishments across the country as well as casinos and horse racing venues. Our focus is providing unmatched customer support, guidance, and expertise so our location partners can grow their businesses with incremental revenue.

We install, maintain, operate and service gaming terminals and related equipment for our location partners as well as redemption devices that have automated teller machine (“ATM”) functionality and stand-alone ATMs. We offer amusement devices, including jukeboxes, dartboards, pool tables, and other entertainment related equipment. These operations provide a complementary source of lead generation for our gaming business by offering a “one-stop” source of additional equipment for our location partners. We also design and manufacture gaming terminals and related equipment. We are continuously evaluating additional opportunities that are complementary to our core business, such as our recent acquisition of the FanDuel Sportsbook & Horse Racing, which has been rebranded as Fairmount Park - Casino & Racing (“Fairmount”) in Collinsville, Illinois. In April 2025, the casino opened and the racing season began at Fairmount.

We currently operate in the following states:

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Distributed Gaming Competitive Landscape

We compete in the distributed gaming landscape on the basis of the responsiveness of our service to our locations and players, and the popularity, content, features, quality, functionality and reliability of our products. In the distributed gaming industry, we generally operate in markets where our terminal revenue splits are either statutorily determined or negotiated, as follows:

Macroeconomic Factors

Ongoing interest rate uncertainty, persistent inflation and increased and/or reciprocal tariffs may increase the risk of an economic recession and volatility in the capital or credit markets in the U.S. and other markets globally. Our location partners may be adversely impacted by changes in overall economic and financial conditions, and certain location partners may cease operations in the event of a recession or inability to access financing. Furthermore, our revenue is largely driven by players’ disposable incomes and level of gaming activity, and economic conditions that adversely impact players’ ability and desire to spend disposable income at our locations partners may adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

To date, we have not observed material impacts in our business or outlook, outside of observed increases in our costs related to higher wages and increased interest expense on our debt. In the first half of 2024, we accelerated certain of our capital expenditures related to gaming machines and related components to manage our supply chain.

We intend to continue to monitor macroeconomic conditions closely and may determine to take certain financial or operational actions in response to such conditions to the extent our business begins to be adversely impacted.

Components of Performance

Net revenues

Net gaming. Net gaming revenue represents net cash received from gaming activities, which is the difference between gaming wins and losses. Net gaming revenue includes the amounts earned by our location partners and is recognized at the time of gaming play.

Amusement. Amusement revenue represents amounts collected from amusement devices operated at various location partners and is recognized at the point the amusement device is used.

Manufacturing. Manufacturing revenue represents sales of gaming terminals and software as well as other ancillary equipment.

ATM fees and other. ATM fees and other consist of fees charged for the withdrawal of funds from our redemption devices and stand-alone ATMs and is recognized at the time of the ATM transaction. Beginning in the first quarter of 2025, revenues from our racing operations are also included.

Operating expenses

Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue consists of (i) taxes on net gaming revenue that is payable to the appropriate jurisdiction (effective July 1, 2024, the tax on net gaming revenue in the State of Illinois increased from 34% to 35%, which is split equally between us and our locations in Illinois), (ii) licenses, permits and other fees required for the operation of our business, (iii) location revenue share, which is governed by local governing bodies and location contracts, (iv) ATM and amusement commissions payable to locations, (v) ATM and amusement fees and (vi) expenses from our racing operations.

Cost of manufacturing goods sold. Cost of manufacturing goods sold consists of costs associated with the sale of gaming terminals and software as well as other ancillary equipment.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses consist of operating expense and general and administrative expense. Operating expense includes payroll and related expense for service technicians, route technicians, route security, and preventative maintenance personnel. Operating expense also includes vehicle fuel and maintenance, and non-capitalizable parts expenses. Operating expenses are generally proportionate to the number of locations and gaming terminals. General and administrative expense includes compensation-related costs for account managers, business development managers, marketing, and other corporate personnel. In addition, general and administrative expense also includes marketing, information technology, insurance, rent and professional fees.

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the individual assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful life or the lease.

Amortization of intangible assets and route and customer acquisition costs. Route and customer acquisition costs consist of fees paid at the inception of contracts entered into with third parties and our gaming locations, which allows us to install and operate gaming terminals. The route and customer acquisition costs and route and customer acquisition costs payable are recorded at the net present value of the future payments using a discount rate equal to our incremental borrowing rate associated with its long-term debt. Route and customer acquisition costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over 18 years, which is the expected estimated life of the contract, including expected renewals.

Location contracts acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value and then amortized as an intangible asset on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of 15 years.

Other intangible assets acquired in a business acquisition are recorded at fair value and then amortized as an intangible asset on a straight-line basis over their estimated 7 to 20-year useful lives.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net consists of interest on our current credit facilities, amortization of financing fees, accretion of interest on route and customer acquisition costs payable, and interest (income) expense on the interest rate caplets. Interest on the current credit facility is payable monthly on unpaid balances at the variable per annum SOFR rate plus an applicable margin, as defined under the terms of the credit facility, ranging from 1.75% to 2.75% depending on the first lien net leverage ratio.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense consists mainly of taxes payable to federal, state and local authorities. Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities.

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations on a consolidated basis for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

(in thousands, except %'s)

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Net revenues

Total net revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were $323.9 million, an increase of $22.1 million, or 7.3%, compared to the prior-year period. This increase was primarily driven by higher net gaming revenue of $13.8 million, which reflected an increase in gaming locations and terminals, and higher ATM fees and other revenue of $12.2 million, an increase of $6.9 million, or 128.3%, which included revenue from our racing operations. Net revenues by state are presented below:

(in thousands)

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $221.5 million, an increase of $12.3 million, or 5.9%, compared to the prior-year period, driven by higher net gaming revenue and revenue from our racing operations, as described above.

Cost of manufacturing goods sold

Cost of manufacturing goods sold for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $2.1 million, an increase of $0.9 million, or 79.1%, compared to the prior-year period .

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were $53.0 million, an increase of $5.4 million, or 11.3%, compared to the prior-year period. The increase was attributable to higher compensation-related costs, as we continue to grow our operations, partially offset by lower parts and repair expense.

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $12.3 million, an increase of $1.9 million, or 17.9%, compared to the prior-year period due to an increased number of gaming terminals.

Amortization of intangible assets and route and customer acquisition costs

Amortization of intangible assets and route and customer acquisition costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were $6.3 million, an increase of $0.9 million, or 15.7%, compared to the prior-year period due to higher amortization expenses on location contracts acquired.

Other expenses, net

Other expenses, net for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were $2.8 million, an increase of $0.4 million, or 16.1%, compared to the prior-year period. The increase was primarily attributable to higher non-recurring expenses related to acquisitions.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $8.7 million, which was essentially flat compared to the prior-year period. We experienced an increase in average outstanding debt, which was offset by lower interest expense. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the weighted average interest rate, excluding the impact of our interest rate caplets, was approximately 6.5% compared to 7.7% in the prior-year period.

(Gain) loss on change in fair value of contingent earnout shares

The change in the fair value of contingent earnout shares for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was a gain of $2.4 million, compared to a loss of $4.7 million the prior-year period. The change was primarily due to the change in the market value of our Class A-1 common stock, which is the primary input to the valuation of the contingent earnout shares.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $5.0 million, an increase of $0.2 million, or 4.7%, compared to the prior-year period. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was 25.5% compared to 39.1% in the prior-year period. Our effective income tax rate can vary from period to period depending on, among other factors, the amount of permanent tax adjustments and discrete items. The change in the fair value of the contingent earnout shares is considered a discrete item for tax purposes and can be the primary driver for the fluctuations in the tax rate year over year.

Key Business Metrics

We use statistical data and comparative information commonly used in the gaming industry to monitor the performance of the business, none of which are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and therefore should not be viewed as indicators of operational performance. Our management uses these key business metrics for financial planning, strategic planning and employee compensation decisions. The key business metrics include:

• Number of locations and;
• Number of gaming terminals
• Location hold-per-day

We also periodically review and revise our key business metrics to reflect changes in our business.

Number of locations

The number of locations is based on a combination of third-party portal data and data from our internal systems. We utilize this metric to continually monitor growth from existing locations, organic openings, purchased locations, and competitor conversions. Competitor conversions occur when a location chooses to change terminal operators.

The following table sets forth information with respect to our primary locations:

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Number of gaming terminals

The number of gaming terminals in operation is based on a combination of third-party portal data and data from our internal systems. We utilize this metric to continually monitor growth from existing locations, organic openings, purchased locations, and competitor conversions.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the number of gaming terminals in our primary locations:

Location hold-per-day

Location hold-per-day is calculated by dividing net gaming revenue in the period by the average number of locations. Then divide the calculated amount by the number of operational days. We utilize this metric to compare market and location performance on a normalized basis. The percent change in location hold-per-day is the underlying metric we use to determine the change in same-store sales.

The following tables set forth information with respect to our location hold-per-day in our primary locations for the three months ended:

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted net income are non-GAAP financial measures, but are key metrics management uses to monitor ongoing core operations. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted net income exclude the effects of certain non-cash items or represent certain nonrecurring items that are unrelated to core performance. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the understanding of our underlying drivers of profitability, trends in our business, and facilitate company-to-company and period-to-period comparisons. Management also believes that these non-GAAP financial measures are used by investors, analysts and other interested parties as measures of financial performance and to evaluate our ability to fund capital expenditures, service debt obligations and meet working capital requirements.

Adjusted net income is defined as net income plus:

• Amortization of intangible assets and route and customer acquisition costs
• Stock-based compensation expense
• Loss from unconsolidated affiliates
• (Gain) loss on change in fair value of contingent earnout shares
• Other expenses, net which consists of (i) non-cash expenses including the remeasurement of contingent consideration liabilities, (ii) non-recurring lobbying and legal expenses related to distributed gaming expansion in current or prospective markets, and (iii) other non-recurring expenses
• Tax effect of adjustments

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income plus:

• Amortization of intangible assets and route and customer acquisition costs
• Stock-based compensation expense
• Loss from unconsolidated affiliates
• (Gain) loss on change in fair value of contingent earnout shares
• Other expenses, net
• Tax effect of adjustments
• Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment
• Interest expense, net
• Emerging markets which reflects the results, on an Adjusted EBITDA basis, for non-core jurisdictions where our operations are developing
• Markets are no longer considered emerging when we have installed or acquired at least 500 gaming terminals in the jurisdiction, or when 24 months have elapsed from the date we first install or acquire gaming terminals in the jurisdiction, whichever occurs first
• We currently view Pennsylvania as an emerging market
• Prior to January 2024, Iowa was considered an emerging market
• Income tax expense

Adjusted net income and Adjusted EBITDA

(in thousands)

Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $49.5 million, an increase of $3.3 million, or 7.1%, compared to the prior-year period. The increase was attributable to an increase in the number of locations and gaming terminals.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe that our cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations and borrowing availability under the Credit Agreement (as defined below) will be sufficient to meet our capital requirements for the next twelve months. Our primary short-term cash needs are paying operating expenses and contingent earnout payments, purchases of property and equipment, servicing outstanding indebtedness, and funding our Board of Directors approved share repurchase program and near-term acquisitions. As of March 31, 2025, we had $271.9 million in cash and cash equivalents.

Senior Secured Credit Facility

We have entered into a credit agreement (as amended the “Credit Agreement”) as borrower, with our wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, as guarantors, the banks, financial institutions and other lending institutions from time to time party thereto, as lenders, the other parties from time to time party thereto and Capital One, National Association, as administrative agent (in such capacity, the “Agent”), collateral agent, issuing bank and swingline lender, providing for a:

• $150.0 million revolving credit facility, including a letter of credit facility with a $10.0 million sublimit and a swingline facility with a $10.0 million sublimit,
• a $350.0 million initial term loan facility, and
• a $400.0 million delayed draw term loan facility (“DDTL”)

Our ability to borrow on the DDTL ended on October 22, 2024. The maturity date of the Credit Agreement is October 22, 2026.

As of March 31, 2025, there remained $150 million of availability under the Credit Agreement and the weighted-average interest rate on our borrowings under the Credit Agreement was approximately 6.5%.

We were in compliance with all debt covenants under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2025 and expect to remain in compliance for the next 12 months.

Interest rate caplets

We manage our exposure to some of our interest rate risk through the use of interest rate caplets, which are derivative financial instruments. On January 12, 2022, we hedged the variability of the cash flows attributable to the changes in the 1-month SOFR interest rate on the first $300 million of the term loan under the Credit Agreement by entering into a 4-year series of 48 deferred premium caplets (“caplets”).

We recognized an unrealized loss, net of taxes, on the change in fair value of the caplets of $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. In comparison, we recognized an unrealized gain of $1.1 million, net of taxes, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. We also recognized interest income on the caplets of $1.8 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which are reflected in interest expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and other comprehensive income.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes net cash provided by or used in operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the periods indicated and should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in this filing:

(in thousands)

Net cash provided by operating activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash provided by operating activities was $44.8 million, an increase in cash of $16.0 million compared to the prior-year period due primarily to changes in working capital adjustments.

Net cash used in investing activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in investing activities was $26.2 million, an increase in cash of $0.3 million compared to the prior-year period. The increase in cash was primarily attributable to higher purchases of property and equipment, partially offset by less cash used for business and asset acquisitions. We anticipate our capital expenditures will be approximately $75–80 million in 2025, of which $31–32 million relates to Fairmount, $5–7 million relates to Louisiana and the remaining $39–41 million for all other capital expenditures.

Net cash used in financing activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in financing activities was $27.9 million, an increase in cash used of $17.4 million compared to the prior-year period. The change reflects higher net repayments on our debt and higher stock repurchases.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements, we applied the same critical accounting policies as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, that affect judgments and estimates of amounts recorded for certain assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses.

Seasonality

Our results of operations can fluctuate due to seasonal trends and other factors. For example, the gross revenue per machine per day is typically lower in the summer when players will typically spend less time indoors at our locations, and higher in cold weather between February and April, when players will typically spend more time indoors at our locations. Our horse racing operations only operate during the months where the weather is conducive to racing, which is typically from late spring through the early fall. Holidays, vacation seasons, and sporting events may also cause our results to fluctuate.

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates.

Interest rate risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk in the ordinary course of business. Borrowings under our senior secured credit facility were $582.5 million as of March 31, 2025. If the underlying interest rates were to increase by 1.0%, or 100 basis points, the increase in interest expense on our floating rate debt would negatively impact future earnings and cash flows by approximately $2.8 million annually, assuming the balance outstanding under the credit facility remained at $582.5 million. In order to protect against higher interest rates in the future on our credit facility, we hedged the variability of the cash flows attributable to the changes in the 1-month SOFR interest rate on the first $300 million of the term loan by entering into a 4-year series of 48 deferred premium caplets (“caplets”) on January 12, 2022. The caplets mature at the end of each month and are used to protect our exposure as the 1-month SOFR interest rate exceeded 2%.

Cash and cash equivalents are held in cash vaults, highly liquid checking and money market accounts, gaming terminals, redemption terminals, ATMs, and amusement equipment. As a result, these amounts are not materially affected by changes in interest rates.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In connection with the filing of this Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”, serving as our Principal Executive Officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”, serving as our Principal Financial Officer) conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”)). As a result of this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes during the quarter ended March 31, 2025, in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

An investment in our Class A-1 common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risk factors described under Part I - Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in analyzing an investment in our Class A-1 common stock. If any such risks occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would likely suffer, the trading price of our Class A-1 common stock would decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. In addition, the risk factors and uncertainties could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in our forward-looking statements, whether made in this report or other documents we file with the SEC, or our annual report to stockholders, future press releases, or orally, whether in presentations, responses to questions, or otherwise. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

There have been no material changes in the risk factors described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.