DT Midstream, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

You should carefully consider the following risks and other information in this Form 10-K. Any of the following risks and uncertainties could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Operational Risks

Any significant decrease in production or in demand of natural gas in our asset footprint could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on the continued availability of and demand for natural gas in our areas of operation, which include the Midwestern U.S., Canada, Northeastern U.S. and Gulf Coast regions.

To maintain or increase the contracted capacity or the volume of natural gas gathered, transported and stored on our systems and cash flows associated therewith, our customers must continually obtain adequate supplies of natural gas. If new supplies of natural gas are not obtained to replace the natural decline in volumes from existing supply basins in our areas of operation, or if natural gas supplies are diverted to serve other markets, the overall volume of natural gas gathered, transported and stored on our systems would decline. The primary factors affecting our ability to obtain sources of natural gas include (i) the level of successful drilling activity near our systems, (ii) our ability to compete for volumes from successful new wells and (iii) our ability to compete successfully for volumes from sources connected to other pipelines. A reduction in the natural gas volumes supplied by producers for any of the factors mentioned above as well as national, regional, local, economic and political factors, including tariffs and periods of changing inflation, could result in reduced throughput on our systems and corresponding service revenues, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, demand for our services is dependent on the demand for gas in the markets we serve. Alternative fuel sources such as electricity, coal, fuel oils, or nuclear energy, as well as technological advances and renewable sources of energy, could reduce demand for natural gas in our markets and have an adverse effect on our business. Government imposed constraints, such as changes in regulatory policy and permitting and environmental limitations, could also artificially limit new demand for natural gas, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have one key customer, Expand Energy. The loss of, or reduction in volumes from, this customer could result in a decline in demand for our services and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Expand Energy accounted for approximately 56% of our operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our operating revenues do not include revenues of unconsolidated joint ventures accounted for as equity method investments. The loss of all or even a portion of the contracted volumes of this or other customers, the failure to extend or replace customer contracts, or the extension or replacement of customer contracts on less favorable terms, as a result of competition, creditworthiness, reduced natural gas production or otherwise, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to renew or replace expiring contracts at favorable rates or on a long-term basis.

One of our exposures to market risk occurs when our existing contracts, including both our contracts with customers and our contracts with suppliers and other counterparties, expire and are subject to renegotiation and renewal. The majority of our customer contracts are firm service revenue contracts. Firm service revenue contracts are typically long-term and structured using fixed demand charges or MVCs with fixed deficiency fee rates. This provides for fixed revenue commitments regardless of actual volumes of natural gas that flow, which leads to more stable operating performance, revenues and cash flows and limits our exposure to natural gas price fluctuations. We may be unable to renew or replace these contracts at expiration, and our efforts to negotiate for similar fixed revenue commitments may be unsuccessful, which could cause our exposure to natural gas price risk to change or adversely affect the stability of our cash flows.

If third-party pipelines and other facilities interconnected to our assets become unavailable to transport natural gas, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend upon third-party pipelines and other facilities that provide receipt and delivery options to and from our assets. For example, our pipelines interconnect with multiple interstate pipelines in the Midwestern U.S., Canada, Northeastern U.S.

and Gulf Coast regions and a significant number of intrastate pipelines. Because we do not own these third-party pipelines or facilities, their continuing operation is not within our control. If these pipeline connections become unavailable for current or future volumes of natural gas due to testing, turnarounds, repairs, maintenance, damage, reduced operating pressure, lack of capacity, regulatory requirements or any other reason, our ability to operate efficiently and continue shipping natural gas to end markets could be restricted, thereby reducing our revenues. Any temporary or permanent interruption at any key pipeline interconnect or other downstream facility utilized to move our customers’ product to their end destination that causes a material reduction in volumes transported on our pipelines could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the rates charged by treating plants, pipelines and other facilities interconnected to our assets affect the utilization and value of our services. Significant changes in the rates charged by these third parties, or the rates charged by the third parties that own "downstream" assets required to move commodities to their final destinations, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations are subject to operational hazards, unforeseen interruptions and damage caused by third parties and natural events. If a significant accident or event occurs that results in a business interruption or damage to our pipelines, storage and gathering systems, the facilities of our customers or other interconnected pipelines and facilities, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations, our customers’ operations and other interconnected pipelines and facilities are subject to many operational hazards, including (i) damage to pipelines, facilities, equipment, environmental controls and surrounding properties, including damage resulting from landslide and ground movement slippage; (ii) leaks, migrations or losses of natural gas and other hydrocarbons, water, brine, other fluids and hazardous chemicals that we handle in our treating and other operations; (iii) inadvertent damage from third parties, including from construction, farm and utility equipment; (iv) uncontrolled releases of natural gas and other hydrocarbons; (v) ruptures, fires and explosions; (vi) product and waste spills and unauthorized discharges of products, wastes and other pollutants; (vii) pipeline freeze-offs due to cold weather; (viii) operator error; (ix) aging infrastructure, mechanical or other performance problems; (x) damages to and loss of availability of interconnecting third-party pipelines, railroads and terminals; (xi) disruption or failure of information technology systems and network infrastructure; (xii) floods; (xiii) severe weather; (xiv) lightning and (xv) terrorism.

These risks could result in loss of human life, personal injuries, significant property damage, environmental pollution, impairment of our operations, regulatory investigations and penalties and substantial financial losses. The location of certain segments of our systems in or near populated areas, including residential areas, commercial business centers and industrial sites, could increase the damages resulting from these risks. In spite of any precautions taken, the occurrence of an event such as those described above that is not fully covered by insurance could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, these risks could materially impact or completely prevent our customers’ from performing their respective obligations under our commercial agreements, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to successfully combine our business with the assets acquired in the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition, or an inaccurate estimate by us of the benefits to be realized from the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition, may adversely affect our future results.

On December 31, 2024, we closed our transaction with ONEOK pursuant to which DT Midstream acquired 100% of the equity interests of Guardian, Midwestern and Viking. The Midwest Pipeline Acquisition involves potential risks, including:

• failure to attract and retain skilled professional and technical employees could adversely affect operations;
• the failure to realize expected profitability, growth or accretion;
• environmental or regulatory compliance matters or liabilities;
• title or permit issues;
• uncertainty associated with future rate-making proceedings with FERC;
• the diversion of management’s attention;
• the incurrence of substantial maintenance capital or other expenses;
• the incurrence of significant charges, such as impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, asset devaluation or restructuring charges; and
• the incurrence of unanticipated liabilities and costs for which indemnification is unavailable or inadequate.

The expected benefits from the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition may not be realized if our estimates of the potential revenues associated with the interests acquired by us in the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition are materially inaccurate or if we failed to identify operating problems or liabilities associated with the underlying pipeline systems prior to closing. The accuracy of our estimates of the potential cash flows generated by the acquired assets is inherently uncertain. Although we conducted due diligence in connection with the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition, DT Midstream cannot assure investors that this diligence surfaced all material issues that may arise as a result of the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition. Additionally, unexpected risks may arise, and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. If problems are identified in the future, the purchase agreement for the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition provides for limited recourse against the seller. If any of these risks or unanticipated liabilities or costs were to materialize, any desired benefits of the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition may not be fully realized, if at all, and our future financial performance, results of operations and cash available for distribution could be negatively impacted.

Expansion projects or acquisitions that are expected to be accretive, including our Midwest Pipeline Acquisition, may nevertheless reduce our cash from operations and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We regularly review our portfolio of businesses and pursue growth through expansions and acquisitions that we expect to be accretive, and we believe the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition will be accretive to our distributive cash flow, improve our business profile, and add to the backlog of future growth opportunities. However, even if we complete expansion projects or acquisitions that we believe will be accretive, these expansion projects or acquisitions may nevertheless reduce our cash from operations and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any expansion project or acquisition involves potential risks, including, among other things: (i) service interruptions or increased downtime associated with our projects; (ii) a decrease in our liquidity; (iii) an inability to complete expansion projects or acquisitions on schedule or within the budgeted cost; (iv) the assumption of unknown liabilities when making acquisitions for which we are not indemnified or for which our indemnity is inadequate; (v) the diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns; (vi) mistaken assumptions about the overall costs of equity or debt, demand for our services, supply volumes, reserves, revenues and costs, synergies and potential growth; (vii) an inability to secure adequate customer commitments to use the expanded or acquired systems or facilities; (viii) an inability to successfully integrate the businesses we build or acquire; (ix) an inability to receive cash flows from a newly built asset until it is operational; and (x) unforeseen difficulties operating in new service areas or new geographic areas.

We have entered into joint ventures, and may in the future enter into additional or modify existing joint ventures, which might restrict our operational and corporate flexibility. In addition, these joint ventures are subject to most of the same operational risks to which we are subject.

We conduct a meaningful portion of our operations through joint ventures with third parties, including through our interests in Vector, Millennium and NEXUS, and we may enter into additional joint venture arrangements in the future. Generally, we do not operate the assets owned by these joint ventures and our control over their operations is limited by the applicable governing provisions of such joint venture agreements. In certain cases, we could have limited ability to influence or control certain day-to-day activities affecting the operations, the amount of capital expenditures that we may be required to fund with respect to these operations and the amount of cash we will receive from the joint venture. We also could be dependent on our joint venture partners to fund their required share of capital expenditures and be exposed to third party credit risk through our contractual arrangements with our joint venture partners. Additionally, we may be subject to restrictions or limitations on our ability to sell or transfer our interests in the jointly owned assets, and we may be required to offer business opportunities to the joint venture, or rights of participation to other joint venture partners or participants in certain areas of mutual interest.

In addition, our joint venture arrangements may involve risks not otherwise present when operating assets directly. We may incur liabilities as a result of an action taken by our joint venture partners and may be required to devote significant management time to the requirements of and matters relating to the joint ventures. Our joint venture partners may be in a position to take actions contrary to our instructions or requests, or contrary to our policies or objectives. Any disputes between us and our joint venture partners may result in delays, litigation or operational impasses.

The risks described above or the failure to continue our joint ventures or to resolve disagreements with our joint venture partners could adversely affect our ability to conduct business that is the subject of a joint venture, which could in turn materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, these joint ventures are subject to most of the same operational risks to which we are subject and the impact of any of these operational risks on our joint ventures’ respective business, financial condition or results of operations could in turn materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not own the majority of the land on which our assets are located, which could disrupt our current and future operations.

We do not own the majority of the land on which our assets are located, and we are therefore subject to the possibility of more onerous terms and increased costs or delays to retain necessary land use rights required to conduct our operations if we do not have valid rights-of-way, if such rights-of-way lapse or terminate or if our facilities are not properly located within the boundaries of such rights-of-way. If we were to be unsuccessful in negotiating or renegotiating rights-of-way, we might have to institute condemnation proceedings on our FERC-regulated assets or relocate our facilities for non-regulated assets. Restrictions on our ability to use our rights-of-way, through our inability to renew right-of-way contracts or otherwise, or a relocation could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, even when we own an interest in the land on which our assets are located, agreements with correlative rights owners may require us to relocate pipelines and facilities, shut in storage facilities to facilitate the development of the correlative rights owners’ estate or pay the correlative rights owners the lost value of their estate if they are not willing to accommodate development.

We face and will continue to face opposition to the development or operation of our assets from various groups.

We face and will continue to face opposition to the development or operation of our assets from environmental groups, landowners, local and national groups, activists and other advocates. Such opposition could take many forms, including organized protests, attempts to block, vandalize or sabotage our development or operations, intervention in regulatory or administrative proceedings involving our assets directly or indirectly, lawsuits, legislation or other actions designed to prevent, disrupt or delay the development or operation of our assets and business. Any such event that delays or interrupts the revenues generated, or expected to be generated, by our operations, or which causes us to make significant expenditures not covered by insurance, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The expansion of our existing assets and construction of new assets is subject to economic, market, regulatory, environmental, political, and legal risks, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to complete expansion projects, our future growth may be limited.

We may be unable to complete successful, accretive expansion projects for many reasons, including economic and market risks such as an inability to identify attractive expansion projects; an inability to successfully integrate the infrastructure we build; an inability to raise financing for expansion projects on economically acceptable terms; and because some of our competitors may be better positioned to compete for certain expansion projects that we believe would be accretive. In addition, the construction of additions or modifications to our existing energy infrastructure assets, and the construction of other new energy infrastructure assets, involve numerous regulatory, environmental, political and legal uncertainties beyond our control. The development and construction of pipeline and gathering infrastructure and storage facilities expose us to construction risks such as: (i) the failure of third parties to meet their contractual requirements; (ii) environmental hazards; (iii) adverse weather conditions; (iv) the performance of third-party contractors; and (v) the lack of available skilled labor, equipment and materials.

Certain of our internal growth projects may require regulatory approval from U.S. federal and state authorities and Canadian authorities prior to construction. The approval process for storage and transportation projects located in the Northeast has become increasingly challenging, due in part to state and local concerns related to unregulated exploration and production and gathering activities in new production areas, including the Marcellus/Utica formations. In addition, FERC could modify its policy governing the issuance of interstate natural gas pipeline authorizations, in part to address concerns about climate change. It is not clear at this time whether FERC will modify its policy governing the issuance of certificates and, if so, what those modifications will be. Policy and regulatory changes relating to the implementation of NEPA may increase scrutiny of environmental impacts associated with our projects. Authorizations required for our projects under existing or future agency policies may not be granted or, if granted, such authorization may include burdensome or expensive conditions.

Failure to retain and attract key executives and other skilled professional and technical employees could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on our ability to attract, retain and motivate employees. We rely on our management team, which has significant experience in the midstream industry, to manage our day-to-day affairs and establish and execute our strategic and operational plans. The loss of any of our key executives or the failure to fill new positions created by expansion, turnover or retirement could adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy. In addition, our operations require engineers, operational and field technicians and other highly skilled employees. The competition for talent has become increasingly intense, and we may experience increased employee turnover, increased wage inflation or an impediment of our ability to execute certain key strategic initiatives due to a tightening labor market and skilled labor shortages. Failure to successfully attract and retain an appropriately qualified workforce could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The lack of diversification of our assets and geographic locations could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely primarily on revenues generated from our pipeline, storage and gathering systems, substantially all of which are located in the Midwestern U.S., Eastern Canada, Northeastern U.S. and Gulf Coast regions. Due to our lack of diversification in assets and geographic location, an adverse development in these businesses or our areas of operations, including adverse developments due to catastrophic events, weather, regulatory action, state and local political activities, availability of equipment and personnel, local prices, producer liquidity and decreases in demand for natural gas could have a more significant impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations than if we maintained more diverse assets and locations.

Liquidity, Credit and Financial Risks

We may not have access to additional financing sources on favorable terms, or at all, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and independent third parties determine our credit ratings outside of our control.

The cost of capital for our business depends, in part, on our credit ratings; general market conditions; the market’s perception of our business risk and growth potential; our current debt levels; interest rate changes; our current and expected future earnings; our cash flow; and the market price per share of our common stock. In part based on our current credit ratings, potential lenders may be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing that is attractive to us, may increase collateral requirements or may charge us prohibitively high fees in order to obtain financing. Consequently, our ability to access the credit markets in order to attract financing on reasonable terms may be adversely affected. Depending on market conditions at the relevant time, we may have to rely more heavily on additional equity financings or on less efficient forms of debt financing that require a larger portion of our cash flow from operations, thereby reducing funds available for our operations, future business opportunities and other purposes. We may not have access to such equity or debt capital on favorable terms, at the desired times, or at all. In addition, declines in our credit ratings may influence our suppliers’ and customers’ willingness to transact with us, increase the cost of our debt capital, and we may be required to make prepayments or provide security to satisfy credit concerns.

Fluctuations in energy prices could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in energy prices can greatly affect the development of new natural gas reserves. Drilling and production activity generally decreases as commodity prices decrease. In general terms, the prices of natural gas, oil and other hydrocarbon products fluctuate in response to changes in supply and demand, market uncertainty and a variety of additional factors that are beyond our control. These factors include (i) worldwide political and economic conditions; (ii) weather conditions and seasonal trends; (iii) the levels of domestic production and consumer demand; (iv) the availability of imported and exported natural gas, LNG and other commodities; (v) the ability to export LNG; (vi) the availability of transportation systems with adequate capacity; (vii) the volatility and uncertainty of regional pricing differentials and premiums; (viii) the price and availability of alternative fuels; (ix) the effect of energy conservation measures; and (x) governmental regulation and taxation.

Prices of natural gas have been historically volatile, and we expect this volatility to continue. Consequently, even if new natural gas reserves are discovered in areas served by our assets, producers may choose not to develop those reserves. Sustained declines in natural gas prices could have a negative impact on exploration, development and production activity and could lead to a material decrease in such activity, which could result in reduced throughput on our systems and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See also "Operational Risks—Any significant decrease in production or in demand of natural gas in our asset footprint could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations."

We are exposed to our customers’ credit risk and our credit risk management and contractual terms may be inadequate to protect against such risk.

We are subject to the risk of loss resulting from nonpayment or nonperformance by our customers in the ordinary course of our business. While some of our customers are rated investment grade, others have sub-investment grade ratings. These customers are otherwise considered creditworthy or are required to make prepayments or provide security to satisfy credit concerns. However, our credit procedures and policies may not be adequate to fully eliminate customer credit risk. If we fail to adequately assess the creditworthiness of existing or future customers, the unanticipated deterioration in their creditworthiness and any resulting increase in nonpayment or nonperformance by them could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our existing and future level of debt may limit our flexibility to obtain additional financing and to pursue other business opportunities.

As of December 31, 2024, we had outstanding approximately $2.1 billion of senior notes, $1.25 billion of senior secured notes and $150 million of borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. Our existing and future level of debt could have important consequences to us, including the following: (i) our ability to obtain additional financing, if necessary, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other purposes may be impaired, or such financing may not be available on favorable terms; (ii) the funds that we have available for operations and payment of dividends to shareholders will be reduced by that portion of our cash flow required to make principal and interest payments on outstanding debt; and (iii) our debt level could make us more vulnerable to competitive pressures than competitors with less debt or to a downturn in our business or the economy generally.

Our ability to service our debt will depend upon, among other things, our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. In addition, our ability to service debt under our Revolving Credit Facility and other debt facilities with floating rate terms will depend on market interest rates, since we anticipate that the interest rates applicable to our borrowings will fluctuate with movements in interest rate markets. If our operating results are not sufficient to service our current or future indebtedness, we will be forced to take actions such as reducing dividends, reducing or delaying our business activities, acquisitions, investments or capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt, or seeking additional equity capital. We may not be able to effect any of these actions on satisfactory terms, or at all.

Increases in interest rates could increase our interest expense and may adversely affect our cash flows, our ability to service our indebtedness and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

Borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility have, and we may in the future enter into debt instruments with, variable interest rates. From early 2022 through late 2023, in response to growing signs of inflation, the Federal Reserve increased interest rates rapidly. Although the Federal Reserve reduced the federal funds rate in late 2024, we are unable to predict changes in interest rates which are affected by factors beyond our control. Increases in interest rates on variable rate debt would increase our interest expense unless we make arrangements to hedge the risk of rising interest rates. In addition, interest rates under our Revolving Credit Facility will, and interest rates under future debt instruments we enter into may, increase depending on our leverage ratio levels or, under certain circumstances, our public debt ratings. These increased costs could reduce our profitability, reduce our credit availability, limit our ability to pursue growth opportunities, impair our ability to meet our debt obligations, increase the cost of financing, place us at a competitive disadvantage and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. An increase in interest rates also could limit our ability to refinance existing debt upon maturity or cause us to pay higher rates upon refinancing.

Restrictions under our existing or any future credit facilities, indentures and senior notes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

Our existing Revolving Credit Facility and the indenture governing our senior notes limit our ability to, and any future credit facility or indenture we may enter into might limit our ability to, among other things: (i) incur additional indebtedness or guarantee other indebtedness; (ii) grant liens or make certain negative pledges; (iii) make certain dividends or investments; (iv) engage in transactions with affiliates; (v) transfer, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets; or (vi) enter into a merger, consolidate, liquidate, wind up or dissolve.

Furthermore, our existing Revolving Credit Facility contains, or any future credit facility or indenture we may enter into may also contain, covenants requiring us to maintain certain financial ratios and tests. If we violate any of the restrictions, covenants, ratios or tests in the applicable credit facility or indentures, the lenders thereunder will be able to accelerate the maturity of all borrowings under the credit facility and demand repayment of amounts outstanding, and our lenders’ commitment to make further loans to us may terminate. We might not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make these accelerated payments. Additionally, we have recently entered into amendments to our Revolving Credit Facility that, among other things, permitted us to incur certain customary bridge loans, extended the maturity date and implemented customary "limited condition transactions provisions", enabling us to enter into future acquisitions and other transactions with the conditionality to the consummation thereof subject only to customary "SunGard" conditions, which provide additional financing certainty and reduce the number of conditions required. Any subsequent amendment to the terms of our Revolving Credit Facility, replacement of our Revolving Credit Facility or any new indebtedness could have similar or greater restrictions.

For more information, see the section entitled "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Capital Resources and Liquidity".

Inflation and cost increases may impact our sales margins and profitability.

Inflationary pressure could adversely impact our profitability. Inflation in the United States has recently declined; however, we are unable to predict changes in inflation which is affected by factors beyond our control, including the recent imposition of tariffs by the U.S. and certain of its trading partners. Rising inflation in the future could have an adverse impact on our operating costs, which have historically increased with the market during inflationary periods and may continue to increase as a result of inflationary impacts on product costs, labor rates, and domestic transportation. We may not be able to fully offset these inflation increases by raising prices for our services, which could result in downward pressure on our results of operations.

If our intangible assets or goodwill become impaired, we may be required to record a charge to earnings.

We annually review the carrying value of goodwill associated with business combinations we have made for impairment. Our intangible assets and goodwill are also reviewed whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Factors that may be considered for purposes of this analysis include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, slower industry growth rates, changes in cost of capital or material changes with customers or contracts that could negatively impact future cash flows. We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of such changes or any subsequent recovery. If the carrying value of any of our intangible assets or goodwill is determined to be not recoverable, we may take a non-cash impairment charge, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Regulatory Risks

The adoption of legislation and introduction of regulations relating to hydraulic fracturing and the enactment of new or increased severance taxes and impact fees on natural gas production could cause our current and potential customers to reduce the number of future wells or curtail production of existing wells. If reductions are significant for those or other reasons, the reductions could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The U.S. Congress has from time to time considered the adoption of legislation to provide for U.S. federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing, while a growing number of states, including some of those in which we operate, have adopted, and other states are considering adopting, regulations that could impose more stringent disclosure and/or well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations. Some states, such as Pennsylvania, have imposed fees on the drilling of new unconventional oil and gas wells. Also, certain local governments have adopted, and additional local governments may further adopt, ordinances within their jurisdictions regulating the time, place and manner of drilling activities in general or hydraulic fracturing activities in particular. Further, several U.S. federal governmental agencies, including the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy, have conducted or are conducting reviews and studies on the environmental aspects of hydraulic fracturing. These completed, ongoing or proposed studies on the environmental aspects of hydraulic fracturing, depending on their degree of pursuit and any meaningful results obtained, could spur initiatives to further regulate hydraulic fracturing or other regulatory mechanisms.

Certain state and U.S. federal regulatory agencies are also focused on a possible connection between hydraulic fracturing-related activities and the increased occurrence of seismic activity. In a few instances, operators of injection disposal wells in the vicinity of seismic events have been ordered to reduce injection volumes or suspend operations. These developments could result in additional regulation and restrictions on the use of injection disposal wells and hydraulic fracturing. The adoption of new laws, regulations or ordinances at the U.S. federal, state or local levels imposing more stringent restrictions on hydraulic fracturing could make it more difficult for our customers to complete natural gas wells, increase customers’ costs of compliance and doing business, and otherwise adversely affect the hydraulic fracturing services they perform, which could negatively impact demand for our services.

Risks related to climate change could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, access to and cost of capital or insurance, reputation, and business strategies.

Our business is subject to physical risks and transition risks related to climate change. Physical risks may arise from more frequent or severe weather events such as floods, landslides, storms, rising water levels, and changes in established weather patterns that cause damage to our assets or to portions of the country’s natural gas infrastructure upon which we or our customers rely. Physical risks from climate change may reduce our ability to operate reliably, safely, and economically and may cause significant insured or uninsured losses that affect our cash flows. In addition to physical risks, our business is subject to transition risks arising from efforts to address climate change through legislation and policies and through market preferences that disfavor fossil fuels and related businesses. State and federal governments, as well as foreign governments and international governing bodies such as the United Nations, continue to develop laws, policies, and goals to reduce carbon emissions, foster a lower-carbon economy, and transition away from fossil fuels. While these efforts are diverse and subject to change, they may impose additional compliance costs and may reduce market interest in our business. Changing customer behaviors may lead to less demand for our services, less favorable pricing for our services, inefficient utilization of our assets, and diminished reputation. Our ability to comply with laws and avoid or mitigate physical and transition risks related to climate change may be limited, insufficient, or dependent on technological developments (such as lower-emission equipment) that we do not control or that require substantial additional investments and increase our cost of doing business. If we are unable to implement business strategies that address the physical risks of climate change and that meet the changing expectations of regulators or investors concerning climate change, we may experience a material adverse effect on our business.

Our operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may expose us to significant costs and liabilities, and changes in these laws and regulations could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our natural gas transmission, storage and gathering activities are subject to stringent and complex U.S. federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations relating to air quality, water quality, waste management, wildlife conservation, natural resources and worker health and safety. As with the industry generally, compliance with current and anticipated environmental laws and regulations increases our overall cost of conducting business, including our capital costs to construct, maintain and upgrade pipelines and other facilities, or may even cause us not to pursue a project. For instance, we may be required to obtain and maintain permits and other approvals issued by various U.S. federal, state and local governmental authorities; monitor for, limit or prevent releases of materials from our operations in accordance with these permits and approvals; install pollution control equipment or replace aging pipelines and other facilities; limit or prohibit construction activities in sensitive areas such as wetlands, wilderness or areas that provide habitat for endangered or threatened species; incur potentially substantial new obligations or liabilities for any pollution or contamination that may result from our operations; and apply health and safety criteria addressing worker protections. Failure to comply with environmental laws and regulations, or the permits issued under them, may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of investigatory, remedial or corrective action obligations or the incurrence of capital expenditures, the occurrence of delays in the permitting or performance or expansion of projects, the issuance of injunctions limiting or preventing some or all of our operations in a particular area, and private party claims for personal injuries or property damage.

Moreover, environmental laws, regulations and enforcement policies tend to become more stringent over time. New, modified or stricter environmental laws, regulations or enforcement policies, including climate change laws and regulations restricting emissions of GHGs, could be implemented that significantly increase our compliance costs, pollution mitigation costs, or the cost of any necessary remediation of environmental contamination. For example, in April 2020 the U.S. District Court for the District of Montana issued a broad order vacating NWP 12, a general permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers relied upon by industry for expedited permitting of oil and gas pipelines, for alleged failure to comply with consultation requirements under the ESA. While the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately stayed the vacatur of NWP 12, the District Court’s action temporarily caused uncertainty and disruption in the industry. A challenge to the 2021 reissuance of NWP 12 (re-issued on a five-year schedule) is pending in the federal district court in Washington, D.C. after the case was transferred from federal court in Montana. The NWP 12 reissuance was among the agency actions listed for review in accordance with the January 20, 2021 Executive Order ("Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis"); and, in 2022 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers sought public comment on the potential to revise NWP 12 in response to objections to the use of NWP 12 related, primarily, to environmental justice, public participation, and climate change. The prior presidential administration did not take final action to modify the current version of NWP 12 before its expiration and reissuance in March 2026. While a new version might be proposed in early 2025, the position of the new presidential administration is not yet clear. Any disruption in our ability to obtain coverage under NWP 12 or other general permits may result in increased costs and project delays if we are forced to seek individual permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Our compliance with changing legal requirements could result in our incurring significant additional expenses and operating restrictions with respect to our operations, which may not be fully recoverable from customers and, thus, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our customers may similarly incur increased costs or restrictions that may limit or decrease those customers’ operations and have an indirect material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, an Executive Order was issued on January 27, 2021 ("Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad") that included provisions directing the Secretary of the Interior to pause approval of new oil and natural gas leases on public lands pending completion of a comprehensive review and reconsideration of U.S. federal oil and gas permitting and leasing practices and directing the heads of U.S. federal agencies to take steps to ensure that, to the extent consistent with applicable law, federal funding is not directly subsidizing fossil fuels. During the course of the prior presidential administration, litigation over the “pause” ensued. While lease sales ultimately continued, they have been scaled back and are subject to challenge by environmental groups. Over the past four years, the Department of the Interior has issued various regulations, with portions implementing the provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act pertaining to oil and gas leasing. These regulations include the so-called Waste Prevention Rule, which would strictly limit releases of methane from oil and gas drilling on public lands. This could lead to increased costs for producers and increased need for pipeline capacity as operators would be required to have a plan to reduce venting and flaring as a predicate to approval of production of federal minerals. The new presidential administration may return to a robust oil and gas leasing program and re-visit the Waste Prevention Rule as well as a number of other rules that may impact our customers. While the prior presidential administration had placed a temporary pause on the authorization of new LNG terminals, impacting LNG projects in various stages of planning and review, the new presidential administration has lifted this pause and the Department of Energy has been directed to review LNG export applications as expeditiously as possible. Moreover, a number of state and regional legal initiatives, including climate change laws, have emerged in recent years that seek to reduce GHGs emissions and the EPA, based on its findings that emissions of GHGs present a danger to public health and the environment, has adopted regulations under existing provisions of the U.S. federal Clean Air Act that, among other things, restrict emissions of GHGs and require the monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions from specified onshore and offshore production sources and onshore treating sources in the U.S. on an annual basis. In addition, some communities and cities have banned new natural gas hook-ups or are expected to enact similar electrification measures in response to climate change concerns. Any new U.S. federal laws restricting emissions of GHGs, such as a carbon tax, from customer operations, or that limit the growth of pipelines and LNG exports from the U.S., could delay or curtail their activities and, in turn, adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There is inherent risk of the incurrence of environmental costs and liabilities in our business due to our handling of natural gas and hazardous substances, and historical industry operations and waste management and disposal practices. For example, an accidental release from one of our facilities could subject us to substantial liabilities arising from environmental cleanup and restoration costs, claims made by neighboring landowners and other third parties for personal injury and property damage, or governmental claims for natural resource damages or imposing fines or penalties for related violations of environmental laws, permits or regulations. In addition, strict, joint and several liabilities may be imposed under certain environmental laws that govern the investigation and remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, which could cause us to become liable for the contamination caused by others, such as prior operators of our facilities, or for the consequences of our own actions that were in compliance with all applicable laws at the time those actions were taken, such as the historic disposal by us of hazardous substances or wastes at third party sites where contamination is subsequently discovered. Private parties, including the owners of the properties through which our assets pass and facilities where our wastes are taken for reclamation or disposal, may also have the right to pursue legal actions against us to enforce compliance, as well as to seek damages for non-compliance, with environmental laws and regulations or for personal injury or property damage that may result from environmental and other impacts of our operations. We may not be able to recover some or any of these costs through insurance or increased revenues, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For more information, see the section entitled "Items 1. and 2. Business and Properties—Regulatory Environment—Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulations".

Our natural gas transportation and storage operations are subject to extensive regulation by FERC and state regulatory authorities, and changes in FERC or state regulation could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business operations are subject to extensive regulation by FERC, and state regulatory authorities. Generally, FERC’s authority extends to rates and charges for interstate pipelines and storage facilities as well as intrastate pipelines and storage facilities providing service in interstate commerce; terms and conditions of services and service contracts with customers; certification and construction of new interstate pipelines and storage services and facilities and expansion of such facilities; abandonment of interstate pipelines and storage services and facilities; maintenance of accounts and records; relationships between pipelines and certain affiliates; depreciation and amortization rates and policies; facility replacements and upgrades; and acquisitions and dispositions of interstate pipelines and storage facilities.

While FERC may exercise jurisdiction over the rates and terms of service for certain of the services provided by our intrastate pipelines providing service in interstate commerce, such assets are not subject to FERC’s certification and construction authority. Prior to commencing construction of new or expanded existing interstate pipelines and storage facilities, an interstate pipeline must obtain a certificate from FERC authorizing the construction, either by filing a new certificate application or filing to amend its existing certificate. In reviewing certificate applications or amendments, FERC applies its Certificate Policy Statement, which FERC is considering revising, in part to address the consideration of climate change when acting on such applications. A revised Certificate Policy Statement could result in more stringent review of future projects within FERC’s jurisdiction.

FERC regulations also extend to the terms and conditions set forth in agreements for our transportation and storage services executed between interstate transportation and storage service providers and their customers. These service agreements are required to conform, in all material respects, with the forms of service agreements set forth in the interstate company's FERC-approved tariff. Non-conforming agreements must be filed with, and accepted by, FERC. In the event that FERC finds that an agreement is materially non-conforming, in whole or in part, it could reject or require us to seek modification of the agreement, or alternatively require us to modify our tariff so that the non-conforming provisions are generally available to all customers or similarly-situated customers. Birdsboro, Guardian, Midwestern, Millennium, NEXUS, Vector, Viking and the Washington 10 Storage Complex provide interstate services in accordance with their FERC-approved tariffs.

Compliance with these requirements can be time-consuming, costly and burdensome and FERC action in any of these areas could adversely affect our ability to compete for business, construct new facilities, offer new services or recover the full cost of operating our pipelines. This regulatory oversight can result in longer lead times to develop and complete any future project than competitors that are not subject to FERC’s regulations. Furthermore, should FERC or state regulatory authorities find that we have failed to comply with all applicable FERC or state-administered statutes, rules, regulations and orders, or the terms of our tariffs on file with FERC, we could be subject to administrative and criminal remedies and substantial civil penalties and fines. We cannot give any assurance regarding the likely future regulations under which we will operate our assets or the effect such regulation could have on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any changes to the policies of FERC or state regulatory authorities regarding the natural gas industry may have an impact on us, including FERC’s approach as it considers policies affecting the establishment and modification of interstate pipeline rates and terms and conditions of service, policies that may affect rights of access to natural gas transmission capacity and policies that govern FERC's authorization of new or expanded pipeline and storage infrastructure. FERC is currently considering modifications to its long-standing Certificate Policy Statement that currently governs its granting of certificate authority for the construction of proposed interstate natural gas infrastructure, whether new or expanded. In addition, future U.S. federal, state or local legislation or regulations under which we will operate our assets could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Guardian, Midwestern and Viking are subject to rate regulation and accounting requirements of the FERC. The regulated operations of each of these subsidiaries have rates that are (i) established by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) set at levels that will recover our costs when considering the demand and competition for our services and (iii) collectible from our customers. Accordingly, we follow the accounting for regulated operations as defined in ASC 980, Regulated Operations for these pipelines, which results in differences in the application of GAAP between our regulated and non-regulated businesses. Under ASC 980, our regulated operations are required to record regulatory assets and liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as revenue or expense in non-regulated businesses. Future regulatory changes could result in changes in the amounts of regulatory assets and liabilities or the discontinuance of this accounting treatment for regulatory assets and liabilities and may require the write-off of the portion of any regulatory asset or liability that is no longer probable of recovery through regulated rates. Actions by regulatory authorities could also have an effect on the amounts we charge to and collect from our customers. Any changes to ASC 980 or on the determination of whether Guardian, Midwestern or Viking will continue to meet the criteria of ASC 980 could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to costs associated with lost and unaccounted-for volumes.

A certain amount of natural gas is inherently lost and unaccounted-for in connection with meter differences and movement across a pipeline or storage system, and under our contractual arrangements with our customers we are entitled to retain a specified volume of natural gas in order to compensate us for such volumes as well as the natural gas used to operate our compressor stations, which we refer to as "fuel usage." The level of fuel usage and lost and unaccounted-for volumes on our transportation, storage and gathering systems may exceed the natural gas volumes retained from our customers as compensation for such volumes. In addition, our gathering systems have contracts that provide for specified levels of fuel retainage. As such, we need to purchase natural gas in the market to make up for any of these differences, which exposes us to natural gas price risk. Future exposure to the volatility of natural gas prices as a result of gas imbalances on our transportation, storage and gathering systems could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A change in the jurisdictional characterization of our gathering assets may result in increased regulation by FERC, which could cause our revenues to decline and operating expenses to increase and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that our non-jurisdictional natural gas gathering facilities, including those which we refer to as "gathering lateral pipelines," meet the traditional tests FERC has used to establish a pipeline’s status as an exempt gatherer not subject to regulation as a FERC-jurisdictional natural gas company under the NGA, although FERC has not made a formal determination with respect to the jurisdictional status of those facilities. FERC regulation nonetheless affects our businesses and the markets for products derived from our gathering businesses. FERC’s policies and practices across the range of its gas regulatory activities, including, for example, its policies on certification of new interstate natural gas facilities, open access transportation, rate making, terms and conditions of service, capacity release and market center promotion, indirectly affect intrastate markets. We have no assurance that FERC will continue its current policies as it considers matters such as certification of new interstate natural gas facilities, pipeline rates and rules and policies that may affect rights of access to natural gas transportation capacity. In addition, the distinction between FERC-regulated transmission services and federally unregulated gathering services is regularly the subject of substantial litigation in the industry. Consequently, the classification and regulation of some of our gathering operations could change based on future determinations by FERC, the courts or the U.S. Congress. If our gathering operations become subject to FERC jurisdiction, the result may adversely affect the rates we are able to charge and the services we currently provide and may include the potential for a termination of certain gathering agreements, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

State and local legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to gas operations could adversely affect our services and customers’ production and therefore, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

State and municipal regulations also impact our business. Common purchaser statutes generally require gatherers to gather or provide services without undue discrimination as to source of supply or producer; as a result, these statutes restrict our right to decide whose production we gather or transport. U.S. federal law leaves any economic regulation of natural gas gathering to the states. Some of the states in which we currently operate have adopted complaint-based regulation of gathering activities, which allows gas producers and shippers to file complaints with state regulators in an effort to resolve access and rate grievances. Other state and municipal regulations may not directly regulate our gathering business but may nonetheless affect the availability of natural gas for purchase, treating and sale, including state regulation of production rates and maximum daily production allowable from gas wells. While our gathering lines currently are subject to limited state regulation, there is a risk that state laws will be changed, which may give producers a stronger basis to challenge the rates, terms and conditions of their gathering lines.

Certain states in which we operate have adopted or are considering adopting measures that could impose new or more stringent requirements on gas exploration and production activities. For example, the potential for adverse impacts to our business is present where state or local governments have enacted ordinances directly regulating production rates and maximum daily production allowable from gas wells, and private individuals have sponsored and may in the future sponsor citizen initiatives to limit hydraulic fracturing, increase mandatory setbacks of oil and gas operations from occupied structures and achieve more restrictive state or local control over such activities.

In the event state or local restrictions or prohibitions are adopted in our areas of operations, our customers may incur significant compliance costs or may experience delays or curtailment in the pursuit of their exploration, development or production activities, and possibly be limited or precluded in the drilling of certain wells altogether. Any adverse impact on our customers’ activities would have a corresponding negative impact on our throughput volumes. In addition, while the general focus of debate is on upstream development activities, certain proposals may, if adopted, directly impact our ability to competitively locate, construct, maintain and operate our own assets. Accordingly, such restrictions or prohibitions could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in tax laws or regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. It cannot be predicted whether or when tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances may be enacted, issued, or amended. Changes to existing tax laws or the enactment of future reform legislation could have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

Some of our operations cross the U.S./Canada border and are subject to cross-border regulation and potential tariffs which may have a material impact on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations.

Our cross-border activities subject us to regulatory matters, including import and export licenses, tariffs, Canadian and U.S. customs and tax issues, and toxic substance certifications. Such regulations include the "Short Supply Controls" of the Export Administration Act, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Violations of these licensing, tariff and tax-reporting requirements could result in the imposition of significant administrative, civil and criminal penalties, which could, in turn, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For example, tariffs or other restrictions placed on the import and export of natural gas with Canada and any related counter-measures that are taken by Canada could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Even in the absence of further tariffs, the related uncertainty could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

Pipeline Safety and Maintenance Risks

We may incur significant costs and liabilities to maintain our pipeline integrity management program and related testing, pipeline repair, and preventative or remedial measures, as well as other operational and maintenance requirements and assessments.

The U.S. Department of Transportation, through PHMSA, has adopted regulations requiring pipeline operators to comply with a number of operational and maintenance requirements, including to continuously survey their assets, conduct leakage surveys, and repair certain conditions. Additionally, these requirements require operators to develop integrity management programs for transportation pipelines located where a leak or rupture could do the most harm in a high consequence area, referred to as an HCA. The regulations require operators to: (i) perform ongoing assessments of pipeline integrity; (ii) identify and characterize applicable threats to pipeline segments that could impact an HCA; (iii) improve data collection, integration and analysis; (iv) repair and remediate the pipeline as necessary; and (v) implement preventive and mitigating actions. PHMSA regulations also require assessment and repairs outside of HCAs in what are referred to as moderate consequence areas or MCAs.

Additionally, while states are preempted by U.S. federal law from regulating pipeline safety for interstate lines, most are certified by PHMSA to assume responsibility for enforcing U.S. federal intrastate pipeline regulations and inspection of intrastate pipelines. In practice, states can adopt stricter standards for intrastate pipelines than those imposed by PHMSA for interstate pipelines, and states vary considerably in their authority and capacity to address pipeline safety. Accordingly, midstream operators of pipeline and associated storage facilities may be required to make operational changes or modifications at their facilities to meet standards beyond current federal requirements, where such changes or modifications may result in additional capital costs, possible operational delays and potentially significant increased costs of operations.

Failure to comply with PHMSA or state pipeline safety regulations could result in a number of consequences which may have an adverse effect on our operations. We incur significant costs in complying with existing PHMSA and state pipeline safety regulations, but we do not believe such costs of compliance will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may incur significant costs associated with repair, remediation, preventive and mitigation measures associated with our integrity management programs and may be required to comply with new safety regulations and make additional maintenance capital expenditures in the future for similar regulatory compliance initiatives that are not reflected in our forecasted maintenance capital expenditures.

Certain portions of our pipelines, storage and gathering infrastructure are aging, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain portions of our systems, particularly our Northern Michigan assets and our storage assets, have been in operation for many years, with some portions being more than 50 years old. In some cases, certain portions may have been in service for many years prior to our purchase of the relevant systems or have been operated by third parties not under our control and consequently, there may be historical occurrences or latent issues regarding our pipeline systems that management may be unaware of and that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Certain portions of our pipeline systems are located in or near areas determined to be HCAs, which are areas where a leak or rupture could have the most significant adverse consequences. The age and condition of these systems could result in increased maintenance or repair expenditures, and any downtime associated with increased maintenance and repair activities could materially reduce our revenue. If, due to their age, certain pipeline sections were to become unexpectedly unavailable for current or future volumes of natural gas because of repairs, maintenance, damage, spills or leaks, or any other reason, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Our insurance policies do not cover all losses, costs or liabilities that we may experience, and there is no assurance that we will be able to purchase cost effective insurance in the future.

We are not fully insured against all risks inherent in our business, including environmental accidents that might occur as well as cyberattacks. In addition, we do not maintain business interruption insurance of the types and in amounts necessary to cover all possible risks of loss, like project delays caused by governmental action or inaction. The occurrence of any operating risk events not fully covered by insurance could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain of our insurance policies may substantially increase. In some instances, certain insurance could become unavailable or available only for reduced coverage amounts. If significant changes in the number or financial solvency of insurance underwriters for the energy industry occur, we may be unable to obtain and maintain adequate insurance at a reasonable cost. The unavailability of full insurance coverage or our inability to maintain or obtain insurance of the type and amount we desire at reasonable rates to cover events in which we suffer significant losses could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A terrorist attack or armed conflict event, or the threat of them, could harm our business.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has continued to issue public warnings that indicated that pipelines and other energy assets might be specific targets of terrorist organizations. Potential targets include our pipelines, storage and gathering systems and may affect our ability to operate or control our assets or utilize our customer service systems. Destructive forms of protests and opposition by extremists, and other disruptions, including acts of sabotage or eco-terrorism, against oil and natural gas development and production or midstream treating or transportation activities could potentially result in damage or injury to persons, property or the environment or lead to extended interruptions of our or our customers’ operations. The threat or occurrence of any of these events could cause a substantial decrease in revenues; increased costs or other financial losses; exposure or loss of customer information; damage to our reputation or business relationships; increased regulation or litigation; disruption of our operations; and inaccurate information reported from our operations.

Other Business Risks

Customers’, legislators’ or regulators’ perceptions of us are affected by many factors, including environmental and safety concerns, pipeline reliability, protection of customer information, media coverage, and public sentiment. Customers’, legislators’ or regulators’ negative opinion of us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Many factors can affect customers’, legislators’ or regulators’ perceptions of us, including: safety concerns due to potential natural disasters, the rupture of pipelines, or other causes and our ability to promptly respond to such issues; our ability to safeguard sensitive customer information; media coverage, including the proliferation of social media, which may include factual and nonfactual information that could damage the public sentiment and perception of our company and the midstream industry.

If customers, legislators or regulators have or develop a negative opinion of us and our services, or of fossil fuels as an energy source generally, this could hinder our ability to achieve favorable legislative or regulatory outcomes. Negative opinions could also result in sales volumes reductions, increased use of alternative forms of energy, reduced access to capital markets, or greater challenges in developing or operating our assets.

In addition, in recent years, attention has been given to corporate activities related to ESG matters in public discourse and the investment community. Investor advocacy groups, proxy advisory firms, certain institutional investors and lenders, investment funds and other influential investors and rating agencies have been focused on climate change, societal expectations on companies to address climate change, investor and societal expectations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures, and consumer demand for alternative forms of energy. Attention to climate change and environmental conservation could result in increased costs, reduced access to insurance at reasonable rates, reduced demand for our services, reduced profits, negative impacts on our stock price, reduced access to capital markets, and governmental investigations and private litigation against us or our customers. To the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, it is possible that a liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors. While we may participate in various voluntary frameworks and certification programs to improve the ESG profile of our operations and products, we cannot guarantee that such participation or certification will have the intended results on our ESG profile.

A number of advocacy groups have campaigned for governmental and private action to promote change at public companies related to ESG matters, including demands for action related to climate change, promoting the use of alternative forms of energy, and encouraging the divestment of companies in the fossil fuel industry. Some organizations that provide corporate governance and related information to investors have ratings systems for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to negative investor and bank financing sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other companies or industries, which could adversely affect the demand for our services, our stock price, our access to and costs of capital and, in turn, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We published our third annual Corporate Sustainability Report in 2024, which detailed how we seek to manage our operations responsibly and ethically, as well as strategies and goals associated with reducing our environmental impact. The Corporate Sustainability Report included our policies and practices on a variety of social and ethical matters, including, but not limited to, corporate governance, environmental compliance, employee health and safety practices, human capital management and workforce inclusion and diversity. We believe providing more expansive disclosure on these topics in our Corporate Sustainability Report increases our transparency to our stakeholders and complements the disclosures regarding our contributions to sustainable development in this Form 10-K. It is possible that stakeholders may not be satisfied with our ESG practices or the speed of their adoption. We could also incur additional costs and require additional resources to monitor, report and comply with various ESG practices. Also, our failure, or perceived failure, to meet the standards set forth in the Corporate Sustainability Report could negatively impact our reputation, employee retention, and the willingness of our customers and suppliers to do business with us. Any of these consequences could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to cybersecurity and data privacy laws, regulations, litigation and directives relating to our processing of personal data.

Our business involves collection, uses and other processing of personal data of our employees, contractors, suppliers and service providers. Governmental standards and commonly accepted frameworks for the protection of computer-based systems and technology from cyber threats and attacks have been adopted. On November 7, 2024, the DHS's Transportation Security Administration issued a notice of proposed rulemaking seeking to imposes cybersecurity requirements on certain pipeline facilities entitled "Enhancing Surface Cyber Risk Management." New data privacy and cybersecurity laws add additional complexity, requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, and compliance programs may require additional investment in resources, and could impact strategies and availability of previously useful data. Any failure by us or one of our technology service providers to comply with such laws and regulations could result in reputational harm, penalties, regulatory scrutiny, liabilities, legal claims, and/or mandated changes in our business practices.

We will report any confirmed cybersecurity incidents to the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. As legislation continues to develop and cyber incidents continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to respond to cyberattacks, to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures, or to detect, assess, investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities and report any cyber incidents to the applicable regulatory authorities. Any failure to maintain compliance with these evolving government regulations may result in enforcement actions which may then result in significant time, support and cost and have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

A cyberattack or threat could harm our business.

We have become increasingly dependent on digital information technologies, including computer-based systems, infrastructure, and cloud applications, to conduct almost all aspects of our business. These include operating our pipeline, storage and gathering assets, recording commercial transactions, communicating with employees supporting our operations and our customers or other business partners, and reporting financial information. We also collect and store sensitive data in the ordinary course of our business, including personally identifiable information of our employees, as well as our proprietary business information and that of our vendors, customers and other business partners. We depend on both our own systems, networks and technology, as well as the systems, networks and technology of our vendors, customers, and other business partners, including our joint venture partners. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations.

Our increasing reliance on digital technologies puts us at risk for system failures, disruptions, incidents, data breaches and cyberattacks, which could significantly impair our ability to conduct our business. Cyberattacks are becoming more sophisticated and include, but are not limited to, ransomware, credential stuffing, spear phishing, social engineering and other attempts to gain unauthorized access to data for purposes of extortion or malfeasance. The methodologies used by attackers change frequently and may not be recognized until such attack is underway. In April 2022, the cybersecurity authorities of the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom issued a joint cybersecurity advisory warning of the increased risks of Russian state-sponsored cyberattacks following the international response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. We expect to continue to be targeted by cyberattacks as a critical infrastructure company.

We may not be able to anticipate, detect or prevent all cyberattacks, and the threat or occurrence of a cyberattack affecting our information technology systems or the information technology systems of our counterparties, depending on the extent or duration of the event, could materially adversely affect us, including by leading to corruption, misappropriation or loss of our proprietary and sensitive data, delays (which could be significant) in the performance of services for our customers, difficulty in completing and settling transactions, challenges in maintaining our books and records, communication interruptions, environmental damage, regulatory scrutiny, personal injury or death, property damage and other operational disruptions, as well as damage to our reputation, financial condition and cash flows and potential legal claims and liabilities.

Treated gas produced by Clean Fuels Gathering may not qualify for federal income tax credits for clean fuel production as had been projected.

The economic proceeds from Clean Fuels Gathering are expected to come from sales of treated gas, carbon offsets, and federal income tax credits. Clean Fuels Gathering produced gas may not qualify for federal income tax credits. The income tax credit value could be lower and/or uncertain compared to economic expectations. A change in tax law could lower or eliminate Clean Fuels Gathering from qualifying or receiving federal income tax credits, which would impact its projected economic return.

Risks Related to the Separation

We agreed to numerous restrictions to preserve the non-recognition treatment of the Distribution, and we could have an indemnification obligation to DTE Energy in accordance with the terms of the Tax Matters Agreement if the Distribution were determined not to qualify for non-recognition treatment for U.S. federal tax purposes.

We agreed in the Tax Matters Agreement to covenants and indemnification obligations that address compliance with Section 355(e) of the Internal Revenue Code. These covenants and indemnification obligations may limit our ability to pursue strategic transactions or engage in new businesses that may otherwise maximize the value of our Company and might discourage or delay a strategic transaction that our shareholders may consider favorable. Additionally, if it were determined that the Distribution did not qualify as a distribution to which Section 355(a), Section 355(c) and Section 361 of the Internal Revenue Code apply, we could, under certain circumstances, be required to indemnify DTE Energy for the resulting taxes and related expenses.

The Separation may expose us to potential liabilities arising out of state and U.S. federal fraudulent conveyance laws and legal dividend requirements.

If DTE Energy files for bankruptcy or is otherwise determined or deemed to be insolvent under U.S. federal bankruptcy laws, a court could deem the Separation or certain internal restructuring transactions undertaken by DTE Energy in connection with the Separation to be a fraudulent conveyance or transfer. Fraudulent conveyances or transfers are defined to include transfers made or obligations incurred with the actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud current or future creditors, or transfers made or obligations incurred for less than a reasonably equivalent value when the debtor was insolvent, or that rendered the debtor insolvent, inadequately capitalized or unable to pay its debts as they become due. A court could void the transactions or impose substantial liabilities upon us, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Among other things, a court could require our shareholders to return to DTE Energy some or all of the shares of our common stock issued in the Separation or require us to fund liabilities of other companies involved in the restructuring transactions for the benefit of creditors. The distribution of our common stock is also subject to review under state corporate distribution statutes. Although DTE Energy intended to make a lawful distribution of our common stock, we cannot assure you that a court will not later determine that some or all of the Distribution to DTE Energy shareholders was unlawful.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

To identify and manage the material risks of cybersecurity threats to our business, operations and control environments, we have made investments in our technology and have implemented policies, programs and controls, with a focus on cybersecurity incident prevention and mitigation. Our cybersecurity program is integrated into our risk management process and is managed by a dedicated cybersecurity team that is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes. The program is aligned with industry standards and best practices, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework. As part of our cybersecurity process, we engage external experts and consultants to assess our cybersecurity program and compliance with applicable practices and standards.

The Company mitigates risks from cybersecurity incidents using a multifaceted approach which includes but is not limited to: establishing information security policies, implementing information protection processes and technologies, assessing cybersecurity risk, implementing cybersecurity training, monitoring our information technology systems, and collaborating with public and private organizations on best practices. The Company is currently in material compliance with relevant information privacy and cybersecurity governmental standards with which it is required to comply.

The Company has not experienced a material cybersecurity incident during the year ended December 31, 2024. For more information on how material cybersecurity incidents may impact our business, see Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Other Business Risks—A cyberattack or threat could harm our business" of this Form 10-K.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Director of Cybersecurity has over 20 years of relevant experience and is responsible for managing our cybersecurity program and team, which monitors the day-to-day risks using the approach described above. Material near-term and long-term risks are communicated with senior management and the Board of Directors. The Company's Board of Directors is engaged in overseeing and reviewing the Company’s strategic direction and objectives, taking into account, among other considerations, the Company’s risk profile and exposures. While the Board of Directors retains oversight over policy and strategy related to cybersecurity, it has delegated the responsibility for the oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity program to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing and discussing the Company’s policies regarding risk assessment and risk management, major accounting risk exposures and the implementation and effectiveness of risk management protocols with respect to information technology security and cybersecurity risks, as well as reviewing material breaches and attacks, as applicable.

For information on legal proceedings and matters related to DT Midstream, see Note 12, "Commitments and Contingencies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about the midstream industry and our business and financial results. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the sections entitled "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors."

OVERVIEW

Our Business

We are an owner, operator, and developer of an integrated portfolio of natural gas midstream assets. We provide multiple, integrated natural gas services to customers through our Pipeline segment, which includes interstate pipelines, intrastate pipelines, storage systems, and gathering lateral pipelines, and through our Gathering segment. We also own joint venture interests in equity method investees which own and operate interstate pipelines that connect to our wholly owned assets. On December 31, 2024, we closed on the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition of three FERC-regulated natural gas transmission pipelines. See Note 16, "Acquisitions" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Our core assets strategically connect key demand centers in the Midwestern U.S., Eastern Canada and Northeastern U.S. regions to the premium production areas of the Marcellus/Utica natural gas formation in the Appalachian Basin and connect key demand centers and LNG export terminals in the Gulf Coast region to premium production areas of the Haynesville natural gas formation.

We have an established history of stable, long-term growth with contractual cash flows from customers that include natural gas producers, local distribution companies, electric power generators, industrials, and national marketers.

Our Strategy

See discussion of our strategy under Part I, Items 1. and 2. "Business and Properties—Our Strategy" of this Form 10-K.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. The following sections discuss the operating performance and future outlook of our segments. Segment information includes intercompany revenues and expenses, as well as other income and deductions that are eliminated in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For purposes of the following discussion, any increases or decreases refer to the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023, or the year ended December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31, 2022, as applicable. The following table summarizes our consolidated financial results:

(millions, except per share amounts)

42

Pipeline

The Pipeline segment consists of our interstate pipelines, intrastate pipelines, storage systems, gathering lateral pipelines including related treatment plants and compression and surface facilities. This segment also includes our equity method investments. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we completed the conversion of the Michigan System from gathering to dry gas transmission service and began providing services under a new long-term dry gas transmission contract. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Michigan System financial results are presented in the Pipeline segment. The activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 was for gathering services and therefore was not revised from presentation in the Gathering segment.

Pipeline results and outlook are discussed below:

Operating revenues increased $66 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to new LEAP long-term firm service revenue contracts of $55 million, higher long-term contracting rates and volumes at the Washington 10 Storage Complex of $9 million and higher volumes at Stonewall of $9 million, partially offset by lower volumes at Bluestone of $8 million. Operating revenues increased $38 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to higher long-term and short-term storage contracting rates at the Washington 10 Storage Complex of $18 million, new transmission service contracts at the Michigan System of $16 million, and new LEAP long-term firm service revenue contracts of $10 million, partially offset by lower volumes at Bluestone of $2 million.

Operation and maintenance expense increased $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to higher production-related operating expenses from the expansion of LEAP and acquisition related costs for the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition. Operation and maintenance expense increased $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to new transmission service contracts at the Michigan System, partially offset by increased capitalized labor and overhead.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to new LEAP assets placed into service. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to new transmission service assets at the Michigan System and new LEAP assets placed into service.

Taxes other than income increased $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to LEAP assets placed into service.

Asset (gains) losses and impairments, net decreased $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to a one-time gain realized from an insurance settlement that occurred in the prior year.

Interest expense decreased $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to lower outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and the repayment of the Term Loan Facility during 2024, partially offset by lower capitalized interest driven by lower construction in progress during 2024 and higher interest related to the Bridge Facility and 2034 Notes. Interest expense decreased $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to higher capitalized interest on higher construction in progress during 2023, partially offset by higher borrowings and rates under the Revolving Credit Facility, higher interest rates on the Term Loan Facility, and a full year of interest expense related to our 2032 Notes.

Earnings from equity method investees decreased $15 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to higher interest expense from new senior unsecured notes at Millennium and a full year of interest expense from senior unsecured notes at NEXUS. Earnings from equity method investees increased $27 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to higher earnings from Millennium of $19 million from our higher ownership percentage and a goodwill impairment at Generation of $7 million in 2022. Additionally, NEXUS had increased contract rates and additional customers offset by higher interest expense from new senior unsecured notes. On October 7, 2022, DT Midstream closed on the $552 million purchase of an additional 26.25% ownership interest in Millennium from National Grid. See Note 1, "Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Loss from financing activities increased $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to the repayment of our remaining Term Loan Facility that occurred during the current year. Loss from financing activities decreased $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the partial repayment of our Term Loan Facility that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2022. See Note 10, "Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further details.

Income tax expense increased $32 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to higher income before income taxes and deferred tax remeasurement adjustments for changes in state tax rates and apportionment factors due to the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition and enacted state legislation. Income tax expense increased $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to higher income before income taxes in 2023. Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 include the impacts of net tax benefits related to state tax rate changes. See Note 7, "Income Taxes" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further details.

Pipeline Outlook

We believe our long-term agreements with customers and the location and connectivity of our pipeline assets position the business for future growth. We will continue to pursue economically attractive expansion opportunities that leverage our current asset footprint and strategic relationships. These growth opportunities include DTM Interstate Transportation assets, further expansion at LEAP and Stonewall, new contracts at the Washington 10 Storage Complex and additional growth related to our equity method investments.

Gathering

The Gathering segment includes gathering systems, related treatment plants and compression and surface facilities. Gathering results and outlook are discussed below:

Operating revenues decreased $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to lower volumes and recovery of production-related operating expenses on Blue Union Gathering of $19 million and lower Susquehanna Gathering volumes of $16 million, partially offset by a full year of operations at Ohio Utica Gathering of $18 million and higher Appalachia Gathering volumes of $12 million. Operating revenues decreased $36 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to lower Blue Union Gathering revenues of $50 million, lower Michigan System gathering services of $6 million, and lower Susquehanna Gathering volumes of $3 million, partially offset by higher Appalachia Gathering volumes of $21 million driven primarily by new contracts resulting from the expansion in 2023. Lower Blue Union Gathering revenues were driven primarily by lower deficiency fees of $23 million, lower recovery of production-related operating expenses of $12 million, lower rates of $9 million and lower production volumes of $5 million.

Operation and maintenance expense decreased $14 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to lower planned maintenance and production-related operating expenses on Blue Union Gathering of $18 million, partially offset by a full year of operations at Ohio Utica Gathering. Operation and maintenance expense decreased $23 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to lower Blue Union Gathering expenses of $14 million driven by lower production-related operating expenses, a reduction in Appalachia Gathering environmental contingent liabilities of $6 million, and increased capitalized labor and overhead of $3 million.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $22 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to assets placed into service at Ohio Utica Gathering, Blue Union Gathering, and Appalachia Gathering. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to new Blue Union Gathering and Appalachia Gathering assets placed into service.

Taxes other than income increased $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to assets placed into service at Blue Union Gathering.

Asset (gains) losses and impairments, net decreased $17 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the 2022 one-time gain on sale of certain assets in the Utica Shale region. See Note 2, "Significant Accounting Policies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Interest expense increased $11 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to lower capitalized interest driven by lower construction in progress during 2024 and higher interest related to the Bridge Facility and 2034 Notes issued in 2024. This increase was partially offset by lower outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and the repayment of the Term Loan Facility during 2024. Interest expense increased $15 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to higher borrowings and interest rates under the Revolving Credit Facility, higher interest rates on the Term Loan Facility, and a full year of interest expense related to our 2032 Notes, partially offset by higher capitalized interest due to higher construction in progress during 2023.

Loss from financing activities increased $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to the repayment of our remaining Term Loan Facility that occurred during the current year. Loss from financing activities decreased $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the partial repayment of our Term Loan Facility that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2022. See Note 10, "Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Income tax expense increased $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to deferred tax remeasurement adjustments for changes in state tax rates and apportionment factors due to the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition and enacted state legislation, partially offset by lower income before income taxes. Income tax expense decreased $9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to lower income before income taxes in 2023. Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 include the impacts of net tax benefits related to state tax rate changes. See Note 7, "Income Taxes" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Gathering Outlook

We believe our long-term agreements with producers and the quality of the natural gas reserves in the Marcellus/Utica and Haynesville formations position the business for future growth. We will continue to pursue economically attractive expansion opportunities that leverage our current asset footprint and strategic relationships. These growth opportunities include further expansions at Blue Union Gathering, Appalachia Gathering, Ohio Utica Gathering, Tioga Gathering and Clean Fuels Gathering.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

We are subject to extensive U.S. federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Additional compliance costs may result as the effects of various substances on the environment are studied and governmental regulations are developed and implemented. Actual costs to comply with such regulation could vary substantially from our expectations. Pending or future legislation or regulation could have a material impact on our operations and financial position. Potential impacts include unplanned expenditures for environmental equipment, such as pollution control equipment, financing costs related to additional capital expenditures, and the replacement costs of aging pipelines and other facilities.

For further discussion of environmental matters, see Part I, Items 1. and 2. "Business and Properties — Regulatory Environment — Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulations" and Note 12, "Commitments and Contingencies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

CLIMATE CHANGE

We believe we have an opportunity to address climate change and have made strategically aligned environmental investment decisions a priority. Our Board of Directors includes a committee focused on environmental, social and governance initiatives, and our strategy will focus on targeted growth from carbon-reducing technologies associated with our current platforms. We have announced our intent to employ carbon-reducing technologies as part of our goal of being leading environmental stewards in the midstream industry, and we are executing on a plan to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. We established our baseline Scope 1 carbon emissions in 2021 and are targeting a 30% reduction from this baseline by 2030.

In 2024, we completed the Clean Fuels Acquisition and advanced our carbon capture and sequestration project in Louisiana through completion of the Class V test well. The carbon capture and sequestration Class VI permit application was transferred to the Louisiana Department of Energy and Natural Resources in February 2024, and we are awaiting the completion of their review.

In future years, we plan to continue to make progress on opportunities for energy transition advancements leveraging our existing assets, competencies and partnerships. These opportunities include the following:

• Our efforts to advance our Louisiana carbon capture project, as well as other potential carbon capture projects across our geographic regions;
• Our Clean Fuels Gathering project to capture fugitive methane emissions; and
• Our strategic joint development agreement with Mitsubishi Power Americas, Inc. to advance hydrogen development projects across the United States.

Capital project investments have been contemplated in our forecasted capital expenditures discussed in the Capital Investments section below. DT Midstream published our third annual Corporate Sustainability Report in 2024. The information in our Corporate Sustainability Report is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

For discussion of various risks including transitional risks associated with climate change related laws and regulations, reputational risks of climate change, and the physical risks of climate change, see Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Regulatory Risks—Risks related to climate change could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, access to and cost of capital or insurance, reputation, and business strategies." of this Form 10-K. For discussion of recent climate change related laws and regulations, see Part I, Items 1. and 2. "Business and Properties—Regulatory Environment—Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulations—Climate Change" of this Form 10-K.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

Cash Requirements

Our principal liquidity requirements are to finance our operations, fund capital expenditures, satisfy our indebtedness obligations, and pay approved dividends. We believe we will have sufficient internal and external capital resources to fund anticipated capital and operating requirements.

For purposes of the following discussion, any increases or decreases refer to the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Operating Activities

Cash flows from our operating activities can be impacted in the short term by the natural gas volumes gathered or transported through our systems under interruptible service revenue contracts, changing natural gas prices, seasonality, weather fluctuations, dividends received from equity method investees, working capital changes and the financial condition of our customers. Our preference to enter into firm service revenue contracts leads to more stable operating performance, revenues and cash flows and limits our exposure to natural gas price fluctuations.

Net cash and cash equivalents from operating activities decreased $35 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in working capital changes and a decrease in dividends received from equity method investees, partially offset by a decrease in cash paid for income taxes and an increase in operating income after adjustment for non-cash items including depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation, and amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets.

Net cash and cash equivalents from operating activities increased $73 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in cash paid for taxes, net changes in working capital, an increase in operating income after adjustment for non-cash items including depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation, amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets, and assets (gains) losses and impairments, and an increase in dividends received from equity method investees. These increases were partially offset by an increase in interest expense.

Investing Activities

Cash outflows associated with our investing activities are primarily the result of plant and equipment expenditures, acquisitions, and contributions to equity method investees. Cash inflows from our investing activities are generated from proceeds from sale or collection of Notes receivable, distributions received from equity method investees, and proceeds from asset sales.

On December 31, 2024, we closed on the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition of three FERC-regulated natural gas transmission pipelines for $1.2 billion. See Note 16, "Acquisitions" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

As a result of the sales of senior unsecured notes at our equity method investees, we received net distributions from Millennium of $416 million and NEXUS of $371 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 1, "Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Net cash and cash equivalents used for investing activities increased $730 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to cash consideration for the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition, partially offset by a decrease in cash used for plant and equipment expenditures and higher distributions received from equity method investees, including those noted above.

Net cash and cash equivalents used for investing activities decreased $503 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to the acquisition of an additional 26.25% ownership interest in the Millennium from National Grid in 2022 and higher distributions received from equity method investees in 2023, including the NEXUS distribution noted above. This change was partially offset by an increase in cash used for plant and equipment expenditures for expansions on LEAP, Blue Union Gathering, Appalachia Gathering, and Ohio Utica Gathering, and a decrease in proceeds from the sale of notes receivable.

Financing Activities

In December 2024, we issued the 2034 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $650 million, and we amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, extend the Revolving Credit Facility maturity date to 2029. In November 2024, we amended our Credit Agreement to permit the Company to incur certain customary bridge loans, including the Bridge Facility. In September 2024, we repaid the remaining indebtedness under the Term Loan Facility of $399 million. See Note 10, "Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

In November 2024, we issued 4,168,750 common shares for net proceeds of approximately $406 million. DT Midstream paid cash dividends on common stock of $280 million, $263 million, and $244 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 8, "Earnings Per Share and Dividends" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

In April 2022, we issued the 2032 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $600 million. We used the net proceeds from the sale of the 2032 Notes of $593 million to partially repay indebtedness under our Term Loan Facility.

Net cash and cash equivalents from financing activities of $330 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased as compared to net cash and cash equivalents used for financing activities of $452 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to proceeds received from the issuance of common shares, proceeds received from the issuance of the 2034 Notes, and lower net repayments of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, partially offset by the repayment of the Term Loan Facility and higher dividends paid on common stock.

Net cash and cash equivalents used for financing activities of $452 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased as compared to net cash and cash equivalents from financing activities of $58 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher net repayments of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, higher dividends paid on common stock, and lower proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt. The increase was partially offset by lower repayments of long-term debt.

Outlook

We expect to continue executing on our natural gas-centric business strategy focused on disciplined capital deployment and supported by a flexible, well capitalized balance sheet. Other than the impact of the items discussed below on our debt and equity capitalization, we are not aware of any trends, other demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that are reasonably likely to materially impact our liquidity position.

Our working capital requirements will be primarily driven by changes in accounts receivable, accounts payable and taxes payable. We continue our efforts to identify opportunities to improve cash flows through working capital initiatives and obtaining long-term firm service revenue contracts from customers.

Our sources of liquidity include cash and cash equivalents generated from operating activities and available borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, we had $16 million of letters of credit outstanding and $150 million borrowings outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility. We had approximately $902 million of available liquidity as of December 31, 2024, consisting of cash and cash equivalents and available borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility.

We expect to pay regular cash dividends to DT Midstream common stockholders in the future. Any payment of future dividends is subject to approval by the Board of Directors and may depend on our future earnings, cash flows, capital requirements, financial condition, and the effect a dividend payment would have on our compliance with relevant financial covenants. Over the long-term, we expect to grow our dividend with cash flow growth.

We believe we will have sufficient operating flexibility, cash resources and funding sources to maintain adequate liquidity amounts and to meet future operating cash, capital expenditure and debt servicing requirements. However, our business is capital intensive, and the inability to access adequate capital could adversely impact future earnings and cash flows.

The Credit Agreement covering the Revolving Credit Facility includes financial covenants that DT Midstream must maintain. See Note 10, "Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

See also Note 12, "Commitments and Contingencies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Credit Ratings

Credit ratings are intended to provide banks and capital market participants with a framework for comparing the credit quality of securities and are not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities. Our credit ratings affect our cost of capital and other terms of financing, as well as our ability to access the credit and commercial paper markets. We believe that the current credit ratings provide sufficient access to capital markets. However, disruptions in the banking and capital markets not specifically related to us may affect our ability to access these funding sources or cause an increase in the return required by investors. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our credit rating was upgraded to investment-grade by Fitch Ratings and our outlook was upgraded to positive by both Moody's and S&P.

Contractual Obligations

The following table details our contractual obligations due by year as of December 31, 2024:

(a) Short-term borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility can be extended up to the October 2027 expiration date.

(b) Excludes $19 million of unamortized debt issuance costs.

(c) Excludes $1 million of unamortized debt discount and $11 million of unamortized debt issuance costs.

(d) Represents interest expense related to all Long-term debt.

CAPITAL INVESTMENTS

Capital spending within our Company is primarily for ongoing maintenance and expansion of our existing assets, and if identified, attractive growth opportunities. We have been disciplined in our capital deployment and make growth investments that meet our criteria in terms of strategy, management skills, and identified risks and expected returns. All potential investments are analyzed for their rates of return and cash payback on a risk-adjusted basis. Our total capital expenditures, inclusive of $5 million in contributions to equity method investees, were $355 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily for expansions on Blue Union Gathering, Ohio Utica Gathering, LEAP and Appalachia Gathering. On December 31, 2024, we closed on the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition of three FERC-regulated natural gas transmission pipelines for $1.2 billion. See Note 16, "Acquisitions" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. We anticipate total capital expenditures, inclusive of contributions to equity method investees, for the year ended December 31, 2025 of approximately $470 million to $550 million.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We are party to off-balance sheet arrangements, which include our equity method investments. See Note 1, "Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation—Principles of Consolidation" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion of the nature, purpose and other details of such agreements.

Other off-balance sheet arrangements include the Vector line of credit and our surety bonds, which are discussed in Note 12, "Commitments and Contingencies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS

We could have an indemnification obligation to DTE Energy pursuant to the Tax Matters Agreement and the Separation and Distribution Agreement. See Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Separation—We agreed to numerous restrictions to preserve the non-recognition treatment of the Distribution, and we could have an indemnification obligation to DTE Energy in accordance with the terms of the Tax Matters Agreement if the Distribution were determined not to qualify for non-recognition treatment for U.S. federal tax purposes." of this Form 10-K for further details.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires that management apply accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect results of operations and the amounts of assets and liabilities reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Management believes that the areas described below require significant judgment in the application of the accounting policy or in making estimates and assumptions in matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. See additional discussion of our accounting policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Purchase Accounting

In accordance with business combination accounting guidance, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquired business are measured at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. As discussed in the Regulation paragraph below, these acquired FERC-regulated pipelines are accounted for under ASC 980, and thus, the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed subject to these provisions approximate their regulated basis, and therefore no fair value adjustments have been reflected related to these amounts. Customer relationship intangible assets are not subject to rate making and cost recovery provisions, and therefore do include fair value adjustments. Determining the fair value of these items required management's judgment and involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the timing and amounts of future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives, among other items. Changes to these estimates and assumptions could result in material changes to the fair value of assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date. For income tax purposes, the transaction is treated as a taxable deemed asset acquisition. Accordingly, the majority of deferred income tax assets and liabilities of the acquired entities are eliminated as the tax bases were increased to fair market value which equals net book value.

See Note 7, "Income Taxes" and Note 16, "Acquisitions" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Goodwill

We have goodwill that resulted from business combinations. Annually as of October 1st, an impairment test for goodwill is performed which compares the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill. If the carrying value including goodwill exceeds the fair value of a reporting unit, an impairment loss would be recognized. A goodwill impairment loss is measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

The October 1, 2024 fair values for the reporting units were calculated using an income approach. The estimated fair value in our annual goodwill impairment analysis utilizes significant assumptions that require judgment by management. One such significant assumption is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) which is used to discount estimates of projected future results and cash flows to be generated by each reporting unit. The WACC is based on our cost of debt, which includes U.S. industrial bond spreads, and cost of equity, which consists of U.S. Treasury Rates plus an equity risk premium. Another significant assumption is the terminal value that utilizes an assumed long-term growth rate, which incorporates management’s judgment regarding sustainable long-term growth of the reporting units.

Our annual goodwill impairment analysis included a comparison of the estimated fair value of the Company as a whole to our market capitalization. Management also compared the implied market multiple of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to midstream industry transaction multiples and considered other market indicators to support the appropriateness of the fair value estimates.

We performed our annual impairment test as of October 1, 2024 and determined that the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, and no impairment existed. The results of the impairment test are as follows as of the October 1, 2024 valuation date:

(a) Percentage by which the estimated fair value of the reporting unit would need to decline to equal its carrying value including goodwill.

(b) Discounted cash flows (DCF) incorporated 2024 (fourth quarter) through 2028 projected cash flows plus a calculated terminal value. We calculated the terminal-year cash flows using an estimated long-term growth rate of 2.5%, discounted at the WACC for each of the reporting units.

In between annual impairment tests, we monitor our estimates and assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows, including the impact of movements in market indicators, and will update the impairment analysis if a triggering event occurs. While we believe the estimates and assumptions in the fair value are reasonable, the actual results may differ from projections. To the extent projected results or cash flows are revised downward, the reporting unit may be required to write down all or a portion of its goodwill, which would adversely impact our earnings. If current expectations of future long-term growth are not met or market factors outside of our control change, such as U.S. Treasury Rates or a decline in midstream industry transaction multiples, this may lead to a goodwill impairment in the future. See Part II, Item 7A., "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk", in this Form 10-K for more information on our exposure to market risk.

On December 31, 2024, we completed the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition, which resulted in an addition of $303 million to goodwill under the Pipeline reporting unit. This addition occurred after the completion of our annual impairment test as of October 1, 2024. As part of our year-end procedures, we performed a qualitative assessment of the goodwill balance, including the newly added goodwill from the acquisition, and determined there were no indicators of impairment as of December 31, 2024. See Note 16, "Acquisitions" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Assessment of Long-Lived Assets for Impairment

We evaluate the carrying value of long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, when circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. Conditions that could have an adverse impact on the cash flows and fair value of the long-lived assets are a deteriorating business climate, condition of the asset, or plans to dispose of or abandon the asset before the end of its useful life, which could result from the loss of or reduction in volume from our customers. The review of long-lived assets for impairment requires significant assumptions about operating strategies and estimates of future cash flows, which require assessments of current and projected market conditions and anticipated customer revenues. An impairment evaluation is based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis at the lowest level for which independent cash flows of long-lived assets can be identified from other groups of assets and liabilities. Impairment may occur when the carrying value of the asset exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows. When the undiscounted cash flow analysis indicates a long-lived asset is not recoverable, the amount of the impairment loss is determined by measuring the excess of the long-lived asset over its fair value. An impairment would require us to reduce both the long-lived asset and current period earnings by the amount of the impairment, which would adversely impact our earnings. As part of our ongoing reviews of business operations and associated long-lived assets, we did not identify any indicators of impairment that existed during 2024.

Depreciation and Amortization of Long-Lived Assets

We compute depreciation and amortization based on estimated useful lives. These estimates are based on various factors including condition, manufacturing specifications, technological advances and historical data concerning useful lives of similar assets. Uncertainties that impact these estimates include economic conditions and supply and demand in the area. When assets are put into service, we make estimates with respect to useful lives and salvage values that we believe are reasonable. However, subsequent events could cause us to change our estimates, thus impacting the future calculation of depreciation and amortization. For our regulated assets, depreciation studies to assess the estimated useful lives of the asset are typically conducted as part of rate proceedings or tariff filings, which can result in changes in economic lives. Changes in economic lives, if applicable, are implemented prospectively as of the tariff approved effective date.

Assessment of Equity Method Investments for Impairment

We assess at each balance sheet date whether there is objective evidence that the equity method investment is impaired by completing a quantitative or qualitative analysis of factors impacting the investment. If there is objective evidence of impairment, we determine whether the decline below carrying value is other than temporary. If the decline is determined to be other than temporary, an impairment charge is recorded in earnings with an offsetting reduction to the carrying value of the investment. As part of our ongoing reviews of equity method investment operations, we did not identify any indicators of impairment that existed during 2024.

Regulation

Guardian, Midwestern and Viking are subject to rate regulation and accounting requirements of the FERC. The regulated operations of each of these subsidiaries have rates that are (i) established by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) set at levels that will recover our costs when considering the demand and competition for our services and (iii) collectible from our customers. Accordingly, we follow the accounting for regulated operations as defined in ASC 980, Regulated Operations for these pipelines, which results in differences in the application of GAAP between our regulated and non-regulated businesses. These entities are required to record regulatory assets and liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as revenue or expense in non-regulated businesses. Future regulatory changes could result in changes in the amounts of regulatory assets and liabilities or the discontinuance of this accounting treatment for regulatory assets and liabilities for some or all of our regulated businesses. We believe that currently available facts support the continued use of regulatory accounting and that all regulatory assets and liabilities are recoverable or refundable in the current regulatory environment.

See Note 17, "Regulatory Matters" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 3, "New Accounting Pronouncements" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Market Price Risk

Our gathering business is dependent on the continued availability of natural gas production and reserves in our geographical areas of operation. Low prices for natural gas, including those resulting from regional basis differentials, could adversely affect development of additional reserves and future natural gas production that is accessible by our pipeline and storage assets. We manage our exposure through the use of short, medium, and long-term transportation, gathering, and storage contracts. Consequently, our existing operations and cash flows have limited direct exposure to natural gas price risk.

Credit Risk

We are exposed to credit risk, which is the risk of loss resulting from nonpayment or nonperformance under a contract. We manage our exposure to credit risk associated with customers through credit analysis, credit approval, credit limits and monitoring procedures. For certain transactions, we may request letters of credit, cash collateral, prepayments or guarantees as forms of credit support. Our FERC tariffs require tariff customers that do not meet specified credit standards to provide three months of credit support, however, we are exposed to credit risk beyond this three-month period when our tariffs do not require our customers to provide additional credit support. For some long-term contracts with associated system construction or expansion, we have entered into negotiated credit agreements that provide for enhanced forms of credit support if certain customer credit standards are not met.

We depend on a key customer, Expand Energy, in the Haynesville formation in the Gulf Coast and in the Marcellus formation in the Northeastern U.S. for a significant portion of our revenues. The loss of, or reduction in volumes from, this key customer could result in a decline in demand for our services and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our key customer, Expand Energy, is investment grade. We engage with other customers that are sub-investment grade. These customers are otherwise considered creditworthy or are required to make prepayments or provide security to satisfy credit concerns. We regularly monitor for bankruptcy proceedings that may impact our customers and had no bankruptcy proceedings during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with floating rate debt borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. Our exposure to interest rate risk arises primarily from changes in SOFR. As of December 31, 2024, we had floating rate debt of $150 million related to borrowings outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility, and a floating rate debt-to-total debt ratio of 4.29%. See Note 10, "Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our goodwill impairment assessment. See "Critical Accounting Estimates" under Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

Summary of Sensitivity Analysis

A sensitivity analysis was performed on the fair values of our long-term debt obligations. The sensitivity analysis involved increasing and decreasing interest rates as of December 31, 2024 by a hypothetical 10% and calculating the resulting change in the fair values. The hypothetical losses related to long-term debt would be realized only if we transferred all of our fixed-rate long-term debt to other creditors. The results of the sensitivity analysis are as follows:

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(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Management of DT Midstream carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of DT Midstream's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of DT Midstream's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2024, which is the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, DT Midstream's CEO and CFO have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures are effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by DT Midstream in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to DT Midstream's management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Due to the inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any disclosure controls and procedures, management cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of our disclosure controls and procedures will be attained.

(b) Management's report on internal control over financial reporting

Management of DT Midstream is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, DT Midstream's CEO and CFO, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management of DT Midstream has assessed the effectiveness of DT Midstream’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, DT Midstream's management concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, DT Midstream’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Management has excluded the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition of three FERC-regulated natural gas transmission pipelines from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 because they were acquired by DT Midstream in a purchase business combination on December 31, 2024. The acquired wholly-owned subsidiaries from the Midwest Pipeline Acquisition represent less than 1 percent of DT Midstream's consolidated total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 and approximately 10 percent of DT Midstream's consolidated total assets (the 10 percent calculation excludes assets related to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, as they were included in management’s assessment), as of December 31, 2024.

The effectiveness of DT Midstream's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

(c) Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.