NexPoint Real Estate Finance, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2024

The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations. The following should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and accompanying notes included herein and with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2024. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those projected, forecasted, or expected in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this quarterly report. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our management believes the assumptions underlying the Company's financial statements and accompanying notes are reasonable. However, the Company's financial statements and accompanying notes may not be an indication of our financial condition and results of operations in the future.

Overview

We are a commercial mortgage REIT incorporated in Maryland on June 7, 2019. Our strategy is to originate, structure and invest in first-lien mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, convertible notes, multifamily properties and common stock investments, as well as multifamily and SFR CMBS securitizations, MSCR Notes and mortgage backed securities, or our target assets. We primarily focus on investments in real estate sectors where our senior management team has operating expertise, including in the multifamily, SFR, self-storage, life science and hospitality sectors predominantly in the top 50 MSAs. In addition, we target lending or investing in properties that are stabilized or have a light-transitional business plan.

Our investment objective is to generate attractive, risk-adjusted returns for stockholders over the long term. We seek to employ a flexible and relative-value focused investment strategy and expect to re-allocate capital periodically among our target investment classes. We believe this flexibility will enable us to efficiently manage risk and deliver attractive risk-adjusted returns under a variety of market conditions and economic cycles.

We are externally managed by our Manager, a subsidiary of our Sponsor, an SEC-registered investment advisor, which has extensive real estate experience, having completed as of March 31, 2024 approximately $18.4 billion of gross real estate transactions since the beginning of 2012. In addition, our Sponsor, together with its affiliates and NexBank, is one of the most experienced global alternative credit managers managing approximately $19.8 billion of loans and debt or credit related investments as of March 31, 2024 and has managed credit investments for over 25 years. We believe our relationship with our Sponsor benefits us by providing access to resources including research capabilities, an extensive relationship network, other proprietary information, scalability, and a vast wealth of knowledge of information on real estate in our target assets and sectors.

We elected to be treated as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2020. We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to maintain one or more exclusions or exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act.

On October 15, 2021, a lawsuit (the “Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit”) was filed by a litigation subtrust formed in connection with Highland’s bankruptcy against various persons and entities, including our Sponsor and James Dondero. In addition, on February 8, 2023, a lawsuit (the “UBS Lawsuit”) was filed by UBS Securities LLC and its affiliate against Mr. Dondero and a number of other persons and entities. Neither the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit nor the UBS Lawsuit include claims related to our business or our assets or operations. Our Sponsor and Mr. Dondero have informed us they believe the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit has no merit, and Mr. Dondero has informed us he believes the UBS Lawsuit has no merit; we have been advised that the defendants named in each of the lawsuits intend to vigorously defend against the claims. We do not expect the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit or the UBS Lawsuit will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Purchases and Dispositions in the Quarter

Acquisitions and Originations

The Company acquired or originated the following investments through the Subsidiary OPs in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The amounts in the table below are as of the purchase or investment date:

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(1) Current yield and coupon as of March 31, 2024.

(2) Includes investments made on January 26, 2024, and March 1, 2024.

(3) Includes investments made on January 26, 2024, and February 9, 2024.

(4) Includes investments made on January 8, 2024, and February 2, 2024.

Redemptions and Sales

The following investments were redeemed or sold during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Components of Our Revenues and Expenses

Net Interest Income

Interest income. Our earnings are primarily attributable to the interest income from mortgage loans, mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments. Loan premium/discount amortization and prepayment penalties are also included as components of interest income.

Interest expense. Interest expense represents interest accrued on our various financing obligations used to fund our investments and is shown as a deduction to arrive at net interest income.

The following table presents the components of net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(1) Average balances for the SFR Loans, the mezzanine loan and preferred equity are calculated based upon carrying values.

(2) Yield calculated on an annualized basis.

(3) Net interest income is calculated as the difference between total interest income and total interest expense.

Other Income (Loss)

Change in net assets related to consolidated CMBS variable interest entities. Includes unrealized gain (loss) based on changes in the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the CMBS trusts and net interest earned on the consolidated CMBS trusts. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Change in unrealized gain (loss) on CMBS structured pass-through certificates. Includes unrealized gain (loss) based on changes in the fair value of the CMBS I/O Strips. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Change in unrealized gain on common stock investments. Includes unrealized gain (loss) based on changes in the fair value of our common stock investments in NSP and the Private REIT. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Change in unrealized gain (loss) on MSCR Notes. Includes unrealized gain (loss) based on changes in the fair value of our MSCR Notes. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Change in unrealized gain on mortgage backed securities. Includes unrealized gain (loss) based on changes in the fair value of our mortgage backed securities. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses, net. Provision for (reversal of) credit losses, net represents the change in our allowance for loan losses. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Realized losses. Realized losses include the excess, or deficiency, of net proceeds received, less the carrying value of such investments, as realized losses. The Company reverses cumulative unrealized gains or losses previously reported in its Consolidated Statements of Operations with respect to the investment sold at the time of the sale.

Revenues from consolidated real estate owned (Note 8). Reflects the total revenues for our multifamily properties. Revenues include rental income and other income of the multifamily properties.

Equity in Income (Losses) of Equity Method Investments. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures represents the change in our basis in equity method investments resulting from our share of the investments’ income and expenses. Profit and loss from equity method investments for which we’ve elected the fair value option are classified in divided income, change in unrealized gains and realized gains as applicable.

Other income. Includes placement fees, exit fees and other miscellaneous income items.

Operating Expenses

G&A expenses. G&A expenses include, but are not limited to, audit fees, legal fees, listing fees, Board fees, equity-based and other compensation expenses, investor-relations costs and payments of reimbursements to our Manager. The Manager will be reimbursed for expenses it incurs on behalf of the Company. However, our Manager is responsible, and we will not reimburse our Manager or its affiliates, for the salaries or benefits to be paid to personnel of our Manager or its affiliates who serve as our officers, except that 50% of the salary of our VP of Finance is allocated to us and we may grant equity awards to our officers under the LTIP. Direct payment of operating expenses by us, which includes compensation expense relating to equity awards granted under the LTIP, together with reimbursement of operating expenses to our Manager, plus the Annual Fee, may not exceed 2.5% of equity book value determined in accordance with GAAP, for any calendar year or portion thereof, provided, however, that this limitation will not apply to Offering Expenses, legal, accounting, financial, due diligence and other service fees incurred in connection with extraordinary litigation and mergers and acquisitions and other events outside the ordinary course of our business or any out-of-pocket acquisition or due diligence expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition or disposition of certain real estate related investments. To the extent total corporate G&A expenses would otherwise exceed 2.5% of equity book value, our Manager will waive all or a portion of its Annual Fee to keep our total corporate G&A expenses at or below 2.5% of equity book value.

Loan servicing fees. We pay various service providers fees for loan servicing of our SFR Loans, mezzanine loans and consolidated CMBS trusts. We classify the expenses related to the administration of the SFR Loans and mezzanine loans as servicing fees while the fees associated with the CMBS trusts are included as a component of the change in net assets related to consolidated CMBS variable interest entities (“VIEs”).

Management fees. Management fees include fees paid to our Manager pursuant to the Management Agreement.

Expenses from consolidated real estate owned (Note 8). Reflects the total expenses for our multifamily properties. Expenses include interest, real estate taxes and insurance, operating, general and administrative, management fees, depreciation and amortization, rate cap (income) expense, and debt service bridge expenses of the multifamily properties.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024, and 2023

The following table sets forth a summary of our operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

The change in our net income (loss) for the three months March 31, 2024 as compared to the net income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily relates to accelerated amortization of the premium associated with the prepayment on a senior loan. Our net loss attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was approximately $14.3 million. We had approximately $12.8 million in net interest losses, generated income of $9.2 million in other income, incurred operating expenses of $11.0 million, allocated $0.9 million of losses to Series A Preferred stockholders, allocated $0.7 million of losses to Series B Preferred stockholders, and allocated $1.9 million of losses to redeemable noncontrolling interests for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Revenues

Net interest income (loss). Net interest loss was $12.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to net interest income of $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 which was a decrease of approximately $16.7 million. The decrease between the periods is primarily due to accelerated amortization of the premium associated with the prepayment on a senior loan during the three months ended March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024 we own 88 discrete investments compared to 87 as of March 31, 2023.

Other income. Other income was $9.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $10.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 which was a decrease of approximately $1.8 million. This was primarily due to an increase in unrealized losses related to consolidated CMBS VIEs and a decrease in fair value marks between the periods.

Expenses

G&A expenses. G&A expenses were $4.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 which was an increase of approximately $2.0 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a $1.0 million increase in stock compensation expense and a $0.7 million increase in legal fees compared to the prior period.

Loan servicing fees. Loan servicing fees were $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 which was a decrease of approximately $0.4 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to a decrease in SFR Loans and mezzanine loans in the portfolio compared to the prior period.

Management fees. Management fees were $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Expenses from consolidated real estate owned. Expenses from consolidated real estate owned were $5.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase is due to the consolidation of Alexander at the District.

Key Financial Measures and Indicators

As a real estate finance company, we believe the key financial measures and indicators for our business are earnings per share, dividends declared, EAD, CAD and book value per share.

Earnings Per Share and Dividends Declared

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share and dividends declared per share (in thousands, except per share data):

Earnings Available for Distribution and Cash Available for Distribution

EAD is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe EAD serves as a useful indicator for investors in evaluating our performance and our long-term ability to pay distributions. EAD is defined as the net income (loss) attributable to our common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, including realized gains and losses not otherwise included in net income (loss), excluding any unrealized gains or losses or other similar non-cash items that are included in net income (loss) for the applicable reporting period, regardless of whether such items are included in other comprehensive income (loss), or in net income (loss) and adding back amortization of stock-based compensation. Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders may also be adjusted for the effects of certain GAAP adjustments and transactions that may not be indicative of our current operations.

We use EAD to evaluate our performance which excludes the effects of certain GAAP adjustments and transactions that we believe are not indicative of our current operations and to assess our long-term ability to pay distributions. We believe providing EAD as a supplement to GAAP net income (loss) to our investors is helpful to their assessment of our performance and our long term ability to pay distributions. EAD does not represent net income or cash flows from operating activities and should not be considered as an alternative to GAAP net income, an indication of our GAAP cash flows from operating activities, a measure of our liquidity or an indication of funds available for our cash needs. Our computation of EAD may not be comparable to EAD reported by other REITs.

We also use EAD as a component of the management fee paid to our Manager. As consideration for the Manager’s services, we will pay our Manager an annual management fee of 1.5% of Equity, paid monthly, in cash or shares of our common stock at the election of our Manager. “Equity” means (a) the sum of (1) total stockholders’ equity immediately prior to the closing of our IPO, plus (2) the net proceeds received by us from all issuances of our equity securities in and after the IPO, plus (3) our cumulative EAD from and after the IPO to the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter, (b) less (1) any distributions to our holders of common stock from and after the IPO to the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter and (2) all amounts that we have paid to repurchase for cash the shares of our equity securities from and after the IPO to the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter. In our calculation of Equity, we will adjust our calculation of EAD to remove the compensation expense relating to awards granted under one or more of our long-term incentive plans that is added back in our calculation of EAD. Additionally, for the avoidance of doubt, Equity does not include the assets contributed to us in the Formation Transaction. For the purpose of calculating EAD for the management fee, net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders may be adjusted for the effects of certain GAAP adjustments and transactions that may not be indicative of our current operations, in each case after discussions between the Manager and the independent directors of our Board and approved by a majority of the independent directors of our Board.

CAD is a non-GAAP financial measure. We calculate CAD by adjusting EAD by adding back amortization of premiums, depreciation and amortization of real estate investment, amortization of deferred financing costs and by removing accretion of discounts and non-cash items, such as stock dividends. We use CAD to evaluate our performance and our current ability to pay distributions. We also believe that providing CAD as a supplement to GAAP net income (loss) to our investors is helpful to their assessment of our performance and our current ability to pay distributions. CAD does not represent net income or cash flows from operating activities and should not be considered as an alternative to GAAP net income, an indication of our GAAP cash flows from operating activities, a measure of our liquidity or an indication of funds available for our cash needs. Our computation of CAD may not be comparable to CAD reported by other REITs.

The following table provides a reconciliation of EAD and CAD to GAAP net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

(1) Starting in the third quarter of 2023, the Company has adjusted EAD to remove the (income) / loss from equity method investments as it does not represent distributable earnings. We will include income from equity method investments to the extent that we receive cash distributions and upon realizing gains and/or losses.

(2) Unrealized gains are the net change in unrealized loss on investments held at fair value applicable to common stockholders.

(3) Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding does not include dilutive effect of redeemable non-controlling interests.

The following table provides a reconciliation of EAD and CAD to GAAP net income including the dilutive effect of noncontrolling interests for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

(1) Starting in the third quarter of 2023, the Company has adjusted EAD to remove the (income) / loss from equity method investments as it does not represent distributable earnings. We will include income from equity method investments to the extent that we receive cash distributions and upon realizing gains and/or losses.

(2) Unrealized gains are the net change in unrealized loss on investments held at fair value applicable to common stockholders.

Book Value per Share / Unit

The following table calculates our book value per share (in thousands, except per share data):

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Due to the large noncontrolling interest in the OP (see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements for more information), we believe it is useful to also look at book value on a combined basis as shown in the table below (in thousands, except per share data):

Our Portfolio

Our portfolio consists of SFR Loans, CMBS B-Pieces, CMBS I/O Strips, mezzanine loans, preferred equity investments, common stock investments, multifamily properties, MSCR Notes and mortgage backed securities with a combined unpaid principal balance of $1.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 and assumes the CMBS Entities’ assets and liabilities are not consolidated. The following table sets forth additional information relating to our portfolio as of March 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

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(1) Our total portfolio represents the current principal amount of the consolidated SFR Loans, CMBS I/O Strips, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, multifamily properties, MSCR Notes and mortgage backed securities as well as the net equity of our CMBS B-Piece investments.

(2) Net equity represents the carrying value less borrowings collateralized by the investment.

(3) Current yield is the annualized income earned divided by the cost basis of the investment.

(4) The weighted-average life is weighted on current principal balance and assumes no prepayments. The maturity date for preferred equity investments represents the maturity date of the senior mortgage, as the preferred equity investments require repayment upon the sale or refinancing of the asset.

(5) The CMBS B-Pieces are shown on an unconsolidated basis reflecting the value of our investments.

(6) The number shown represents the notional value on which interest is calculated for the CMBS I/O Strips. CMBS I/O Strips receive no principal payments and the notional value decreases as the underlying loans are paid off.

(7) The Company, through the Subsidiary OPs, purchased approximately $50.0 million and $15.0 million aggregate notional amount of the X1 interest-only tranche of the FHMS K-107 CMBS I/O Strip on April 28, 2021 and May 4, 2021, respectively.

(8) The Company, through the Subsidiary OPs, purchased approximately $80.0 million, $35.0 million, $40.0 million and $50.0 million aggregate notional amount of the X1 interest-only tranche of the FRESB 2019-SB64 CMBS I/O Strip on June 11, 2021 and September 29, 2021, February 3, 2022 and March 18, 2022, respectively.

(9) The Company reclassified this investment from preferred equity to a mezzanine loan effective January 1, 2023.

(10) The Company, through the Subsidiary OPs, invested $10.0 million on May 29, 2020, an aggregate of $1.2 million on January 9, 2023, March 6, 2023 and March 28, 2023, $0.2 million on May 25, 2023, $0.3 million on August 16, 2023 and $0.7 million on March 1, 2024 in this preferred equity investment.

(11) The Company, through the Subsidiary OPs, invested $5.0 million, $1.8 million, $40.1 million and $18.5 million in this real estate investment on December 28, 2021, January, 27, 2022, February 1, 2022 and July 26, 2022, respectively.

(12) The Company, through the Subsidiary OPs, invested $2.7 million and $1.3 million in this preferred equity investment on April 7, 2022 and May 3, 2022, respectively.

(13) The Company reclassified this investment from a mezzanine loan to preferred equity effective January 1, 2023.

(14) The Company, through the Subsidiary OPs, invested $0.5 million and $0.7 million in this preferred equity investment on May 16, 2023 and June 12, 2023, respectively.

(15) The Company, through the Subsidiary OPs, invested $3.7 million and $0.3 million in this preferred equity investment on May 17, 2023 and June 24, 2023, respectively.

(16) Real Estate is a 204-unit multifamily property. As of March 31, 2024, the property was 98.0% occupied, with effective rent per occupied unit of $1,693 per month.

(17) Real Estate is a 280-unit multifamily property. As of March 31, 2024, the property was 68.6% occupied with effective rent per occupied unit of $1,633 per month.

The following table details overall statistics for our portfolio as of March 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

(1) Cost is used in lieu of principal balance for CMBS I/O Strips.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our short-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for our ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, maintain our investments, make distributions to our stockholders and other general business needs. Our investments generate liquidity on an ongoing basis through principal and interest payments, prepayments and dividends. We believe that our available cash, expected operating cash flows, and potential debt or equity financings will provide sufficient funds for our operations, anticipated scheduled debt service payments, potential obligations to fulfill unfunded commitments and dividend requirements for the twelve-month period following March 31, 2024.

Our long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of acquiring additional investments, scheduled debt payments and distributions. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements through various sources of capital, which may include future debt or equity issuances, net cash provided by operations and other secured and unsecured borrowings. Our leverage is matched in term and structure to provide stable contractual spreads which will protect us from fluctuations in market interest rates over the long-term. However, there are a number of factors that may have a material adverse effect on our ability to access these capital sources, including the state of overall equity and credit markets, our degree of leverage, borrowing restrictions imposed by lenders, general market conditions for REITs and our operating performance and liquidity. We believe that our various sources of capital, which may include future debt or equity issuances, net cash provided by operations and other secured and unsecured borrowings, will provide sufficient funds for our operations, anticipated debt service payments, potential obligations to purchase investments under the Company's commitments noted in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements and dividend requirements for the long-term.

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources to date consist of cash generated from our operating results and the following:

Freddie Mac Credit Facilities

Prior to the Formation Transaction, two of our subsidiaries entered into a loan and security agreement, dated July 12, 2019, with Freddie Mac (the “Credit Facility”). Under the Credit Facility, these entities borrowed approximately $788.8 million in connection with their acquisition of senior pooled mortgage loans backed by SFR properties (the “Underlying Loans”). No additional borrowings can be made under the Credit Facility, and our obligations will be secured by the Underlying Loans. The Credit Facility was assumed by the Company as part of the Formation Transaction. As such, the remaining outstanding balance of $788.8 million was contributed to the Company on February 11, 2020. Our borrowings under the Credit Facility will mature on July 12, 2029; however, if an Underlying Loan matures prior to July 12, 2029, we will be required to repay the portion of the Credit Facility that is allocated to that loan. As of March 31, 2024, the outstanding balance on the Credit Facility was $123.3 million.

Repurchase Agreements

From time to time, we may enter into repurchase agreements to finance the acquisition of our target assets. Repurchase agreements will effectively allow us to borrow against loans and securities that we own in an amount equal to (1) the market value of such loans and/or securities multiplied by (2) the applicable advance rate. Under these agreements, we will sell our loans and securities to a counterparty and agree to repurchase the same loans and securities from the counterparty at a price equal to the original sales price plus an interest factor. During the term of a repurchase agreement, we will receive the principal and interest on the related loans and securities and pay interest to the lender under the repurchase agreement. At any point in time, the amounts and the cost of our repurchase borrowings will be based on the assets being financed. For example, higher risk assets will result in lower advance rates (i.e., levels of leverage) at higher borrowing costs. In addition, these facilities may include various financial covenants and limited recourse guarantees.

As discussed in Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements, we, through the OP and the Subsidiary OPs, have borrowed approximately $341.7 million under our repurchase agreements and posted approximately $984.6 million par value of our CMBS B-Piece, CMBS I/O Strip, MSCR Notes and mortgage backed security investments as collateral. The CMBS B-Pieces, CMBS I/O Strips, MSCR Notes and mortgage backed securities held as collateral are illiquid and irreplaceable in nature. These assets are restricted solely to satisfy the interest and principal balances owed to the lender as described in our Annual Report.

The table below provides additional details regarding recent borrowings under the master repurchase agreements (dollars in thousands):

(1) Weighted-average interest rate using unpaid principal balances.

(2) Weighted-average life is determined using the maximum maturity date of the corresponding loans, assuming all extension options are exercised by the borrower.

(3) CMBS are shown at fair value on an unconsolidated basis.

(4) On April 15, 2020, three of our subsidiaries entered into a master repurchase agreement with Mizuho. Borrowings under these repurchase agreements are collateralized by portions of the CMBS B-Pieces, CMBS I/O Strips, MSCR Notes and mortgage backed securities.

(5) The master repurchase agreement with Mizuho does not have a stated maturity date. The transactions in place have a one-month to two-month tenor and are expected to roll accordingly.

At-The-Market Offering

On March 15, 2022, the Company, the OP and the Manager separately entered into the 2022 Equity Distribution Agreements with the 2022 Sales Agents, pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell from time to time shares of the Company’s common stock and Series A Preferred Stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $100.0 million in the 2022 ATM Program. The 2022 Equity Distribution Agreements provide for the issuance and sale of common stock or Series A Preferred Stock by the Company through a sales agent acting as a sales agent or directly to the sales agent acting as principal for its own account at a price agreed upon at the time of sale. As of March 31, 2024, pursuant to the 2022 Equity Distribution Agreements, the Company had sold 531,728 shares of its common stock and zero shares of Series A Preferred Stock for total gross sales of $12.6 million. For additional information about the 2022 ATM Program, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.

Series B Preferred Stock Offering

On November 2, 2023, the Company announced the launch of a continuous public offering of up to 16,000,000 shares of its Series B Preferred Stock at a price to the public of $25.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $400 million. Beginning on the first day of the calendar month following the date of original issuance, the Series B Preferred Stock are redeemable at the option of the holder at a redemption price per share equal to the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued but unpaid cash dividends and less certain redemption fees. After the first day of the calendar month following the second anniversary of the original issue date, the Company also has the option to redeem, in whole or in part, subject to certain restrictions in the Company's charter and the articles supplementary setting forth the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock, at a redemption price per share equal to the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, plus any accrued but unpaid cash dividends. In all optional redemptions, the Company has the right, in its sole discretion, to pay the redemption in cash or in equal value of shares of the Company’s common stock for so long as the common stock is listed or admitted to trading on the NYSE or another national securities exchange or automated quotation system. The Dealer Manager serves as the Company’s dealer manager in connection with the offering. The Dealer Manager uses its reasonable best efforts to sell the shares of Series B Preferred Stock offered in the offering, and the Company pays the Dealer Manager, subject to the discounts and other special circumstances described or referenced therein, (i) Selling Commissions of 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from sales of Series B Preferred Stock in the offering and (ii) a Dealer Manager Fee of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from sales of Series B Preferred Stock in the offering. The Dealer Manager, subject to federal and state securities laws, will reallow all or any portion of the Selling Commissions and may reallow a portion of the Dealer Manager Fee to other securities dealers that the Dealer Manager may retain who sold the shares of Series B Preferred Stock as is described more fully in the agreements between such dealers and the Dealer Manager. The Company expects that the offering will terminate on the earlier of the date the Company sells all 16,000,000 shares of the Series B Preferred Stock in the offering or March 14, 2025 (which is the third anniversary of the effective date of the Company’s registration statement), which may be extended by the Board in its sole discretion. The Board may elect to terminate this offering at any time. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has sold 1,657,700 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for total gross proceeds of $40.9 million.

Company Notes Offering

In 2022 and 2023, the Company issued a total of $35 million and $15 million in aggregate principal amount, respectively, of its 5.75% Notes for proceeds of approximately $34.6 million and $13.6 million, respectively, after original issue discount and underwriting fees.

In 2022, the Company purchased a total of $5 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% Notes for approximately $4.9 million. The purchased 5.75% Notes were cancelled upon settlement.

Other Potential Sources of Financing

We may seek additional sources of liquidity from further repurchase facilities, other borrowings and future offerings of common and preferred equity and debt securities and contributions from existing holders of the OP or Subsidiary OPs. In addition, we may apply our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations to any liquidity needs. As of March 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents were $19.3 million.

Cash Flows

The following table presents selected data from our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Cash flows from operating activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $17.7 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $15.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase primarily relates to accelerated amortization of the premium associated with the prepayment on a senior loan.

Cash flows from investing activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $545.4 million compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $66.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to the principal prepayment on a senior loan.

Cash flows from financing activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in financing activities was $560.5 million compared to net cash used in financing activities of $61.7 million for the three months ended

March 31, 2023. The increase primarily relates to principal repayments on borrowings under secured financing agreements associated with the prepayment on a senior loan.

Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status

Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates for such new or revised standards. We may elect to comply with public company effective dates at any time, and such election would be irrevocable pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act.

We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, and may elect to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies. We may be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.”

Dividends

We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments to holders of our common stock. We also intend to make the accrued dividend payments on the Series A Preferred Stock, which are payable quarterly in arrears as provided in the articles supplementary setting forth the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B Preferred Stock, which are payable monthly as provided in the articles supplementary setting forth the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. As a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our taxable income, which is not used to pay a dividend on the Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock, to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available for this purpose, if and to the extent authorized by our Board. Before we make any dividend payments, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets, borrow funds or raise additional capital to make cash dividends or we may make a portion of the required dividend in the form of a taxable distribution of stock or debt securities.

We will make dividend payments to holders of our common stock based on our estimate of taxable earnings per share of common stock, but not earnings calculated pursuant to GAAP. Our dividends and taxable income and GAAP earnings will typically differ due to items such as depreciation and amortization, fair-value adjustments, differences in premium amortization and discount accretion and non-deductible G&A expenses. Our quarterly dividends per share of our common stock may be substantially different than our quarterly taxable earnings and GAAP earnings per share. Our Board declared the first regular quarterly dividend to common stockholders of $0.50 per share on February 26, 2024, which was paid on March 28, 2024, to stockholders of record as of March 15, 2024. Our Board declared a Series A Preferred Stock dividend to Series A Preferred stockholders of $0.53125 per share, which was paid on April 25, 2024, to Series A Preferred stockholders of record as of April 15, 2024. On January 2, 2024, our Board declared a Series B Preferred Stock dividend to Series B Preferred stockholders of $0.1875 which was paid on February 5, 2024 to Series B Preferred Stockholders of record as of January 25, 2024. On January 18, 2024, our Board declared a Series B Preferred Stock dividend to Series B Preferred stockholders of $0.1875, which was paid March 5, 2024, to Series B Preferred Stockholders of record as of February 23, 2024. On February 21, 2024, our Board declared a Series B Preferred Stock dividend to Series B Preferred stockholders of $0.1875, which was paid on April 5, 2024, to stockholders of record as of March 25, 2024. On March 22, 2024, our Board declared a Series B Preferred Stock dividend to Series B Preferred stockholders of $0.1875, which will be paid on May 6, 2024, to stockholders of record as of April 25, 2024.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2024, we had one off balance sheet arrangement that has or is reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

On December 8, 2022 and in connection with a restructuring of NSP, the Company, through REIT Sub, together with NexPoint Diversified Real Estate Trust, Highland Income Fund and NexPoint Real Estate Strategies Fund (collectively, the "Co-Guarantors"), as guarantors, entered into a sponsor guaranty agreement (the "NSP Sponsor Guaranty Agreement") in favor of Extra Space Storage, LP ("Extra Space") pursuant to which REIT Sub and the Co-Guarantors guaranteed obligations of NSP with respect to accrued dividends on NSP’s newly created Series D preferred stock and two promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $64.2 million issued to Extra Space. The guaranties by REIT Sub and the Co-Guarantors are capped at $97.6 million, and each of REIT Sub and the Co-Guarantors generally guaranteed the foregoing obligations of NSP up to the cap amount on a pro rata basis with respect to its percentage ownership of NSP’s common stock. On February 15, 2023, NSP paid down approximately $15.0 million of these promissory notes, resulting in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $49.2 million. On December 8, 2023, NSP paid down the remaining principal balance of $49.2 million. The NSP Series D preferred stock remains outstanding as of March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the outstanding NSP Series D Preferred Stock accrued dividends was $7.3 million, and the Company and NexPoint Diversified Real Estate Trust are jointly and severally liable for 85.90% of the guaranteed amount.

Commitments and Contingencies

Except as otherwise disclosed below, the Company is not aware of any contractual obligations, legal proceedings or any other contingent obligations incurred in the normal course of business that would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

On September 29, 2021, the Company, through one of the Subsidiary OPs, entered into an agreement to purchase up to $50.0 million in a new preferred equity investment (the “Preferred Units”) upon notice from the issuer. Subject to certain conditions, the Company may be required to purchase an additional $25.0 million of Preferred Units at the option of the issuer. The funds are expected to be used to capitalize special purpose limited liability companies (“PropCos”) to engage in sale-and-leaseback transactions and development transactions on life science real property. On September, 22, 2023, the issuer exercised its right to extend the final obligation date to purchase any additional Preferred Units to September 29, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the Company may have the obligation to fund an additional $3.6 million by September 29, 2024, which the issuer may extend for up to one year at its option for an extension fee. The Preferred Units accrue distributions at a rate of 10.0% annually, compounded monthly. Distributions on the Preferred Units will be paid in cash with respect to stabilized PropCos and paid in kind with respect to unstabilized PropCos. The obligations of the issuer will be supported by a pledge of all equity units of the PropCos. All or a portion of the Preferred Units may be redeemed at any time for a redemption price equal to the purchase price of the Preferred Units to be redeemed plus any accrued and unpaid distributions thereon and a cash redemption fee. Upon the redemption of any Preferred Units and if the parties agree, the remaining amount to be funded by the Company may be increased by the aggregate purchase price of the redeemed Preferred Units. In addition, if the issuer experiences a change of control, the redemption price will also include a payment equal to the amount needed to achieve a multiple on invested capital ("MOIC") equal to 1.25x for unstabilized PropCos and 1.10x for stabilized PropCos. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has not recorded any contingencies on its Consolidated Balance Sheets as the obligation to fund additional Preferred Units other than under the existing commitment is considered remote for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The Company provides certain guarantees in connection with the NSP Sponsor Guaranty Agreement. See Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements above for further details.

On March 14, 2023, the Company, through one of the Subsidiary OPs, committed to fund $24.0 million of preferred equity with respect to a ground up construction horizontal single-family property located in Phoenix, Arizona, of which $16.9 million was unfunded as of March 31, 2024. The preferred equity investment provides a floating annual return that is the greater of prime rate plus 5.0% or 11.25%, compounded monthly with a MOIC of 1.30x and 1.0% placement fee. The Company was also issued a common interest at the time of its first funding of preferred equity on May 16, 2023. The common interest allows the Company to receive a 10% profit share once aggregate distributions exceed the 20% internal rate of return ("IRR") hurdle as shown below. There was no value ascribed to the common interest as of March 31, 2024. Further, once the Company's preferred equity and accrued interest has been repaid, any additional cash flow and net sale proceeds shall be distributed as follows:

• 0% to the Company and 100% to issuer up to a 20.0% IRR
• 10% to the Company and 90% to issuer thereafter

On February 10, 2023, the Company, through one of the Subsidiary OPs, through a unit purchase agreement, committed to purchase $30.3 million of the preferred units with respect to a multifamily property development located in

Forney, Texas, which was fully funded as of March 31, 2024. Further, the Company committed to purchase $4.3 million of common equity with respect to the same property, of which $1.3 million was unfunded as of March 31, 2024.

On February 10, 2023, the Company, through one of the Subsidiary OPs, through a unit purchase agreement, committed to purchase $30.3 million of the preferred units with respect to a multifamily property development located in Richmond, Virginia, of which $6.1 million was unfunded as of March 31, 2024. Further, the Company committed to purchase $4.3 million of common equity with respect to the same property, of which $3.3 million was unfunded as of March 31, 2024.

On January 26, 2024, the Company, along with related party OSL, entered into the Alewife Loan whereby it made a loan in the maximum principal amount of up to $218 million to Alewife Holdings, which is solely owned by IQHQ, LP. The Company has an ownership interest in the Series D-1 preferred stock in IQHQ, Inc., who is the limited partner in IQHQ, LP; however, the Company has no controlling financial interest nor significant influence in IQHQ, LP. The loan is secured by a first mortgage with a first lien position and other security interests. The Company’s portion of the total commitment is $208 million, of which $164.7 million was unfunded as of March 31, 2024. Subsequent to March 31, 2024, the Company entered into the Alewife Agreement and the Company's expected maximum commitment is $179 million as of the date hereof. See Note 16.

The table below shows the Company's unfunded commitments by investment type as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate these judgments, assumptions and estimates for changes that would affect the reported amounts. These estimates are based on management’s historical industry experience and on various other judgments and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these judgments, assumptions and estimates. Below is a discussion of the accounting policies and estimates that involve significant estimation uncertainty that have or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and our significant accounting policies, including further discussion of the accounting policies described below, can be found in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023. The implementation process included the utilization of loan loss forecasting models, updates to our loan credit loss policy documentation, changes to internal reporting processes and related internal controls, and overall operational readiness for our adoption of the new standard. We have implemented loan loss forecasting models for estimating expected life-time credit losses, at the individual loan level, for our loan portfolio. These models are also utilized for estimating expected life-time credit losses for unfunded loan commitments for which the Company has a present contractual obligation to extend the credit and the obligation is not unconditionally cancellable. The CECL forecasting methods used by the Company include (i) a probability of default and loss given default method using underlying third-party CMBS/Commercial Real Estate loan database with historical loan losses from 1998 to 2022, and (ii) probability weighted expected cash flow method, depending on the type of loan and the availability of relevant historical market loan loss data. We might use other acceptable alternative approaches in the future depending on, among other factors, the type of loan, underlying collateral, and availability of relevant historical market loan loss data. Significant inputs to our forecasting methods include (i) key loan-specific inputs such as loan-to-value, vintage year, loan-term, underlying property type, occupancy, geographic location, performance against the underwritten business plan, and our internal loan risk rating, and (ii) a macro-economic environment forecast. The cumulative effect of adoption of ASU

2016-13 is a $1.6 million reduction in retained earnings. The beginning allowance for credit loss as of January 1, 2024 was $2.1 million. The reversal of credit losses of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is included in other income on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, resulting in a March 31, 2024 ending allowance for credit loss of $1.7 million.

Significant judgment is required in determining impairment and in estimating the resulting loss allowance, and actual losses, if any, could materially differ from those estimates.

Valuation of Common Equity and Preferred Stock

As of March 31, 2024, the Company owns approximately 25.7% of the total outstanding shares of NSP and thus can exercise significant influence over NSP. The Company elected the fair-value option in accordance with ASC 825-10-10. On a quarterly basis, the Company, with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm, determines the fair value for subsequent measurement absent a readily available market price. The valuation is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques consistent with the principles of ASC 820. Specifically, these techniques include the discounted cash flow methodology whereby observable market terminal capitalization rates and discount rates are applied to projected cash flows generated by self-storage assets owned by NSP. The necessary inputs for the valuation include projected cash flows of NSP, terminal capitalization rates and discount rates. These inputs are reflective of public company comparables, but are assumptions and estimates. As a result, the determination of fair value involves significant estimation uncertainty because it involves subjective judgments and estimates that are based on unobservable inputs. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the unrealized gain related to the change in fair value estimate is $0.6 million. See Notes 5 and 10 to our consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the valuation of NSP.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company owns approximately 6.36% of the total outstanding common equity of the Private REIT. The Company records the Private REIT at fair value in accordance with ASC 321. The valuation is determined using a market approach. The necessary input for the valuation includes the yield of the Private REIT. As a result, the determination of fair value is uncertain because it involves subjective judgments and estimates that are unobservable. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the unrealized loss related to the change in fair value estimate is $1.5 million. See Notes 5 and 10 to our consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the valuation of the Private REIT.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company owns approximately 98.0% of the total outstanding common equity of each of RFGH and RTB. The Company holds RFGH and RTB based on the Company's proportionate share of income (losses) for the three months ended March 31, 2024. See Notes 5 and 6 to our consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the equity method investments RFGH and RTB.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company owns 9.5% of the total outstanding shares of the Series D-1 preferred stock in IQHQ, Inc. See Notes 5 and 10 to our consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the equity security investment in IQHQ, Inc.

Considerations Related to Tightening Monetary Policy

The macroeconomic environment remains challenging as central banks have held interest rates high to combat inflation. The high rate environment, coupled with large bank failures in early 2023 and ongoing economic uncertainty, has limited credit availability to commercial real estate. Less available and more expensive debt capital has had pronounced effects on the capital markets, making investments harder to finance. Similar factors also impact the timing of and proceeds generated from asset sales and our ability to obtain debt capital.

REIT Tax Election

We elected to be treated as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income,” as defined by the Code, to our stockholders. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. We had no significant taxes associated with our TRS for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023. We believe that our organization and current and proposed method of operation will allow us to qualify for taxation as a REIT, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, including our President and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of March 31, 2024, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation, our President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act and is accumulated and communicated to management, including the President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

We believe, however, that a controls system, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls systems are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, within a company have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 22, 2024.