Primo Brands Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Our Company

When used in this report, the terms “the Company,” “our Company,” “Primo Brands,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refers to Primo Brands Corporation, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, for periods following the Transaction (as defined in the Explanatory Note) and to Triton Water Parent, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, “BlueTriton”) and/or Primo Water Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, “Primo Water”) for periods prior to the Transaction.

Primo Brands is a leading North American branded beverage company with a focus on healthy hydration, delivering responsibly and domestically sourced diversified offerings across products, formats, channels, price points and consumer occasions, distributed in every state and Canada.

We have an extensive portfolio of highly recognizable, responsibly sourced and conveniently packaged branded beverages distributed across more than 200,000 retail outlets, including established billion-dollar brands (which are our brands that generate more than $1 billion in annual net sales), Poland Spring® and Pure Life®, premium brands like Saratoga® and Mountain Valley®, regional leaders such as Arrowhead®, Deer Park®, Ice Mountain®, Ozarka®, and Zephyrhills®, purified brands including Primo WaterTM and Sparkletts®, and flavored and enhanced brands like AC+ION® and Splash RefresherTM. These brands are sold directly across retail channels, including mass food, convenience, natural, drug, wholesale, distributors and home improvement, as well as food service accounts in North America. We also have extensive direct-to-consumer offerings with our industry-leading line-up of innovative water dispensers, which create customer and consumer connectivity through recurring water purchases across our Water Direct, Water Exchange and Water Refill businesses. Through our Water Direct business, we deliver responsibly sourced hydration solutions direct to home and business customers. Through our Water Exchange business, consumers can visit approximately 26,500 retail locations and purchase a pre-filled, multi-use bottle of water that can be exchanged after use for a discount on the next purchase. Through our Water Refill business, consumers have the option to refill empty multi-use bottles at approximately 23,500 self-service refill stations. We also offer water filtration units for home and business consumers across North America.

Our extensive portfolio of products is manufactured, distributed to, and sold across channels, formats, geographies, and usage occasions in every U.S. state and Canada. Prior to the Transaction, Primo Water divested a portion of its European business and our remaining international businesses at the time of the Transaction included Decantae Mineral Water Limited, Fonthill Waters Ltd, and portions of the Eden Springs Netherlands B.V. business located in Israel and the United Kingdom (collectively the "Remaining International Businesses"). On November 25, 2024, the Company sold its interests in the Decantae Mineral Water Limited and Fonthill Waters Limited businesses. The Remaining International Businesses are collectively presented herein as discontinued operations in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). Unless otherwise noted, discussion within Part I and Part II relates to continuing operations.

Our Operations

We operate within the large and growing U.S. beverage industry, a $130+ billion market based on 2023 retail sales. The beverage industry encompasses a broad range of non-alcoholic beverage categories such as bottled water, soft drinks, energy drinks, juices, ready-to-drink coffee and tea, sports drinks, sparkling juices, coconut water, plant-based water, ciders, smoothies and kombucha. As consumer preferences increasingly shift toward healthier, sustainable and functional options, the beverage industry is undergoing significant transformation and growth.

Within this evolving landscape, we serve the attractive bottled water sub-category of beverage, one of the largest and responsibly growing categories. In 2023, the U.S. bottled water market, which includes still water, sparkling water and seltzer water, generated $25 billion in retail sales. Bottled water has continued to be the beverage of choice in the U.S., ranking as the number one beverage by volume for eight consecutive years.

We distribute conveniently packaged branded beverages to retail outlets and provide bottled water solutions, water filtration and coffee services through direct-to-consumer offerings in North America. Our products consist primarily of premium spring and sparkling water, purified water, self-service refill drinking water, flavored and enhanced beverages, water dispensers, filtration equipment and coffee.

Competitive Strengths

Portfolio of Iconic, Industry-Leading Brands with Leading Direct-To-Consumer Capabilities

We believe Primo Brands is uniquely positioned as a leader in the healthy hydration category, driven by the strength of our iconic brands with rich heritage. Our portfolio, led by established billion-dollar brands, Poland Spring and Pure Life, also includes our premium brands Saratoga and Mountain Valley and other nationally recognized regional spring and purified brands. We maintain a diverse portfolio that serves multiple consumer usage occasions across a wide spectrum of formats and price points. With our expanding scale and resources, we are accelerating the growth of other brands within our portfolio and leveraging our nationwide footprint.

We are the category leader in U.S. bottled water, holding the number one market share in the retail channel, supported by our nationally recognized, fast-growing brands. Nearly all of our core brands have demonstrated strong, volume-driven growth in recent years.

Scaled National Footprint with Differentiated Distribution Infrastructure

We believe our differentiated, vertically integrated distribution network spanning coast-to-coast provides us with benefits that are difficult to replicate, including lower cost to serve and increased control over our supply chain and product quality. We also believe that our scaled national platform and go-to-market strategy amplify our brand reach and circular packaging strategy. Our distribution network spans multiple channels, formats and geographies, including every U.S. state and Canada, providing us with exceptional consumer access across North America. Our world-class operational capabilities are supported by an extensive infrastructure that includes more than 70 production facilities, more than 240 depots, and a robust returnable packaging operation. In addition, our direct-to-consumer network is underpinned by a delivery fleet of approximately 5,900 vehicles. We have more than 90 spring water sources located across North America, and we are the only branded beverage company whose brands own their spring assets, which strengthens our profitability and helps us further support our sustainability and water stewardship efforts. Of our more than 90 spring water sources located across the U.S. and Canada, 38 sites are Company-owned, five sites have a unique joint relationship and the rest are leased, some exclusively and some not exclusively. We also own three artesian wells and lease a fourth. We source water from spring sites across the U.S. and Canada, and we are not materially dependent on any single spring source. The bulk of the Company’s spring sources are located in Maine, Pennsylvania, California, Florida, and Texas.

In recent years, we have implemented several initiatives, such as active SKU management processes, to drive operational efficiencies across our manufacturing and distribution network. Our differentiated logistics model enables us to deliver water efficiently from the spring source directly to customers, ensuring reliability and quality. The optimization of our complete footprint across our manufacturing locations, routes and branches remains in focus. We believe there will be opportunities to further streamline our operations and improve our distribution efficiency as we work to integrate Primo Water and BlueTriton’s capabilities.

Complete Offering Across Products, Formats and Channels to Serve Multiple Occasions and Price Points

Primo Brands combines its iconic brand portfolio with a scaled national platform to provide consumers with healthy hydration whenever and wherever they hydrate. Primo Brands’ diversified, omni-channel business model offers exceptional access to its consumers and a differentiated ability to serve multiple consumer usage occasions and price points. Our broad and vertically integrated manufacturing and distribution footprint across North America supports strong recurring revenues from our direct-to-consumer delivery, exchange, refill and filtration offerings.

Our strong retail and direct-to-consumer footprint creates a multiplier effect, enabling us to serve many usage occasions and fulfill the growing demand for consumers’ desire for convenience and sustainability. Our product portfolio spans across all dayparts, providing customers with healthy hydration at-home, at-work and on-the-go. We continuously invest in brand innovation, as well as our circular packaging infrastructure (delivery, exchange, refill and filtration service), call centers and technology capabilities to ensure that we remain a go-to provider of healthy hydration solutions across products, formats, channels and price points.

Industry-Leading, Focused Sustainability Initiatives

We are at the forefront of reusable and circular packaging, helping to reduce waste through our reusable, multi-serve bottles and innovative brand packaging portfolio that incorporates recycled plastic, aluminum and glass. We responsibly source from numerous springs and actively manage water resources for long-term sustainability. We also help conserve over 28,000 acres of land across the US and Canada. We are proud to partner with the International Bottled Water Association ("IBWA") in North America, which supports strict adherence to safety, quality, sanitation and regulatory standards for consumer protection. We believe in fostering a respectful culture that values our associates and key stakeholders, and we are invested in the sustainability of our hydration solutions, our communities, our packaging and our water sources for generations to come. We also intend to continue Primo Water and BlueTriton’s long-standing traditions of supporting North American communities in times of need, providing support and resources to combat local and regional hydration quality issues and other local community challenges.

Attractive Financial Profile

Primo Brands brings together two strong businesses with track records of financial success across economic cycles. Our consistent and relatively predictable net sales growth is complemented by our strong profitability. Primo Brands remains committed to long-term value creation for all stakeholders by executing against our synergy plans, deleveraging over the medium-term and deploying efficient capital spending to support our growth plans.

Entrepreneurial, Execution-Driven Management Team and Board of Directors

We are led by a highly entrepreneurial, results-oriented and motivated Board of Directors and executive management team that aims to foster a positive and rewarding work environment for Primo Brands’ associates. Our culture encourages high-performance and operational excellence. Our Board of Directors, led by Non-Executive Chairman Dean Metropoulos, and our senior management team, led by Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") Robbert Rietbroek, are comprised of industry and operational experts with decades of collective experience, supported by a talent base of more than 13,000 associates across the U.S. and Canada.

Robbert Rietbroek, our CEO, is a seasoned executive bringing more than 25 years of experience at Fortune 500 companies to Primo Brands, including five years as Senior Vice President and General Manager responsible for Quaker Foods North America, a reporting segment of PepsiCo. David Hass, our Chief Financial Officer, has served in various roles with Primo Water, including Chief Strategy Officer, Vice President of Strategy, and Vice President of Financial Planning & Analysis. Rob Austin, our Chief Operating Officer, has more than 20 years of experience at the intersection of supply chain operations, logistics, sales and technology. Prior to Primo Brands, Rob served as Chief Operating Officer at BlueTriton. Together with the track record and experience of our Board of Directors and talented associates, we believe we are well positioned for sustainable long-term growth and success.

Financial Information about our Segment

Our net sales in the U.S. and Canada accounted for 97.4% and 2.6%, respectively, of our total net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.

For financial information about our reportable segment, see Note 21 “Segment Reporting” and Note 17 “Revenue Recognition” to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Annual Report").

Ingredient and Packaging Supplies

We have more than 90 spring water sources located across the US and Canada, and over 28,000 acres of land which we help conserve. Our extensive spring network has enabled us to develop and offer more locally branded products that are sourced directly from the regions in which they are sold, representing an important value proposition to our end consumers and helping to reduce our environmental impact. We are a leading branded beverage company whose brands own a material amount of spring assets, which strengthens our ability to supply our products and helps us further support our sustainability and water stewardship efforts.

Of our more than 90 spring water sources located across the US and Canada, 38 sites are company owned, 5 sites have a unique joint relationship and the rest are leased, some exclusively and some not exclusively. We also own three artesian wells and lease a fourth. We source water from spring sites across the U.S. and Canada, and we are not materially dependent on any single spring source. The bulk of our spring sources are located in Maine, Pennsylvania, California, Florida, and Texas.

In addition to water, the principal raw materials required to produce our products are polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) resin, high-density polyethylene (“HDPE”) and polycarbonate bottles, caps and preforms, labels and cartons and trays. The cost of these raw materials can fluctuate substantially over time. We have implemented a number of risk mitigation programs in order to reduce the risk of commodity fluctuations in key areas such as energy surcharges tied to certain energy indexes within North America. Our core product of bottled water utilizes a reusable bottle that allows for the overall cost to service to be spread out over a number of recurring trips to our customer base. We utilize a refill, reuse and recycle concept with our three gallon and five gallon bottled water packaging. Where we have not established a risk mitigation program, it is often necessary to recover the increased cost of materials through price increases, which we have historically had success in implementing in order to reduce our overall exposure to rising ingredient and packaging costs.

Under many of our supply arrangements for these raw materials, the price we pay fluctuates along with certain changes in underlying commodity costs, such as resin in the case of PET, and HDPE. We believe that we will be able to either renegotiate contracts with these suppliers when they expire or find alternative sources for supply. We also believe there is adequate supply of the ingredient and packaging materials used to produce and package our products.

Generally, we bear the risk of increases in the costs of the ingredient and packaging materials used to produce our products, including the underlying costs of the commodities used to manufacture them and, to some extent, the costs of converting those commodities into the materials we purchase.

Resin for PET, HDPE and fuel are examples of underlying commodities for which we bear the risk of increases in costs. In addition, the contracts for certain of our ingredient and packaging materials permit our suppliers to increase the costs they charge us based on increases in their cost of converting the underlying commodities into the materials we purchase. In certain cases, those increases are subject to negotiated limits. Changes in the prices we pay for ingredient and packaging materials occur at times that vary by product and supplier, and take place on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property, particularly the trademarks we use in connection with the water and beverage products that we sell, is important to our business and our marketing efforts because brand recognition is one of the key factors that differentiates our products from those of our competitors. The success of our business depends in part on our ability to use our trademarks, including our name and logos, to increase brand awareness and further develop our brand's reputation in the market. Protection of our proprietary processes, methods, compounds, and other technologies is also important to our business and enables us to distinguish our products from those of our competitors. To protect our intellectual property assets and proprietary rights, we rely on patent, trade secret, copyright, and trademark laws, as well as contractual provisions included in our agreements with employees, independent contractors and other third parties who may have access to our intellectual property and confidential information. We also rely on common law and statutory protections afforded to trademarks, trade secrets, and proprietary “know-how.” We closely monitor the unauthorized, improper, or illegal use of our trademarks and vigorously challenge any third party that infringes upon our trademark rights, through available legal remedies.

We own the major trademarks that are used to identify, market, and sell our water and beverage products. From time to time we use third-party trademarks with the permission of these third parties. In the United States, we own the federal trademark registrations for our major brands, including Poland Spring®, Pure Life®, Arrowhead®, Deer Park®, Ice Mountain®, Mountain Valley®, Ozarka®, Primo WaterTM, Saratoga®, Sparkletts®, Zephyrhills®, Ac+ion®, and Splash RefresherTM. We have filed and will continue to file trademark applications to register new trademarks, logos, slogans, and taglines that we believe add value to our business and brands. We maintain all registrations for the trademarks that are material to the operation of our business. In addition to our registered intellectual property in the U.S. and Canada, we own registrations for various trademarks in Europe and Israel related to the portions of our Eden Springs Netherlands B.V. business located in the United Kingdom and Israel. We do not conduct material operations outside of the U.S. and Canada.

Our pool of proprietary information, consisting of manufacturing know-how, trade secrets, and copyrights relating to the design and operation of our facilities and systems, is particularly important and valuable. Accordingly, we seek to protect this proprietary information through all legal means practicable including by protecting certain information as a trade secret.

However, monitoring the unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps we have taken may not prevent all unauthorized use by others. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business, Operations, and Growth Strategies — Our success depends, in part, on our intellectual property, which we may be unable to maintain and protect.”

Customers

Our customers include many large national and retail grocery, mass-merchandise, drugstore, wholesale, and convenience store chains across the United States and Canada. We also sell our spring and purified water brands, as well as our water filtration and office coffee services directly to commercial and residential customers via our direct-to-consumer delivery services. Nearly all of our existing and target customers consume multiple products, which are promoted to our existing customers by our regional sales representatives. This process increases sales and average revenue per customer. As of, and for the year ended, December 31, 2024, we have one customer who makes up approximately 20% of Trade receivables, net and 24% of Net sales.

Changes to the retail landscape, including increased consolidation of retail ownership, the continued growth of sales through e-commerce websites and mobile commerce applications, including through subscription services and other direct-to-consumer businesses, the integration of physical and digital operations among retailers and the current economic environment continue to increase the importance of major customers to our business.

Furthermore, the rise of e-commerce and digital platforms has transformed how consumers discover and purchase beverages, with subscription models, direct-to-consumer channels, and online grocery services driving convenience and fostering deeper brand engagement in the bottled water category. We continue to assess the competitive landscape and regularly evaluate our platforms for opportunities to evolve our technologies and expand our offerings and capabilities to match customer demands, behavior, and purchasing trends.

Suppliers and Distribution

In addition to water, the principal raw materials required to produce our products include PET resin, HDPE and polycarbonate bottles, caps, and preforms, labels, cartons, and trays. Some raw materials and supplies, including packaging materials, such as rPET, may be available from only a limited number of suppliers or a sole supplier, or may be in short supply when seasonal demand is at its peak. Therefore, we rely upon our ongoing relationships with key suppliers to support our operations. We typically enter into multi-year contracts with our key suppliers, meaning our suppliers are obligated to continue to supply us with materials for multi-year periods, at the end of which we must either renegotiate the contracts with those suppliers or find alternative sources for supply. We believe that, as a result of the Transaction, our increased size will position us to better negotiate our contract renewals. However, if we are unable to renegotiate contracts with similar or more favorable terms with these suppliers when our contracts expire, the prices of packaging materials, aluminum cans, and other containers we use in our manufacturing could increase depending on market and economic conditions.

Fuel, electricity, natural gas, and other energy sources are also important commodities for our business due to their use in our facilities and the vehicles delivering our products. We purchase our own fuel and use third parties for the transportation of raw material and finished goods between our warehouses. In the past, we have experienced fluctuations in fuel prices, and we manage this risk through the use of supplier pricing agreements, which we use to fix the purchase prices for certain commodities, as well as derivative instruments, including futures, forward, and option contracts. In addition, risk to our supply of certain raw materials is mitigated through purchases from multiple geographies and suppliers.

We typically bear the risk of changes in prices on packaging materials in our products. The changes in the prices we pay for materials occur at times that vary by product and supplier, and take place on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. Accordingly, we bear the risk of fluctuations in the costs of these materials, including the underlying costs of the commodities used to manufacture them and, to some extent, the costs of converting those commodities into the materials we purchase. We may choose to pass increased costs to customers or attempt to hedge against rising costs. If our efforts are not successful, the increased prices could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our extensive portfolio of products is primarily made available to consumers through our network of wholesalers, grocery stores, or other retailers and direct-to-consumer, office, and retailer beverage delivery services. Our products are also available and sold directly to consumers on a growing number of company-owned and third-party e-commerce platforms. In addition, we are a distributor for select third-party beverage brands.

As we continue to build our e-commerce capabilities, we may not be able to develop and maintain successful relationships with existing and new e-commerce retailers without experiencing a deterioration of our relationships with key customers operating physical retail channels. For example, as e-commerce sales grow, in-store sales will likely decline, creating challenges for physical store retailers. We believe brick and mortar retailers that shift toward balancing stronger e-commerce sales with in-store productivity will most often find greater success in the marketplace.

Our distribution strength is supported by a truck fleet of approximately 5,900 vehicles, over 70 production facilities, over 240 depots, and more than 90 water source locations. These distribution capabilities have enabled us to expand our presence into higher-growth convenience, restaurant, hospitality, education, and healthcare channels. As a result of the Transaction, we expect more improvements to our distribution capabilities as we look to capture an estimated $300 million cost synergy opportunity that includes optimization of our combined manufacturing locations, routes, branches, and inventory management. We also intend to optimize our direct material procurement, which we believe will minimize variable and fixed costs across transportation, warehousing, and production.

Competition

We participate in the highly competitive beverage and bottled water category of the non-alcoholic beverage industry. With respect to the non-alcoholic beverages category, our products compete primarily on the basis of brand image, price, packaging design, taste, advertising, marketing, and promotional activity (including digital), product innovation, efficient production and distribution techniques, and the ability to anticipate and effectively respond to consumer preferences and trends, including increased consumer focus on health, wellness and sustainability, and the continued acceleration of e-commerce and other methods of distributing and purchasing products.

We face competition in the non-alcoholic beverage category. Our principal competitors are local, regional, and national bottled water and beverages businesses, providers of various types of water filtration units and services and large retailers who have increasingly utilized their large distribution networks and significant economies of scale in recent years to introduce and develop private-label branded water. Further, we face significant competition in our business as distribution methods for bottled water products continue to change and evolve, and the consumer landscape shifts into the digital marketplace.

We face a number of large competitors in the retail industry. Our products compete with large retailers who have developed their own private-label beverage brands such as those carried by supermarket chains, convenience store chains, drug store chains, mass merchants, and club warehouses. Our bottled water and beverages businesses face competition beyond our competitors’ bottled water and beverage products. Our products also compete with other non-alcoholic beverages, including carbonated and non-carbonated drinks, juices, flavored or enhanced waters, sport and energy drinks, coffees, teas, and tap water. In addition, we face competition from various methods of treating unfiltered tap water in the residential and commercial markets such as countertop filtration systems, faucet-mounted filtration systems, in-line whole-house filtration systems, water filtration dispensing products such as pitchers and jugs, standard and advanced feature water coolers and refrigerator-dispensed filtered water. In addition, consumers may choose to drink from municipal water sources instead of purchasing bottled water or using a filtration unit. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” — Risks Related to Our Business, Operations, and Growth Strategies — We face significant competition in the segment in which we operate.

We believe that several factors allow us to maintain a strong competitive position in a dynamic marketplace for our goods and services, including the strength of our brands, innovation, marketing, the quality of our products, and our highly efficient and thoughtfully designed distribution network.

Government Regulation and Environmental Matters

Our water and beverage products are regulated in the United States as conventional foods. We, along with our distributors and co-packing and supplier partners, are subject, as applicable, to extensive laws and regulations in the United States by federal, state, and local government authorities including, among others, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"), the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and similar state and local agencies. Under various statutes, these agencies regulate the manufacturing, preparation, quality control, import, export, packaging, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, marketing, advertising, promotion, distribution, safety and/or adverse event reporting of conventional foods. Among other things, the facilities in which our products and ingredients are manufactured must register with the FDA and comply with current good manufacturing practices and other requirements applicable to the production and distribution of conventional food products. We and our manufacturing and co-packing partners are also subject to similar requirements in the Canadian provinces in which we operate.

The FDA regulates food and beverage products, including bottled water, as conventional foods pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FFDCA”) and its implementing regulations. In accordance with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practices requirements, our bottled water must meet FDA requirements of safety for human consumption, of processing and distribution under sanitary conditions and of production. The FFDCA requires the FDA’s bottled water regulations be as stringent and as protective of the public health as the EPA’s drinking water standards established under the Safe Drinking Water Act. In addition, under the FFDCA, any substance that is reasonably expected to become a component of food or added to food is a food additive subject to FDA premarket review and approval with certain exceptions. Additionally, pursuant to the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (the “FSMA”), the FDA promulgates requirements intended to enhance food safety and prevent food contamination, including more frequent inspections and increased recordkeeping and traceability requirements. The FSMA also requires that imported foods and beverages adhere to the same quality standards as domestic foods and beverages and provides the FDA with mandatory recall authority over food and beverage products that are mislabeled or misbranded. In addition, the FDA requires that certain nutrient and product information appear on product labels and that the labels and labeling be truthful and not misleading. Similarly, the FTC requires that marketing and advertising claims be truthful, not misleading, not deceptive to customers, and substantiated by adequate scientific data. We are also restricted from making certain types of claims about our products, including nutrient content claims, health claims, and claims regarding the effects of our products on any structure or function of the body, whether express or implied, unless we satisfy certain regulatory requirements. We are subject to periodic, unannounced inspections by the FDA. Upon inspection, we must comply with all aspects of the quality standards and current good manufacturing practices for bottled water along with all other applicable requirements.

Several states also have laws and regulations impacting food and beverage products. These include, among other things, restrictions and limitations on certain ingredients or compounds in the products or their packaging, additional safety or warning standards, added labeling requirements, and recycling related requirements such as marking and reporting. We must also comply with local and state regulations related to water use, withdrawals and transportation. For example, the California law known as “Proposition 65” requires that a specific warning appear on any product sold in California containing a substance listed by that state as having been found to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. This law, and others like it, exposes all food and beverage producers to the possibility of having to provide warnings on their products. The detection of even a trace amount of a listed substance can subject an affected product to the requirement of a warning label, although products containing listed substances that occur naturally or that are contributed to such products solely by a municipal water supply are generally exempt from the warning requirement. From time to time over the past several years, certain of our customers have received notices alleging that the labeling requirements of the relevant state regulation would apply to products manufactured by us and sold by them. There can be no assurance that we will not be adversely affected by actions against our customers or us relating to Proposition 65 or similar “failure to warn” laws.

From time to time, various state departments and authorities inspect our facilities and sources. Our product labels may be subject to state regulation (in addition to federal requirements) in each state where the water products are sold. These regulations set standards for the information that must be provided and the basis on which any claims for water may be made. Products that do not comply with applicable governmental or third- party regulations and standards may be considered adulterated or misbranded and subject, but not limited, to, warning or untitled letters, product withdrawals or recalls, product seizures, relabeling or repackaging, total or partial suspensions of manufacturing or distribution, import holds, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, or criminal prosecution.

Several of our products are manufactured, distributed to, and sold in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Israel. Like in the United States, these products are subject to local laws and regulations regarding their manufacture, preparation, quality control, import, export, packaging, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, marketing, advertising, promotion, distribution, safety, and/or adverse events.

We currently offer and use non-refillable recyclable containers in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Israel. We also offer and use refillable containers, which are also recyclable. Legal requirements apply in various jurisdictions in the United States and Canada requiring that deposits or certain taxes or fees be charged for the sale, marketing and use of certain non-refillable beverage containers. The precise requirements imposed by these measures vary. Other types of beverage container-related deposit, recycling, tax and/or product stewardship statutes and regulations also apply in various jurisdictions. We anticipate that additional, similar legal requirements may be proposed or enacted in the future at local, state and federal levels. We continue to prioritize returnable and circular packaging wherever reasonably possible, incorporating recycled materials like rPET, aluminum and glass, and investing alongside partners to advance collection and recycling efforts across the United States.

We are a member of the IBWA and the Water Quality Association. These associations often set higher water quality standards than those set by governmental agencies. Members must comply with these standards, which are enforced by the members themselves. The IBWA requires submission to annual plant inspections administered by an independent third-party inspection agency, such as the National Sanitation Foundation. These inspections audit quality and testing records, review all areas of plant operations and the bottling process, and check compliance with relevant national standards, good manufacturing practices, and any other regulations set by the IBWA. If we fail to meet the standards set by the IBWA and the Water Quality Association, there could be an adverse impact on our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, increasing concern over climate change is expected to continue to result in additional, and potentially conflicting, legal or regulatory requirements, which are designed to reduce or mitigate the effects of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions on the environment, to discourage the use of plastic materials, to limit or impose additional costs on commercial water use due to local water scarcity concerns, or to expand disclosure of certain sustainability metrics by international, federal, state, or local governmental authorities in jurisdictions in which we and/or our suppliers or business partners operate. For example, we may be subject to various disclosure requirements such as greenhouse gas metrics, climate risks, use of offsets and emissions reduction claims from the State of California such as Senate Bill 253 (The Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act) requiring U.S. entities with annual revenues greater than $1 billion doing business in California to publicly report their greenhouse gas emissions, and Senate Bill 261 (The Climate-Related Financial Risk Act) requiring U.S. entities with annual revenues over $500 million to bi-annually disclose climate-related financial risks and their mitigation strategies, among others. We also may be subject to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's (the "SEC") climate disclosure rules, if enforced by the incoming SEC leadership and if they survive litigation pending in the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals challenging the rules, as well as other new or existing regulations or requirements. Separately, various regulators have adopted, or are considering adopting, regulations on environmental marketing claims, including but not limited to the use of “sustainable,” “eco-friendly,” “compostable,” “recyclable” or similar language in product marketing.

In recent years, there has been legislative and executive action in both state and local governments that has or would ban the use of bottled water in municipal buildings, enact local taxes on bottled water, and/or limit the sale by municipalities of water supplies to private companies for resale. Such regulation could adversely affect our business and financial results. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risks — The legal and regulatory environment in the jurisdictions in which we operate, changes thereto and our ability to comply with the same could negatively affect our results of operations, adversely affect demand for our products and services or result in litigation.”

Human Capital

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 13,700 permanent associates within our continuing operations businesses. We have entered into collective bargaining agreements covering approximately 400 of our associates within our continuing operations businesses, which all contain terms that we believe are typical in our industry. As these agreements expire, we believe that they can be renegotiated on terms satisfactory to us. We consider our relations with associates to be generally good.

We are dedicated to cultivating a strong, values-driven culture. We believe our associates and shared values are central to a healthy, sustainable, and productive environment where everyone can thrive. Our values are rooted in creating healthier lives, healthier communities, and a healthier planet, pursuing bold ideas, delivering excellence consistently, and being dedicated to doing what’s right for each other, our communities, and our stakeholders. We believe in maintaining good relations with our associates by fostering a positive working environment, upholding fair labor practices, safe working conditions, and freedom of association. We encourage two-way dialogue between leaders and associates to continuously improve the associate experience that fosters engagement, growth, and a sense of belonging.

Health and Safety

Health and safety are paramount as foundational values for our business. Our focus extends to our people, communities, and the environment. We strive for a “zero harm” culture, with the goal of having everyone return home safely each day. Our comprehensive Safety & Health Policy covers 100% of associates and contractors, outlining our commitment to excellence. A robust safety management system serves as the backbone for implementing this policy, ensuring compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, and achieving our safety objectives.

Our enterprise-wide safety program takes a data-driven approach to preventing accidents and injuries and is designed to proactively identify, assess, and manage risks and hazards associated with our operations, products, and services. We focus on leading indicators like safety inspections, observations, training, and associate participation in safety committees. This allows us to proactively identify and address potential hazards before they become incidents. We are relentless in our pursuit of continuous improvement, and we operate in compliance with all applicable health and safety laws, regulations, and standards. Our program includes a comprehensive set of policies, procedures, and training programs that cover all aspects of our business operations, including manufacturing, distribution, and customer service.

Serving Our Communities

We are aligned with the communities we serve. After all, our families live, work, and play in the local communities where we operate.

It is part of our purpose to promote hydration and wellness via sponsorships and in-kind donations, and to provide aid in the times of need. We provide bottled water products for local sporting events, culinary and hospitality programs, fundraisers, and associate-supported efforts and have also contributed time and resources to many regional causes. In addition, we donate water to medical centers and first responders, as well as support hospitality partners feeding front-line workers during extreme weather-related incidents and natural disasters.

Our Company History

We were organized as a Delaware corporation in 2024, initially under the name Triton US HoldCo, Inc., for the purpose of effecting the business combination of BlueTriton and Primo Water. The Transaction closed on November 8, 2024 and we were subsequently renamed Primo Brands Corporation. For additional information regarding the Transaction, please see the Explanatory Note.

Availability of Information and Other Matters

We are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file with the SEC at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as amended, are also available free of charge on our website at www.primobrands.com (http://www.primobrands.com), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report that we file with, or furnish to, the SEC nor is such information incorporated by reference herein or therein.

In addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report, you should carefully consider the following factors, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The risks described below are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risk Factors Summary

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results:

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations, and Growth Strategies

• our future results may suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations following the Transaction;
• we have no operating or financial history as a combined company and the unaudited supplemental pro forma information elsewhere in this Annual Report is presented for illustrative purposes only and may not be an indication of our financial condition or results of operations following the Transaction;
• we face significant competition in the segment in which we operate;
• our success depends, in part, on our intellectual property, which we may be unable to maintain and protect;
• we may not be able to consummate acquisitions, or acquisitions may be difficult to integrate, and we may not realize the expected revenue and cost synergies related to each such acquisition;
• our business is dependent on our ability to maintain access to our water sources. Water scarcity, government regulation of water access, loss of water rights, and poor quality could negatively affect our long-term financial performance;
• we may not be able to respond successfully to consumer trends related to our products;
• the loss or reduction in sales to any significant customer could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations;
• our packaging supplies and other costs are subject to price increases, and we may be unable to effectively pass rising costs on to our customers, or effectively hedge against such rising costs.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock

• the market price of our Class A common stock may be volatile, and holders of our Class A common stock may be unable to resell their Class A common stock at or above their purchase price or at all;
• if securities analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline;
• future sales, or the perception of future sales, by our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Class A common stock to decline;
• the shares of Class A common stock covered by any applicable registration statements could represent a substantial percentage of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Class A common stock of Primo Brands to decline significantly, and certain selling stockholders still may receive significant proceeds;
• Sponsor Stockholders (as defined herein) own a significant amount of the voting power of the Company, and their interests may conflict with or differ from the interests of other stockholders.

Legal, Regulatory, and Tax Risks

• legislative and executive action in state and local governments enacting local taxes on bottled water or water extraction, restricting water withdrawal and usage rights from public and private sources, and bans on the commercial sale or government procurement of bottled water in plastic beverage containers could adversely affect our business and financial results;
• sustainability matters may adversely impact our business and reputation;
• we may incur costs to comply with developing laws and regulations, including those surrounding the production and use of plastics, as well as related litigation relating to plastics pollution;
• our products may not meet health and safety standards or could become contaminated, and we could be liable for injury, illness, or death caused by consumption of our products.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

• our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition, limit our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our indebtedness;
• our indebtedness may expose us to substantial risks;
• we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful;
• despite our level of indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may still incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above and impair our ability to operate our business.

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations, and Growth Strategies

Our future results may suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations following the Transaction.

Following the Transaction, the size of our business is larger than the former size of either Primo Water’s or BlueTriton’s businesses on a stand-alone basis. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to manage the expanded business, which may pose substantial challenges for management, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new operations and associated increased costs and complexity. A successful integration will require focusing a substantial amount of resources and management attention to the integration process, which may divert resources and focus from the development and operation of regular business operations. Our business or results of operations could also be adversely affected by any issues attributable to operations that are based on events or actions that occurred before the closing of the Transaction (the "Closing"). The integration process is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, and no assurance can be given as to the realization of anticipated benefits in full or in part or, if realized, the timing of their realization. If integration is not managed successfully, we may experience interruptions in our business activities, deterioration in our associate and customer relationships, increased costs of integration, and harm to our reputation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may experience difficulties in combining corporate cultures, maintaining associate morale, and retaining key associates. There is no assurance that Primo Water’s and BlueTriton’s businesses will be successfully integrated in a timely manner. The challenges involved in the integration of Primo Water’s and BlueTriton’s businesses may include, among other things, the following:

• challenges and difficulties associated with managing the larger, more complex, combined company;
• conforming standards, controls, procedures and policies, and compensation structures between the companies;
• retaining and integrating talent from the two companies, including key personnel and addressing uncertainties of their future, while maintaining focus on expanding and maintaining the business;
• coordinating operations, sales and marketing, and finance;
• consolidating corporate and administrative infrastructures, accounting systems, information technology systems, resources, sourcing and procurement logistics with respect to key raw materials, and optimizing manufacturing locations;
• integrating the workforces and systems of the two companies while maintaining focus on achieving our operating and strategic goals;
• coordinating geographically overlapping organizations;
• addressing possible differences in business backgrounds, corporate cultures, and management philosophies;
• potential unknown liabilities and unforeseen expenses, delays, or regulatory conditions associated with the Transaction;
• performance shortfalls within the business as a result of the diversion of management’s attention caused by completing the Transaction and integrating the companies’ operations;
• difficulties in delivering on our strategy, including the ability of the Transaction to accelerate growth in the combined business;
• the possibility of faulty assumptions underlying expectations about our prospects;
• geopolitical, macroeconomic, and industry factors, including, among other things, epidemics, pandemics, or public health related outbreaks, threat, outbreak, uncertainty or escalation of terrorism, political instability, insurrection, war or other armed conflict, inflation, tariffs, customs duties, and other increases in supply and operating cost; and
• unanticipated changes in applicable laws and regulations.

There can be no assurance that we will be successful as a combined company or that we will realize the expected operating efficiencies, cost savings, revenue enhancements, and other benefits from the Transaction.

We have no operating or financial history as a combined company and the unaudited supplemental pro forma information elsewhere in this Annual Report is presented for illustrative purposes only and may not be an indication of our financial condition or results of operations following the Transaction.

Primo Brands was recently incorporated in connection with the Transaction and has no operating history or revenues and the operations of Primo Water and BlueTriton have not previously been managed on a combined basis. The unaudited supplemental pro forma information in Note 3 - Business Combinations within this Annual Report is presented for illustrative purposes only and may not be an indication of our financial condition or results of operations following the Transaction for a number of reasons. For example, the unaudited supplemental pro forma information has been derived from the historical financial statements of Primo Water and BlueTriton and certain adjustments and assumptions have been made regarding the Company after giving effect to the Transaction. The information upon which these adjustments and assumptions have been made is preliminary, and these types of adjustments and assumptions are difficult to make with complete accuracy. Moreover, the unaudited supplemental pro forma information does not reflect all costs that are expected to be incurred by us in connection with the Transaction. For example, the impact of any incremental costs incurred in integrating Primo Water and BlueTriton is not reflected in the unaudited supplemental pro forma information. As a result, our actual financial condition and results of operations following the Transaction may not be consistent with, or evident from, this unaudited supplemental pro forma information. In addition, the assumptions used in preparing the unaudited supplemental pro forma information may not prove to be accurate, and other factors may affect our financial condition or results of operations following the Transaction. Any potential decline in our financial condition or results of operations may cause a significant decrease in our stock price.

We face significant competition in the segment in which we operate.

We participate in the highly competitive beverage and bottled water category of the non-alcoholic beverage industry. We face significant competition in the markets in which we operate: the bottled water and beverage retail business and direct-to-consumer offerings.

With respect to the non-alcoholic beverage category, our products compete primarily on the basis of taste, price, brand image, packaging design, advertising, marketing and promotional activity (including digital), product innovation, efficient production and distribution techniques and the ability to anticipate and effectively respond to consumer preferences and trends, including increased consumer focus on health, wellness and sustainability, and the continued acceleration of e-commerce and other methods of distributing and purchasing products. Our principal competitors are local, regional, and national bottled water and beverage businesses, providers of various types of water filtration units and services, and large retailers who have increasingly utilized their distribution networks and significant economies of scale in recent years to introduce and develop private-label branded water. We face significant competition in our business as distribution methods for bottled water and beverages continue to change and evolve and as the consumer landscape shifts into the digital marketplace. We compete against numerous local, regional, and national companies and, increasingly, against smaller companies that are developing microbrands and selling them directly to consumers through e-commerce retailers and other e-commerce platforms.

Changes to the retail landscape could lead to increased competition in our retail business and the direct-to-consumer delivery business. Our larger retail customers may seek lower pricing or increased promotions from us, which could affect profitability. Additionally, larger retailers may be more likely to use their extensive distribution networks and more extensive marketing and advertising resources to introduce and develop their own private-label brands or enter the beverage delivery business themselves, which may lead to increased competitive pressure in our business. There has also been a trend toward growth of sales through e-commerce websites and mobile commerce applications, including through subscription services for beverage delivery and other direct-to-consumer businesses, which impacts our beverage delivery business. As we continue to expand our geographic presence and develop our digital channels, we anticipate we will face increased competition for channel access.

Our retail bottled water and beverage business faces competition beyond our competitors’ bottled water and beverage products. Our products also compete with other non-alcoholic beverages, including carbonated and non-carbonated drinks, juices, flavored or enhanced waters, sport and energy drinks, coffees, teas and tap water. In addition, we face competition from various methods of treating unfiltered tap water in the residential and commercial markets, such as countertop filtration systems, faucet-mounted filtration systems, in-line whole- house filtration systems, water filtration dispensing products, such as pitchers and jugs, standard and advanced feature water coolers, and refrigerator-dispensed filtered water. Consumers may also choose to drink from municipal water sources instead of purchasing bottled water or using a filtration unit.

If our competitors reduce their selling prices, develop new and innovative products and technologies, increase the frequency of their promotional activities or expand their distribution or contract manufacturing efforts, or if our retail customers do not allocate adequate shelf space for the water and beverages we supply, we could experience a decline in volume, lose market share, be forced to increase capital and other expenditures, including marketing spending, and be unable to maintain or increase our prices in order to offset cost increases, including the cost of raw materials, freight, fuel, labor and other key operating costs, any of which could negatively affect our results of operations and decrease our profit margins.

If we are unable to meet the competition we face in our industry, our competitive position and our business could suffer.

Our success depends, in part, on our intellectual property, which we may be unable to maintain and protect.

We own, or possess the right to use the trademarks we use in connection with the products that we sell, which helps us differentiate our products from those of our competitors and are important to our marketing and branding efforts. The success of our business depends in part on our ability to use our trademarks, including our name and logos, to increase brand awareness and further develop our brand reputation in the market.

We own the major trademarks that are used to identify, market, and sell our products. From time to time, we also use third party trademarks with the permission of these third parties. Protection of our proprietary processes, methods, compounds, and other technologies is also important to our business and enables us to distinguish our products from those of our competitors. In the United States, we own the federal trademark registrations for our major brands, including Poland Spring, Pure Life, Arrowhead, Deer Park, Ice Mountain, Mountain Valley, Ozarka, Primo Water, Saratoga, Sparkletts, Zephyrhills, Ac+ion, and Splash Refresher. We have filed and will continue to file trademark applications to register new trademarks, logos, slogans, and taglines that we believe add value to our business and brands.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. To protect our intellectual property assets and proprietary rights, we rely on patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws, as well as contractual provisions, included in agreements with employees, independent contractors and other third parties who may have access to our intellectual property and confidential information. We also rely on common law and statutory protections afforded to trademarks, trade secrets, and proprietary “know-how.” In addition, we vigorously pursue available legal remedies against any third party that infringes on our intellectual property rights. Failure to protect our intellectual property rights may result in the loss of our brand recognition, valuable technologies or other intellectual property related to our products and brands. We may also have to compensate third parties if we are found to infringe their intellectual property rights.

Notwithstanding our efforts, we may not be successful in protecting our intellectual property for a number of reasons, including:

• our competitors may independently develop intellectual property that is similar to, or better than, ours;
• employees, contractors or other third parties may breach their confidentiality obligations and the cost of enforcing their obligations may be prohibitive, or those agreements may prove to be unenforceable or provide more limited protection than anticipated;
• adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets or know-how;
• foreign intellectual property laws may not adequately protect our intellectual property rights;
• our intellectual property rights may be successfully challenged, invalidated, or circumvented.

Further, we cannot provide assurance that any pending patent or trademark applications filed by us will result in an issued patent or trademark, or, if patents are issued to us, that those patents will provide meaningful protection against competitors or competitive technologies. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitive position would weaken and we could face significant expense to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights.

Occasionally, third parties may assert that we are, or may be, infringing, violating or misappropriating their intellectual property rights. We intend to defend against any such claims. In some cases we may need to negotiate licenses from such third parties to resolve a dispute, which may not be available at a reasonable cost, if at all. Intellectual property cases are uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. If we become involved in this type of litigation, it could consume significant resources and divert our attention from business operations. In the event our trademarks, service marks, or trade names are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our goods and services, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and any goodwill associated with such trademark, service mark, or trade name and could require us to devote substantial resources to advertising and marketing new brands that, ultimately, may not be successful. If we are found to infringe, violate or misappropriate the intellectual property rights of others, we could incur significant damages, be enjoined from continuing to manufacture, market or use the affected product, be required to re-design our products or be required to obtain a license to continue manufacturing or using the affected product, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. A license could be very expensive to obtain, may not be available at all or may only be available on unfavorable terms. Similarly, changing products or processes to avoid infringing the rights of others may be costly or impracticable.

Insurance and claims expenses associated with our operations could have a material adverse effect on us.

We have high-deductible insurance policies for claims related to automobile liability, workers’ compensation, general liability, employment practice, property, business, and product liabilities. Our outstanding claim liabilities are primarily based on estimated projected costs determined by actuarial methods. The actuarial studies consider all claims filed or reported, the insurance underwriting exposures used, including but not limited to associate count, payroll, sales, vehicle count, and the estimated claims that are incurred but not reported. Projected costs also include a variety of factors and related assumptions such as claims severity, frequency, development time frame, settlement history and patterns, inflation, and medical cost trends, which may be subject to a high degree of variability. Material changes in these factors and mismanagement of claims could result in unfavorable differences between actual costs and our projected deductible reserve estimates. As a result, the liabilities under our insurance deductible program could increase materially in the future, which could adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

In addition, we have purchased excess policies from various insurers in order to limit our liability exposure. Although we believe our aggregate coverage should be sufficient, together with our deductible reserves to cover our historic claims amounts, it is possible that claims could exceed our reserves and excess coverage limits. If a claim was to exceed such amounts, we would bear the outstanding liability in addition to any exposure not covered by insurance carriers.

If any of our insurance carriers is unable to provide coverage as a result of bankruptcy, liquidation, reorganization, or otherwise, we may become liable for the total sum of any claims that arise. Additionally, our results of operations and financial condition could also be adversely affected if our costs or losses significantly exceed our coverage limits, we are unable to obtain insurance coverage in amounts we deem sufficient, our insurance carriers fail to pay on our insurance claims, or we experience a claim for which coverage is not provided.

We may not be able to consummate acquisitions, or acquisitions may be difficult to integrate, and we may not realize the expected revenue and cost synergies related to each such acquisition.

We may make acquisitions of, or investments in, companies that complement our current projects, enhance our product portfolio or production capacity, expand our access to natural springs in other geographic locations, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. We may, accordingly, be engaged from time to time in evaluating potential transactions, which may take management attention and resources that would otherwise be focused on ongoing operations and may also incur significant costs, whether or not such evaluations result in definitive agreements or the completion of such transactions.

The success of any acquisitions that are consummated depends, in part, on our ability to realize the full extent of the expected returns, benefits, cost savings, or synergies from integrating acquired companies with our existing businesses. The integration process may be complex, costly, time-consuming, and subject to significant business, economic, and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are difficult to predict and beyond our control.

We may not be able to maintain the levels of revenue, earnings, or operating efficiency that each of Primo Brands, on the one hand, and the acquired businesses, on the other hand, had achieved or might achieve separately. Even if we realize the expected benefits, this may not be achieved within the anticipated timeframe. Furthermore, the synergies from acquisitions may be offset by costs incurred in consummating such acquisitions or in integrating the acquired businesses, increases in other expenses, operating losses, or unrelated adverse results in the business. As a result, there can be no assurance that such synergies will be achieved.

Our business is dependent on our ability to maintain access to our water sources. Water scarcity, government regulation of water access, loss of water rights, and poor quality could negatively affect our long-term financial performance.

Our regional spring water brands are sourced from company-owned, leased, or purchased natural springs at over 90 uniquely located sites. The following could cause an increase in the cost of our products or shortages that would likely not allow us to meet market demand: a disruption in the water flow or change in water quality at any one of our water sources (whether from geological shifts or other changes, natural or otherwise), a dispute over water rights, loss of permits or regulatory approvals, increased legal restrictions on water use, access to or delivery of our water sources, increasing pressure to conserve and replenish water in areas of scarcity and stress, access to water that constitutes spring water, decreased water flow at sourcing locations, the classification of water by the FDA or other governmental authorities, or the failure to maintain access to or rights to extract from our water sources. While the Company is not materially dependent upon any single spring source, the potential delivery and price disruptions due to the loss of any one water source or a decline in the volume of water available could significantly disrupt our business and result in incremental costs (such as additional shipping costs) as the Company would be required to transport water from other available spring sources to meet consumer demand.

Water is a natural resource facing significant challenges from population growth, environmental contamination, climate change, and government regulation. As demand for water continues to increase, and if water becomes scarcer and the quality of water available deteriorates or does not meet regulatory standards, our business may incur increasing costs or face capacity constraints, which could adversely affect our profitability or net sales in the long run. Furthermore, even if we are able to secure adequate water sources, the methods we employ to do so, including acquisitions of additional water sources, may have a negative impact on our public reputation and therefore our competitive position, especially in jurisdictions encountering drought or where water is considered a limited resource.

In addition, if any of our water sources were curtailed or eliminated as a result of, for example, a natural disaster, work stoppage, the loss of a license, lease or permit, or other significant event that disrupted water flow or water quality from such source, we may have to purchase water from other sources, which could increase water and transportation costs and could result in supply shortages and price increases. Water may also become subject to contamination from hazardous substances, including from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”), selenium, microplastics, nano plastics, or petroleum products, or from pathogens that cause a number of illnesses, including cholera, typhoid fever, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, legionella, amoebiasis, and free-living amoebic infections. Furthermore, we must meet federal, state, and local regulations in a variety of areas, including standards for extracting water from aquifers. We strive to maintain all permits or approvals required to conduct our business, but we are not able to ensure that we will receive, or will be able to maintain, such permits or approvals in the future or to gain approval necessary to extract water for our products or otherwise conduct our business. Any one of these events could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, reputation, and results of operations.

Our business is seasonal, and adverse weather conditions, including severe weather resulting from climate change, and legal or regulatory responses, could negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

There is increasing concern that a gradual increase in global average temperatures due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is causing significant changes in weather patterns around the globe and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Such changes to weather patterns could affect the purchasing patterns of our customers and consumers. For example, historically, we have experienced the highest water sales during the period from June to September, due to increased consumption of cold beverages during the summer months. The sales of our products are influenced to some extent by weather conditions in the markets in which we operate. Unusually cold or rainy weather during the summer months may reduce the demand for our bottled water and other products, and may contribute to lower revenues, which could negatively affect our profitability. These and other weather-related changes could also adversely impact some of our facilities, production capabilities, our distribution channels, our third-party contract manufacturers’ operations, the availability and cost of key raw materials, and the water resources we use. Specifically, severe drought conditions or freezing conditions may limit our ability to use municipal water supplies to bottle our water. In addition, severe weather conditions during winter months, such as snow and ice storms, may significantly impact delivery schedules and revenue streams and disrupt our supply chain.

The effect of climate change on the weather could result in water scarcity or flooding and cause a further deterioration of water quality in affected regions, which could limit water availability for our bottling operations. There can be no assurance that we will have access to sufficient quantities of water to support our operations, either at current capacities or any future expanded capacity. Any interruption in our water supply could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Any of these conditions may negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Furthermore, public expectations for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly changing and may require us to make additional investments in facilities and equipment, including more fuel-efficient delivery vehicles. In addition, international, federal, state, or local governmental authorities may propose legislative and regulatory initiatives in response to concerns over climate change, which could directly or indirectly adversely affect our business, require additional or different investments or increase the cost of supplies, raw materials, fuel, ingredients and water. If we are unable to meet, or are perceived as unable to meet, public expectations and regulatory developments, or if our existing practices and procedures are not adequate to meet new regulatory requirements, we may miss corporate opportunities, face harm to our reputation, or become subject to regulatory scrutiny or third-party claims. As a result, the effects of climate change could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

We may face opposition to the operation and expansion of our facilities from various individuals and groups.

We have experienced, and we anticipate that we will continue to face, from time to time, opposition to the operation and expansion of our operations and facilities from government officials, environmental groups, landowners, tribal or aboriginal groups, local groups, and other activists. Opposition to our operation and expansion can take many forms, including the delay or denial of required governmental permits, cease and desist orders, organized protests, attempts to block or sabotage our operations, intervention in regulatory or administrative proceedings involving our activity or assets, or lawsuits or other actions designed to prevent, disrupt, or delay the operation or expansion of our assets and business. In addition, acts of sabotage or eco-terrorism could cause significant damage or injury to people, property, or the environment, or lead to extended interruptions of our operations. Any such event that delays or prevents the expansion of our business, which interrupts the revenues generated by our operations, or that causes us to make significant expenditures not covered by insurance, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in future business conditions could cause business investments and/or recorded goodwill, indefinite-life intangible assets or other intangible assets to become impaired, resulting in substantial losses and write- downs that would negatively affect our results of operations.

As part of our overall strategy, we will, from time to time, make investments in other businesses. These investments are made upon targeted analysis and due diligence procedures designed to achieve a desired return or strategic objective. These procedures will involve certain assumptions and judgment in determining investment amount or acquisition price. After consummation of an acquisition or investment, including the Transaction, unforeseen issues could arise that adversely affect anticipated returns or that are otherwise not recoverable as an adjustment to the purchase price. Even after careful integration efforts, actual operating results may vary significantly from initial estimates. We will evaluate the recoverability of recorded goodwill and indefinite-life intangible asset amounts annually, or when evidence of potential impairment exists. The impairment test is based on several factors requiring judgment and certain underlying assumptions. Any material impairment charges could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Customers, Suppliers, and Associates

We may not be able to respond successfully to consumer trends related to our products.

Consumer trends with respect to the products we sell are subject to change. Consumer preferences may change due to a variety of other factors, including changes in social trends, consumption patterns and channel preferences (including continued rapid increases in the e-commerce and online-to-offline channels), pricing, quality, the real or perceived impact that the manufacturing, packaging, and delivery of our products has on the environment, increased use of reusable bottles, changes in consumer demographics, concerns or perceptions regarding the nutrition profile and health effects of, or location of origin of, ingredients or substances in our products, changes in travel, vacation, or leisure activity patterns, negative publicity resulting from regulatory action or litigation against companies in the industry, or a downturn in economic conditions. Consumer preferences are also influenced by the perception of our brand image or the brand images of our products, the success of our advertising and marketing campaigns, the perception of the advertising and marketing campaigns of environmentalist groups, reporting on the production and packaging of our products or the bottled water industry generally, any actual or perceived product quality issues, even if false or unfounded, and the perception of our use of social media, including our ability to engage with consumers on their preferred social media platform. Any of these changes may reduce consumer demand for our products or services, or for bottled water generally. In addition, if consumers or retailers have a negative experience with any brand of bottled water, including the water of competitors, bottled water may lose acceptance generally and our business could be adversely affected.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop, market, sell, and distribute additional products that will foster brand name recognition, realize market acceptance, and retain customers. We may fail to appropriately target our marketing efforts, anticipate consumer preferences, or invest sufficiently in maintaining, extending, and expanding our brand image, or develop or be a “fast follower” of innovative products that respond to consumer trends. In addition, some of our competitors may be able to use their resources and scale to rapidly respond to competitive pressures and changes in consumer trends by introducing new products or increasing promotional activities, while smaller companies may be more innovative, better able to bring new products to market, and better able to quickly exploit and serve niche markets.

In particular, given the recent trend towards growth of sales through e-commerce websites and mobile commerce applications, including through subscription services for beverage delivery and other direct-to-consumer businesses, consumers are increasingly shopping online rather than in the retail setting where our products are offered, and can order beverages through easy on-demand one-time delivery platforms. We continue to assess the competitive landscape and regularly evaluate our platforms for opportunities to evolve our technologies and expand our offerings and capabilities to match customer demands, behavior, and purchasing trends. For example, we recently re-launched Water.com to create an enhanced user experience and are actively developing additional web platforms to better service our customers.

Our failure to develop innovative products or adopt new technologies, including artificial intelligence and data analytics, could put us at a competitive disadvantage in the marketplace, and our business and results of operations could be negatively affected.

The loss or reduction in sales to any significant customer could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our customers include many large national and regional grocery, mass-merchandise, drugstore, wholesale, and convenience store chains. The loss of any significant customer or customers that in the aggregate represent a significant portion of our net sales, or a material reduction in the amount of business we undertake with any such customer or customers, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and cash flows. Furthermore, we could be adversely affected if a significant customer reacts unfavorably to any pricing of our products or decides to de-emphasize or reduce their product offerings in the bottled water category.

If we face labor shortages or increased labor costs, our results of operations and our growth could be adversely affected.

Labor is a significant component of the cost of operating our business. Our ability to meet labor needs while controlling labor costs is subject to external factors, such as employment levels, prevailing wage rates, inflation, minimum wage legislation, changing demographics, health and other insurance costs, and governmental labor and employment requirements. If wage rates in the market increase, we may need to increase our wage rates to compete for quality workers, or the quality of our workforce could decline; however, increasing our wage rate could impact profitability. If we face labor shortages or increased labor costs because of increased competition for associates from our competitors and other industries, higher employee-turnover rates, increases in the federal- or state-mandated minimum wage, inflation, change in exempt and non-exempt status, or other associate benefit costs (including costs associated with health insurance coverage or workers’ compensation insurance), our operating expenses could increase and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our packaging supplies and other costs are subject to price increases, and we may be unable to effectively pass rising costs on to our customers, or effectively hedge against such rising costs.

Our profitability depends in part on our ability to anticipate and react to changes in packaging, commodity, energy, and other costs. We use various packaging materials in our business, such as PET and recycled PET (“rPET”) for bottles and aluminum cans, and other containers. The prices of these packaging materials, aluminum cans, and other containers are subject to fluctuations beyond our control, such as problems in production or distribution, government regulation, climate conditions, tariffs, labor strikes or shortages, shortages or interruptions in supplies, and depend on market and economic conditions, such as inflation, which has created mid- to high-single digit cost increases in our underlying expenses, including packaging, transportation, and labor costs.

The changes in the prices we pay for materials occur at times that vary by product and supplier, and take place on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis.

Accordingly, we bear the risk of fluctuations in the costs of these materials, including the underlying costs of the commodities used to manufacture them and, to some extent, the costs of converting those commodities into the materials we purchase. We may choose to pass increased costs to customers or attempt to hedge against rising costs. If our efforts are not successful, the increased prices could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. There can be no assurance that any cost increases can be offset by increased prices, and that increases in prices will be fully absorbed by our customers without any resulting change to their demand for our products or that we will generate sales growth in an amount sufficient to offset inflationary and other cost pressures.

In addition, our facilities use a significant amount of electricity, natural gas, and other energy sources to operate. We also rely on trucking to receive raw materials and to transport and deliver our finished products. Fluctuations in the price of fuel and other energy sources could negatively affect our results of operations. We purchase our own fuel and use third parties for the transportation of raw material and finished goods between our warehouses. In the past, we have experienced fluctuations in fuel prices. While volume purchases can help control erratic fuel pricing, market conditions ultimately determine the price. We may not be able to use fuel price adjustments to cover the cost of fuel increases in a volatile market for petroleum products, which could adversely affect our profitability. Further, limitations on the supply or availability of fuel could inhibit our ability to get raw materials and distribute our products, which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition to fuel, our trucking costs are subject to market-based freight costs primarily related to labor, which has historically experienced pricing volatility. Limitations on the availability of trucking labor could result in increased distribution costs, which could adversely impact our profitability.

An increase in the cost, a sustained interruption in the supply, or a shortage of some of these packaging materials, aluminum cans, and other containers that may be caused by changes in or the enactment of new laws and regulations, a deterioration of the relationships we or our bottling partners have with suppliers, supplier quality and reliability issues could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Changes in the retail landscape, such as continued or increased development and use of private-label brands, may negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our retail customers may seek lower pricing or demand increased marketing or promotional expenditures from us, and large retailers may be more likely to use their distribution networks and economies of scale to introduce and develop competing private-label brands. Strategic partners may also choose to vertically integrate their brands’ manufacturing and distribution. Private-label brands of bottled water, such as those carried by supermarket chains, convenience store chains, drug store chains, mass merchants, and club warehouses, may require adjustments to our business strategy in those stores or additional marketing expenditures on our part to remain competitive. If we fail to respond to the changing retail landscape, our volume growth could slow or we may need to lower prices or increase trade promotions and consumer marketing for our products and services, any of which would negatively affect our results of operations. In addition, retailers are increasingly carrying fewer brands in any one category and our results of operations will suffer if our vendor relationships with significant customers are discontinued. In the event of consolidation involving our current retailers, we may lose key business if the surviving entities do not continue to purchase products or services from us.

Our industry is also being affected by the rapid growth in sales through e-commerce retailers, e-commerce websites, mobile commerce applications, and subscription services, which may result in a shift away from physical retail operations to digital channels. We continue to assess the competitive landscape and regularly evaluate our platforms for opportunities to evolve our technologies and expand our offerings and capabilities to match customer demands, behavior, and purchasing trends.

We rely on our management team and other key personnel, and we may be unable to hire or retain key personnel or a highly skilled workforce.

We depend on the experience, skills, working relationships, and continued services of key personnel, including our experienced management team, to successfully manage our business. In addition, our ability to achieve our operating goals depends, in part, on our continued ability to identify, hire, train, and retain qualified individuals for our workforce. We compete with other companies, both within and outside of our industry, for talented personnel, and we may lose key personnel or fail to attract, train and retain other talented workforce with the skills and in the locations we need to operate and grow our business, among other things. If we lose key personnel to our competitors, it could disrupt our business, particularly if non-compete clauses in employment agreements are deemed to be unenforceable for any reason, including as a result of regulatory restrictions. We must also continue to focus on developing, motivating, and retaining our highest achieving associates. If we fail to identify, recruit, and integrate strategic personnel hires, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be adversely affected. Further, inflationary pressure may result in associate attrition to the extent our compensation does not keep up with inflation. Unplanned turnover and failure to attract, retain, and develop personnel with key emerging capabilities, such as e-commerce and digital marketing skills, could adversely impact our competitiveness and our ability to achieve our strategic objectives, and our business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to maintain relationships with our raw material suppliers, we may incur higher supply costs or be unable to deliver products to our customers at reasonable costs or at all.

In addition to water, the principal raw materials required to produce our products include PET resin, HDPE and polycarbonate bottles, caps, and preforms, labels, cartons, and trays. Some raw materials and supplies, including packaging materials, such as rPET, may be available from only a limited number of suppliers or a sole supplier, or may be in short supply when seasonal demand is at its peak. We rely upon our ongoing relationships with key suppliers to support our operations.

We typically enter into multi-year contracts with our key suppliers, meaning our suppliers are obligated to continue to supply us with materials for multi-year periods, at the end of which we must either renegotiate the contracts with those suppliers or find alternative sources for supply. There can be no assurance that we will be able to either renegotiate contracts (with similar or more favorable terms) with these suppliers when they expire, or, alternatively, if we are unable to renegotiate contracts with our key suppliers, there can be no assurance that we could replace them. We could also incur higher costs in renegotiating contracts with existing suppliers or replacing those suppliers, or we could experience temporary disruptions in our ability to deliver products to our customers, either of which could negatively affect our results of operations.

The legacy Primo Water and BlueTriton business relationships that we have inherited may be subject to disruption due to uncertainty associated with the Transaction, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.

Parties with which Primo Water and BlueTriton have historically done business may experience uncertainty associated with the Transaction, including with respect to current or future business relationships with the Company following the Closing. Primo Water’s and BlueTriton’s historical relationships, which we have inherited, may be subject to disruption as persons or entities with whom Primo Water and/or BlueTriton have had a business relationship may have concerns about a larger organization, or otherwise, and may delay or defer certain business decisions or might decide to seek to terminate, change, or renegotiate their relationships with the Company, or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than Primo Brands. These disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, and financial position now that the Transaction has been completed, including an adverse effect on our ability to realize the expected benefits of the Transaction.

In addition, some amount of management’s and associates’ attention will be directed toward integrating the two companies and thus will be diverted from their respective day-to-day operations. Further, the Transaction could cause disruptions to each party’s business or business relationships, which could have an adverse impact on results of operations. The integration of BlueTriton with Primo Water may also place a significant burden on management and internal resources. The diversion of management’s attention away from day-to-day business concerns could adversely affect the Company’s financial results.

We may not be able to renew collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms, or we could experience strikes.

Some of our associates are covered by collective bargaining agreements expiring on various dates. We may not be able to renew our collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms or at all. This could result in strikes or work stoppages, which could impair our ability to manufacture and distribute our products and result in a substantial loss of sales. The terms of existing or renewed agreements could also significantly increase our costs or negatively affect our ability to increase operational efficiency.

Risks Related to Our Technology and Cybersecurity

Our reliance on third-party service providers and key information systems could have an adverse effect on our business.

We depend on key information systems to accurately and efficiently transact our business, provide information to management, and prepare financial reports. We rely on third-party providers for various networking, application hosting, and related business process services that support our key information systems. Issues with performance by these third parties may disrupt our operations and as a result, our operating expenses could increase, which could negatively affect our results of operations. Our business activities may be materially disrupted in the event of a partial or complete failure of any of these systems, or those of our third-party providers, which could result from, among other things, natural disasters, war, terrorism, or other hostile acts, software malfunctions, equipment or telecommunications failures, processing errors, computer viruses, ransomware, phishing, hackers, other security issues or supplier defaults, increased bandwidth requirements, or other events beyond our control. For example, the recent global CrowdStrike outage resulted in interruptions to the availability and functionality of Microsoft applications throughout the Company, which we and our third-party providers rely upon to perform a number of operations. Because we rely on third-party service providers, we may be affected by vulnerabilities to interruptions or other failures that we can neither control nor mitigate.

Our security measures, backup and disaster recovery capabilities, business continuity plans, and crisis management procedures may not be adequate or implemented properly to avoid such disruptions or failures. Further, if any third-party services become unavailable due to loss of license, extended outages, or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms, there may be delays in the provisioning of our services until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or if available, is identified, obtained, and integrated from another third party, which could increase our expenses, cause disruptions to our business, or result in loss of customers. Any disruption or failure of these systems or services could cause substantial errors, processing inefficiencies, security breaches, inability to use the systems or process transactions, loss of customers, or other business disruptions, any of which could negatively affect our business and results of operations.

Disruptions of or compromises to our information technology systems, including as a result of unauthorized computer intrusions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and on our reputation.

We rely on computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure, and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business (collectively, “IT Systems”). We own and manage some of these IT Systems but also rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and related products and services. We and certain of our third-party providers collect, maintain, and process data about customers, associates, business partners, and others, including information about individuals—such as email addresses, mobile phone numbers, location information, delivery partners’ license numbers, and Social Security numbers of delivery partners, consumer payment card information, and delivery partner bank account information—as well as proprietary information belonging to our business such as trade secrets (collectively, “Confidential Information”).

Increased global cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats, and sophisticated and targeted cyber-related attacks pose a risk to the security of our and our customers’, partners’, suppliers’, and third-party service providers’ respective products, IT Systems and the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of our Confidential Information. Although we attempt to mitigate these risks by employing a number of measures, we remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or unknown threats. For example, the recent global CrowdStrike outage resulted in interruptions to the availability and functionality of Microsoft applications throughout the Company, which we rely upon to perform a number of operations. Despite our efforts to protect our IT Systems and Confidential Information, we may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from (i) earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, and other natural disasters; (ii) power loss, computer system failure, internet and telecommunications, or data network failure; (iii) diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers, and hacktivists, as well as through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/ phishing, malware (including ransomware), computer viruses, misconfigurations, software “bugs,” or glitches; or (iv) theft, misplaced or lost data, programming errors, associate errors, and/or malfeasance.

While we have procedures and technology in place to safeguard our Confidential Information, we may nevertheless be susceptible to electronic or physical computer break-ins, viruses, fraud, and other disruptions or security compromises involving the loss or unauthorized access of personal and proprietary information because technologies used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, change frequently, and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target. Cyberattacks are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools—including artificial intelligence—that circumvent security controls, evade detection, and remove forensic evidence. As a result, we may be unable to detect, investigate, remediate, or recover from future attacks or incidents, or to avoid a material adverse impact to our IT Systems, Confidential Information, or business.

Further, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls, or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information. Remote and hybrid working arrangements at our Company (and at many third-party providers) also increase cybersecurity risks due to the challenges associated with managing remote computing assets and security vulnerabilities that are present in many non-corporate and home networks.

While historically not material to our operations or business (individually or in the aggregate), we have experienced cyber-attacks and other security incidents of varying degrees that have occurred from time to time. Further, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future. Any damage or significant disruption in the operation of our or our third-party providers’ IT Systems to perform as expected, or any security breach of the IT Systems, could potentially lead to improper use of our IT Systems, unauthorized access, use, disclosure, loss, modification, or destruction of Confidential Information, information about our customers, associates, and other individuals, defective products, production downtimes, and operational disruptions. In addition, a cyber-related attack or other system disruption could result in other negative consequences, including damage to our reputation or competitiveness, a decrease in sales, costly and time-consuming remediation or increased protection actions, compliance and regulatory costs, fines, and penalties, litigation (including class actions), or regulatory action. Any or all of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Finally, we cannot guarantee that any costs and liabilities incurred in relation to an attack or incident will be covered by our existing insurance policies or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

In addition, we and our third-party payment processing providers are subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (“PCI-DSS”), issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council. PCI-DSS contains compliance guidelines and standards with regard to our security surrounding the physical administrative and technical storage, processing and transmission of individual cardholder data. By accepting debit cards for payment, we are also subject to compliance with American National Standards Institute data encryption standards and payment network security operating guidelines. If we or our service providers are unable to comply with PCI-DSS or to meet other payment card standards, this may result in the imposition of financial penalties, restrictions, or the allocation by the card brands of the costs of fraudulent charges to us, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

If we are unable to securely maintain our customers’, associates’, or company private or personal information, including payment card information, or process such information in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to negative publicity, costly compliance obligations, costly government enforcement actions, or private litigation, which could damage our business reputation and negatively affect our results of operations.

The protection of customer, associate, and company data is critical and is an expanding focus of federal, state, and provincial legislatures and regulators in the United States, Canada, and Europe. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, which came into effect in January of 2020, gives California residents additional data privacy rights, including allowing consumers to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties, and provides an additional cause of action for data breaches. Moreover, the California Privacy Rights Act, which went into effect on January 1, 2023, significantly modified the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (collectively, the “CCPA”), and imposed additional data privacy and protection obligations on certain companies doing business in California. Additionally, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (the “EU GDPR”) and the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018 (collectively, the “UK GDPR”) (the EU GDPR and UK GDPR together referred to as the “GDPR”) impose comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations in relation to our collection and other use of data relating to an identifiable living individual, including a principle of accountability and the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit, as well as regulating cross-border transfers of personal data out of the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom.

The enactment of the CCPA is prompting a wave of similar legislative developments in other states in the United States, including laws in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, Texas, Montana, Oregon, Delaware, Iowa, New Hampshire, Nebraska, and New Jersey, which creates the potential for a patchwork of overlapping but different state laws. Many other states are currently reviewing or proposing the need for greater regulation of the collection, sharing, use, and other processing of information related to individuals for marketing purposes or otherwise, and there remains increased interest at the federal level as well. Additionally, laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing, advertising, and other activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet may be or become applicable to our business, such as the Federal Communications Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, and similar state consumer protection and communication privacy laws, such as California’s Invasion of Privacy Act. We may be subject to future compliance obligations as other states and provinces consider and adopt similar legislation. The changing legal and regulatory landscape could in the future further limit our ability to use and share personal information and could require changes to our operating model. Further, such laws may have potentially conflicting requirements that could make compliance challenging, require us to expend significant resources to come into compliance, and place added restrictions on our ability to process certain personal information. Any inability or perceived inability to adequately address data privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable data privacy and data security laws, regulations, and policies, could result in additional compliance costs, penalties, regulatory fines, and liability to the Company, proceedings (including class actions) against the Company or damage to the Company's reputation, or require the Company to make changes to its business. Any of the foregoing may adversely affect the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock

The market price of our Class A common stock may be volatile, and holders of our Class A common stock may be unable to resell their Class A common stock at or above their purchase price or at all.

Our results of operations and the market price of our Class A common stock may be affected by factors different from, or in addition to, those that affected our results of operations. In addition, the market price for our Class A common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot control, including, among others:

• trends and changes in consumer preferences in the industries in which we operate;
• changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in our industry or the economy as a whole;
• changes in key personnel;
• our entry into new markets;
• changes in our operating performance;
• investors’ perceptions of our prospects and the prospects of the businesses in which we participate;
• fluctuations in quarterly revenue and operating results, as well as differences between our actual financial and operating results and those expected by investors;
• the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;
• announcements relating to litigation;
• guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in such guidance, or our failure to meet such guidance;
• changes in financial estimates or ratings by any securities analysts who follow our Class A common stock, our failure to meet such estimates or failure of those analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our Class A common stock;
• downgrades in our credit ratings or the credit ratings of our competitors;
• the sustainability of an active trading market for our Class A common stock;
• investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Class A common stock relative to other investment alternatives;
• the inclusion, exclusion, or deletion of our Class A common stock from any trading indices;
• future sales of our Class A common stock by our officers, directors, and significant stockholders, including the selling stockholders;
• other events or factors, including those resulting from system failures and disruptions, hurricanes, pandemics, wars, acts of terrorism, other natural disasters, or responses to such events;
• changes in financial markets or general economic conditions, including, for example, due to the effects of recession or slow economic growth in the US and abroad, interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability, acts of war, including the conflict involving Russia and Ukraine, acts of terrorism, and pandemics or other public health crises;
• price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole; and
• changes in accounting principles.

The market price also may decline if we do not achieve the perceived benefits of the Transaction as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by financial or industry analysts or if the effect of the Transaction on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts. These and other factors may lower the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. As a result, our Class A common stock may trade at prices significantly below the price at which shares were purchased.

In addition, the stock markets, including the NYSE, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.

If securities analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or reports about our business, or if they downgrade our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If few analysts cover us, demand for our common stock could decrease and our common stock price and trading volume may decline. Similar results may occur if one or more of these analysts stop covering us in the future or fail to publish reports on us regularly.

We may issue additional shares of Class A common stock through future offerings, in satisfaction of certain required payments in connection with future acquisitions and due to future issuances pursuant to the Primo Brands Equity Incentive Plan and employee stock purchase program for shares of Class A common stock.

Subject to the terms and conditions of the Stockholders Agreement dated as of November 7, 2024, by and between the Company and Triton Water Parent Holdings, LP (together with any parties joined thereto, the “Stockholders Agreement”), a Delaware limited partnership and the holder of all of the common stock of BlueTriton prior to the Transaction (the “Initial ORCP Stockholder”), we may, from time to time, whether in the ordinary course of business or otherwise, undertake offerings of our shares of Class A common stock or other offerings of securities convertible and/or exchangeable into shares of Class A common stock and we may enter into acquisition agreements, joint venture agreements, or similar agreements under which we may issue Shares in satisfaction of certain required payments or other obligations. We may also issue shares of Class A common stock upon the exercise of stock options or other securities exercisable for shares of Class A common stock. Pursuant to the Primo Brands Equity Incentive Plan, equity incentive awards may be granted to eligible participants in the future that may cause existing stockholders to experience dilution of their ownership interests. In addition, we have adopted an employee stock purchase program pursuant to which shares of Class A common stock may be issued, which may cause existing stockholders to experience dilution of their ownership interests. We cannot predict the size of any future issuances of shares of Class A common stock, the requirement for financing alternatives or opportunities (which will remain at the discretion of our Board and management team), or the effect that future issuances and sales of shares of Class A common stock may have on the market price of the Class A common stock. Issuance of a substantial number of additional shares of Class A common stock or securities convertible and/or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock, or the potential for such issuances, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the Class A common stock. With any additional issuance of shares of Class A common stock, investors may suffer dilution (in some cases which may be a material dilution, depending on the quantum of shares of Class A common stock that are issued or issuable) to their overall voting power and we may experience dilution in our earnings per share.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Class A common stock to decline.

The resale of shares of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such resales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our Class A common stock. These resales, or the possibility that these resales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

Shares of our Class A common stock that were issued to the former securityholders of Primo Water pursuant to the Arrangement are freely tradable under U.S. federal securities laws except by persons who are, or within 90 days prior to the consummation of the Arrangement were, “affiliates” (as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”)) of Primo Brands. Persons who may be deemed to be affiliates of an issuer generally include individuals or entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common control with, the issuer, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise, and generally include executive officers and directors of the issuer as well as the principal stockholders of the issuer. Any such shares of our Class A common stock issued pursuant to the Arrangement and held by such an affiliate (or, if applicable, former affiliate) will be subject to certain restrictions on resale imposed by the Securities Act, such that they may not resell such securities in the absence of registration under the Securities Act or an exemption from such registration, if available, such as the exemption contained in Rule 144.

As of February 21, 2025, the shares of Class A common stock held by the Initial ORCP Stockholder and any of its permitted transferees pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement (the “Sponsor Stockholders”) represented 57.5% of the total outstanding shares of our Class A common stock. Such shares are “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144 and subject to certain restrictions on resale following the Transaction. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if they are registered under the Securities Act or are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration such as Rule 144.

Pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement, the Sponsor Stockholders may request that we conduct a registered offering of their shares of Class A common stock.

The market price of our Class A common stock could drop significantly if the holders of these shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our Class A common stock or other securities.

The shares of Class A common stock covered by any applicable registration statements represent a substantial percentage of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Class A common stock of Primo Brands to decline significantly, and certain selling stockholders still may receive significant proceeds.

Upon effectiveness of any applicable registration statements, or upon satisfaction of the requirements of Rule 144, the Sponsor Stockholders may sell large amounts of our Class A common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, which could have the effect of increasing the volatility in or putting significant downward pressure on the price of the Class A common stock. Additional sales of a substantial number of shares of Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could have an adverse effect on Primo Brands’ stock price and could impair its ability to raise capital through the sale of additional stock. In addition, 58,000,000 shares of Class A common stock held by the Sponsor Stockholders are pledged as security for a margin loan entered into by the Sponsor Stockholders. In an event of default under the margin loan agreement, the lenders may sell the shares pledged as security for the margin loan, which may, in certain circumstances, include sales in the open market, as well as hedging sales.

Sponsor Stockholders own a significant amount of the voting power of the Company, and their interests may conflict with or differ from the interests of other stockholders.

The Sponsor Stockholders, which are controlled by affiliates of One Rock Capital Partners, LLC (“ORCP” and together with its affiliates, the “ORCP Group”), hold approximately 57.5% of the voting power for the election, appointment, or removal of directors of the Company. So long as the ORCP Group continues to directly or indirectly own a significant amount of the voting power of the Company, the ORCP Group will continue to be able to strongly influence or effectively control the business decisions of the Company. In particular, pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders Agreement, the Sponsor Stockholders designated seven directors of the Board and have the right to designate an eighth director. As a result, ORCP or its designees to the Board will have the ability to influence the entering into of mergers, sales of substantially all of our assets and other extraordinary transactions and influence amendments to our certificate of incorporation, and may exercise their voting and other rights in a manner that may be adverse to the interests of other stockholders. In addition, certain actions will require approval of a supermajority of the Board or the consent of the Sponsor Stockholders. Consequently, if there is no agreement among the directors comprising the Board or between the Company and the Sponsor Stockholders, we may be prevented from taking actions that may be viewed by other stockholders as beneficial or desirable.

Pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders Agreement, for so long as the Sponsor Stockholders own at least 30% of the outstanding shares of our Class A common stock, the prior written approval of the Sponsor Stockholders will be required in order for the Company to declare or pay dividends to stockholders on a non-pro rata basis or in excess of $175.0 million in the aggregate in any fiscal year, redeem or repurchase equity securities in most instances, incur indebtedness for borrowed money that would cause the total net leverage ratio of the Company to exceed 3.5x (other than certain incurrences under our existing debt agreements), and other transactions. It is possible that the Sponsor Stockholders may have interests that are different from other stockholders and may vote in a way with which other stockholders disagree and that may be adverse to other stockholders’ interests.

Furthermore, the ORCP Group is in the business of making investments in companies and may have an interest in pursuing acquisitions, divestitures, financing, or other transactions that, in their judgment, could enhance their equity investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to the other stockholders. In addition, the ORCP Group may, from time to time, acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete, directly or indirectly, with the Company.

We are considered a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE listing requirements and, as a result, we qualify for, and may rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. Our stockholders do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such corporate governance requirements.

Based on the current ownership of Class A common stock owned by the ORCP Group, we are considered a “controlled company” for the purposes of the NYSE listing requirements. As such, we qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

The corporate governance requirements and specifically the independence standards are intended to ensure that directors who are considered independent are free of any conflicting interest that could influence their actions as directors. We currently do not expect to rely on these exemptions and instead rely on exemptions for newly public companies. However, for as long as we remain, a “controlled company,” we may elect in the future to take advantage of any of these exemptions. As a result, we may not be subject to certain corporate governance requirements, including that a majority of our Board of Directors consists of “independent directors,” as defined under the rules of the NYSE. In addition, we would not be required to have a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee or Compensation Committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities or to conduct annual performance evaluations of the Nominating and Corporate Governance and Compensation Committees. Accordingly, our stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

We may not issue a quarterly dividend in the future and stockholders may never obtain a return on their investment.

While we expect to make quarterly cash dividends on shares of our Class A common stock, there can be no assurance that we will declare quarterly dividends in the future. The declaration and payment of future dividends on our shares of Class A common stock is subject to, among other things, the discretion of our Board, the best interests of our stockholders, our results of operations, cash balances, and future cash requirements, financial condition, statutory regulations, and covenants and other restrictions on payment set forth in the instruments governing our indebtedness in effect from time to time as well as in our Stockholders Agreement. If cash dividends on our shares of Class A common stock are not paid, stockholders will need to rely on sales of their shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any return on their investment.

Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risks

Legislative and executive action in state and local governments enacting local taxes on bottled water or water extraction, restricting water withdrawal and usage rights from public and private sources, and bans on the commercial sale or government procurement of bottled water in plastic beverage containers could adversely affect our business and financial results.

Recent initiatives have taken place in several major cities regarding bottled water, principally the smaller sizes sold in stores to retail consumers. In addition, there is growing concern about the presence of PFAS, microplastics, and nano plastics in public water supplies. In some localities, regulations have been proposed that would enact local taxes on bottled water or water extraction and restrict the withdrawal of water from public and private sources. These proposals purportedly serve a dual purpose of generating revenue for the state and reducing access to water that results in the discouragement of drinking bottled water.

Plastic bottled water containers have also been subject to recent legislative proposals and executive action to reduce the presence of plastic in landfills and the demand for virgin plastics. Particularly in Massachusetts and California, a handful of municipalities have enacted commercial bans prohibiting the sale of single-use plastic water bottles. In addition, large cities like New York City and San Francisco, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts have prohibited the procurement by government agencies of single use plastic water bottles.

In covering these initiatives, local and national media have reported on the growth of the bottled water industry and on the pros and cons of consuming bottled water as it relates to solid waste disposal as well as conserving the supply of water available to the public.

There is no assurance that adverse publicity about any element of the bottled water industry will not affect consumer behavior by discouraging buyers from buying bottled water products generally, which could adversely impact our sales and other financial results.

Sustainability matters may adversely impact our business and reputation.

Increasingly, in addition to the importance of their financial performance, companies are being judged by their performance on a variety of sustainability or environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters by a variety of stakeholders, including investors, consumers, associates, regulators, environmental activists, and other third parties. In addition, various regulatory authorities have imposed, and may continue to impose, mandatory substantive and/or disclosure requirements with respect to sustainability matters. For example, we may be subject to the disclosure requirements based upon the International

Sustainability Standards Board’s sustainability and climate disclosure standards by Australia, Brazil, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Türkiye, United Kingdom, and other jurisdictions if adopted. In addition, we may be subject to select disclosure requirements or other regulations regarding greenhouse gas metrics, climate risks, use of offsets, and emissions reduction claims for example those enacted by the State of California including Senate Bill 253 (The Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act) requiring U.S. public and private entities with annual revenues greater than $1 billion doing business in California to publicly report their greenhouse gas emissions, and / or Senate Bill 261 (The Climate-Related Financial Risk Act) requiring U.S. entities with annual revenues over $500 million to bi-annually disclose climate-related financial risks and their mitigation strategies. We may also be subject to the SEC’s climate disclosure rules, if enforced by the SEC leadership and if such rules survive litigation pending in the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals challenging them. These requirements may not always be uniform across jurisdictions, which may result in increased complexity, and cost, for compliance.

Separately, various regulators have adopted, or are considering adopting, regulations or guidance on environmental marketing claims, including but not limited to the use of “carbon neutral,” “sustainable,” “eco-friendly,” “compostable,” “recyclable,” or similar language in product marketing. For instance, the FTC has issued its Green Guides which provide guidance on environmental marketing claims. The FTC is currently in the process of updating the Green Guides, which updates may impact our ability to make future environmental marketing claims as we currently do or result in future litigation as compliance with the Green Guides are embedded in certain U.S. state consumer protection statutes. That or any other regulation or guidance may require us to make additional investments in facilities and equipment, require us to incur additional costs for the collection of data and/or preparation of disclosures and associated internal controls, may impact the availability and cost of key raw materials used in the production of our products or the demand for our products and, in turn, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Sustainability and ESG matters have also been the subject of increased focus by regulators, including in the United States, which may expose us to potential, and possibly inconsistent, regulatory scrutiny or enforcement actions related to our sustainability and ESG activities.

Further, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to sustainability and ESG matters. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to negative investor sentiment towards us or our industry, which could negatively impact our stock price as well as our access to and cost of capital.

Moreover, we have engaged, and expect to continue to engage, in certain voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures or setting goals) to improve the ESG profile of our Company and/or our products. However, such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. For example, PET is a recyclable material, and we encourage our customers and consumers to recycle bottles and packaging that contain it. However, not all PET is recycled due to a lack of recycling infrastructure. This can help perpetuate the idea that PET plastic creates waste, rather than a discussion around the lack of infrastructure in place to facilitate recycling. Overall, execution of our ESG strategies and achievement of our goals is subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, there is no assurance that we will be able to successfully execute our strategies and achieve our sustainability-related goals, which could damage our reputation and consumer and other stakeholder relationships. Additionally, there can be no assurance that our stakeholders will agree with our strategies, and any perception, whether or not valid, that we have failed to achieve, or to timely achieve, or to act responsibly with respect to, such matters or to effectively respond to new or additional legal or regulatory requirements regarding climate change, sustainability, or ESG matters could result in adverse publicity or potential regulatory or investor engagement or litigation and adversely affect our business and reputation. For example, there have been increasing allegations of greenwashing against companies in our industry making sustainability-related claims due to a variety of perceived deficiencies in actions, statements, or methodology, including as stakeholder perceptions of sustainability continue to evolve.

In light of stakeholders’ increased focus on sustainability matters, there can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully. This could negatively impact our ability to access capital and could lead to risk of litigation or reputational damage relating to our sustainability policies or performance. Our reputation may be harmed if certain stakeholders, such as our clients, stockholders or other third parties, believe that we are not adequately or appropriately responding to sustainability, climate change, or ESG matters or excessively factoring in sustainability, climate change, or ESG matters.

Additionally, many of our business partners and suppliers may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.

We may incur costs to comply with developing laws and regulations, including those surrounding the production and use of plastics, as well as related litigation relating to plastics pollution.

The conduct of our business and the demand for our products are subject to various laws and regulations administered by federal, provincial, state, and local governmental authorities and agencies in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Israel. If our business expands into new markets, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations. We have incurred and may incur significant costs and delays in order to attain or maintain compliance with these legal requirements, or may fail to maintain or acquire necessary licenses, leases, and permits. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations that are applicable to our operations, including, but not limited to, the acquisition of permits before commencing regulated activities.

In particular, there is a growing concern about the accumulation of plastic, including microplastics and nano plastics, and other packaging waste in the environment, particularly in the world’s oceans and waterways. As a result, packaging waste that displays one or more of our brands has in the past resulted, and could continue to result, in negative publicity or reduce consumer demand for, and overall consumption of, our products, resulting in adverse effects on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

In response to these concerns, the United States and many other jurisdictions have also imposed or are considering imposing regulations or policies designed to increase the sustainability of packaging, encourage waste reduction, improve recycling collection, enhance the waste management/recycling infrastructure, or restrict the sale of products in certain plastic packaging. These regulations and policies vary in scope, and include taxes or fees designed to incentivize behavior and restrictions or bans on certain products and materials. For example, 25 countries in the European Union have established extended producer responsibility (“EPR”) policies, which make manufacturers such as us responsible for the costs of recycling beverage and food packaging after consumers have used them. EPR policies have been enacted by five states in the United States and are also being contemplated in other jurisdictions in the United States and around the world. In addition, a number of states in the United States as well as some Canadian provinces and most EU member countries have a bottle deposit return system in effect. This is a form of EPR that requires a deposit charged to consumers to incentivize the return of the beverage container and shifts recycling costs to industry. Further, certain jurisdictions have imposed or are considering imposing other types of regulations or policies, including packaging taxes, requirements for bottle caps to be tethered to the plastic bottle, minimum recycled content mandates (which would require packaging to include a certain percentage of post-consumer recycled material in a new package) and even bans on the use or sale of single-use plastics like plastic beverage containers. These laws and regulations have in the past and could, in the future, increase the cost of our products, reduce consumer demand and overall consumption of our products, or result in negative publicity, resulting in adverse effects on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

In addition, there has been a recent rise in litigation against certain companies that use single-use plastic packaging, alleging that the companies have contributed to public nuisances created by plastic packaging pollution (including in public waterways), have failed to warn the public of the potential harms of plastic pollution to public health and the environment, and have made misleading statements in violation of state laws on deceptive business practices. If we were sued in such litigation in the future, this could result in an adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition, or results of operations.

Furthermore, laws, regulations, and government policies may change as a result of changing political, economic, or social climates. Such changes may alter the environment in which we do business, as well as the demand for our products and services, and, therefore, may impact the results of our operations or increase our liabilities. More stringent new and future laws, regulations, and policies could negatively impact our operations.

Our products may not meet health and safety standards or could become contaminated, and we could be liable for injury, illness, or death caused by consumption of our products.

Selling food and beverages for human consumption involves inherent legal and other risks, and there is increasing governmental scrutiny of and public awareness regarding food safety. Unexpected side effects, illness, injury or death related to allergens, food-borne illnesses or other food safety incidents caused by products we sell or involving our suppliers or manufacturers, could result in the discontinuance of sales of these products or cessation of our relationships with such suppliers and manufacturers, or otherwise result in increased operating costs, lost sales, regulatory enforcement actions or harm to our reputation. Shipment of adulterated or misbranded products, even if inadvertent, can result in criminal or civil liability. Such incidents could also expose us to product liability, negligence or other lawsuits, including consumer class action lawsuits. Any claims brought against us may exceed or be outside the scope of our existing or future insurance policy coverage or limits. Any judgment against us that is more than our policy limits or not covered by our policies would have to be paid from our cash reserves, which would reduce our capital resources.

The occurrence of food-borne illnesses or other food safety incidents could also adversely affect the price and availability of affected ingredients and raw materials, resulting in higher costs, disruptions in supply and a reduction in our sales. Furthermore, any instances of food contamination or regulatory noncompliance, whether or not caused by our actions, could compel us, our manufacturing or co-packing partners, our distributors or our retail customers, depending on the circumstances, to conduct a recall in accordance with FDA regulations and comparable foreign laws and regulations, as well as other regulations and laws in the other jurisdictions in which we operate. For example, BlueTriton initiated a voluntary recall of approximately 304,470 cases of spring water in July 2023 due to bromate levels exceeding FDA’s standards. Product recalls could result in significant losses due to their associated costs, the destruction of product inventory, lost sales due to the unavailability of the product for a period of time and potential loss of existing distributors, retail customers and shelf space or e-commerce prominence, and a potential negative impact on our ability to attract new customers and consumers, and our ability to maintain our current customer and consumer base due to negative consumer experiences or because of an adverse impact on our brands and reputation. The costs of a recall could exceed or be outside the scope of our existing or future insurance policy coverage or limits. While we maintain batch and lot tracking capability to identify potential causes for any discovered problems, there is no guarantee that in the case of a potential recall, we will effectively be able to isolate all product that might be associated with any alleged problem, or that we will be able to quickly and conclusively determine the root cause or narrow the scope of the recall. Our potential inability to affect a recall quickly and effectively, or manage the consumer and retailer communication in a way that mitigates concerns, might create adverse effects on our business and reputation, including large recall and disposal costs and significant loss of revenue.

In addition, food and beverage companies have been subject to targeted, large-scale tampering as well as to opportunistic, individual product tampering, and we, like any food company, could be a target for product tampering. Forms of tampering could include the introduction of foreign material, chemical contaminants and pathological organisms into consumer products as well as product substitution. The FDA enforces laws and regulations, such as the Food Safety Modernization Act, which require companies like us to analyze, prepare and implement mitigation strategies specifically to address tampering designed to inflict widespread public health harm. If we do not adequately address the possibility, or any actual instance, of product tampering, we could face possible seizure or recall of our products and the imposition of civil or criminal sanctions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Most areas in which we operate have comparable regulations that we endeavor to comply with, but any failure to meet regulators’ or customers’ expectations could impact our business in these markets and have a material adverse effect on our reputation as well as our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities, restrict our access to water sources, and damage our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we are, from time to time, subject to various litigation and legal proceedings. We are or may be subject to proceedings across a variety of matters, including matters involving stockholder class actions, product liability, water rights, tax audits, unclaimed property audits and related matters, employment, and others. The outcome of litigation and other legal proceedings and the magnitude of potential losses therefrom, particularly with respect to class action lawsuits and regulatory actions, is difficult to assess or quantify. Significant legal proceedings, including those discussed in Note 23, “Commitments and Contingencies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report, if decided adversely to us or settled by us, may require changes to our business operations that negatively impact our operating results or involve significant liability awards that impact our financial condition. The cost to defend litigation may be significant. As a result, legal proceedings may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

We have inherited and may be subject to various litigation claims and legal proceedings, including those relating to product liability and label claims. For example, one of our subsidiaries is currently defending against a lawsuit originally filed against the entity formerly known as Nestlé Waters North America, Inc. (“Nestlé Waters”) arising from the sale and marketing of our Poland Spring branded water. The lawsuit alleges common law fraud, violations of certain consumer protection laws in nine states and, for home and office customers, breach of contract. We believe the plaintiffs’ claims are without merit, and we intend to defend ourselves vigorously. For additional information about this case, see Note 23, “Commitments and Contingencies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report. This litigation may subject us to substantial costs and divert resources and the attention of management from our business. Even if the claims do not result in protracted litigation or are resolved in our favor, the time and resources needed to resolve such claims could divert our management’s resources and adversely affect our business. In addition, from time to time we are subject to litigation claims and legal proceedings relating to water rights. If we are subject to cease and desist orders from regulators regarding certain water sources and related operations, such orders could be material to our business if our access to either is restricted or prohibited for any period of time.

We may establish a reserve, as appropriate, based upon assessments and estimates in accordance with our accounting policies, and we have also asserted insurance claims where appropriate. We base our assessments, estimates, and disclosures on the information available to us at the time, and rely on legal and management judgment. Actual outcomes or losses or any recoveries we may receive from insurance may differ materially from assessments and estimates. Furthermore, actual settlements, judgments, or resolutions of these claims or proceedings may negatively affect our business and financial performance. A successful claim by a regulator that prohibits our use of water from a water source or operations, or a successful claim against us or a settlement agreement that is not covered by insurance or is in excess of our available insurance limits could require us to make significant payments and could result in our having to make changes to our business and operations, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We could be exposed to increased litigation, and other liabilities as a result of the Transaction, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operations.

The Transaction and the integration of BlueTriton and Primo Water may subject the Company to liabilities that may have existed at BlueTriton or Primo Water prior to the Closing or may arise following the Closing, some of which may be unknown or unexpected. Although the parties to the Transaction have conducted due diligence on the operations of BlueTriton and Primo Water, there can be no guarantee that such parties are aware of or have accurately assessed all liabilities of BlueTriton. These liabilities, and any additional risks and uncertainties related to the Transaction not currently known to the parties or that the parties previously deemed immaterial or unlikely to occur, could negatively impact the Company business, financial condition, and results of operations, including profitability. Further, each of BlueTriton’s and Primo Water’s business is different in certain ways from the other, and our results of operations may, as a result, be affected by factors that differ from those currently affecting BlueTriton’s or Primo Water’s results of operations on a previously standalone basis. As a result of the Transaction, we may be exposed to increased litigation from stockholders, customers, suppliers, consumers, and other third parties due to the combined company’s business following the Closing. Any such litigation may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations or may cause disruptions to our operations.

The legal and regulatory environment in the jurisdictions in which we operate, changes thereto and our ability to comply with the same could negatively affect our results of operations, adversely affect demand for our products and services or result in litigation.

As a producer and distributor of water and beverages, we must comply with various federal, state, provincial, local, and foreign laws relating to the extraction, production, packaging, quality, labeling, and distribution of our products. We are also subject to various federal, state, provincial, local, and foreign environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing our workplaces and locations where our products are distributed. Our bottled water must meet FDA or parallel foreign requirements of safety for human consumption, labeling, processing, and distribution under sanitary conditions and production in accordance with FDA’s current “good manufacturing practices.” In addition, the public drinking water we source must meet the standards of the EPA and/or those of similar federal, state, provincial, local, or foreign governmental bodies. Further, any claims we make in marketing our products are subject to the advertising and promotion requirements and restrictions. We also must meet state regulations in a variety of areas, including standards for approved water sources and the information that must be provided and the basis on which any therapeutic claims for water may be made. In addition, certain environmental laws impose liability on current or previous owners or operators of real property for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous substances. These laws often impose liability even if the owner or operator did not know of, or was not responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances and also impose liability on persons who arrange for transportation of hazardous substances to disposal or treatment facilities.

As a company with operations outside North America in the United Kingdom, and Israel, we may also encounter difficulties associated with managing an organization with operations in multiple countries, complying with differing laws and regulations (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 and local laws prohibiting payments to government officials and other corrupt practices, tax laws, regulations and rates), enforcing agreements, and collecting receivables through foreign legal systems. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws, there can be no assurance that our associates, contractors, and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies, particularly as we expand our operations through organic growth and acquisitions. Any such violations could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, including material fines or prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries, and could also materially damage our reputation, brand, international expansion efforts, business, and operating results. Additional risks include the potential for restrictive actions by foreign governments, changes in economic conditions in each market, foreign customers who may have longer payment cycles than customers in the United States, the impact of economic, political, and social instability of those countries in which we operate and acts of nature, such as typhoons, tsunamis, or earthquakes. The overall volatility of the economic environment has increased the risk of disruption and losses resulting from hyper–inflation, currency devaluation, and tax or regulatory changes in certain countries in which we have operations.

In addition to actions brought by governmental agencies, private plaintiffs may also bring actions (including personal injury claims) arising from the presence of hazardous substances on a property. There can be no assurances that we will not be required to make material expenditures in the future for these or other contamination-related concerns or that other responsible parties will cooperate in conducting or paying for their share of any required cleanup.

We strive to maintain all permits or approvals required to conduct our business, but we are not able to ensure we will receive, or will be able to maintain, such approvals in the future or to gain approval necessary to extract or distribute our water products, or otherwise conduct our business. The laws and regulations applicable to us are complex and may change as a result of political, economic, or social events or become more stringent over time. Such regulatory changes may include changes in food and drug laws, laws related to advertising, accounting standards, taxation requirements, our effective tax rate, competition laws, and environmental laws, including laws relating to the regulation of water rights and treatment, and how we may market our products. For instance, PFAS, a group of synthetic substances that has historically been used in food packaging and a wide variety of other products and may be found in water sources (including groundwater aquifers and municipal supplies), has been targeted for risk assessment, restriction, and high-priority remediation, as well as being the subject of litigation, governmental investigations, and legislative and regulatory efforts in the United States and other countries. Changes in laws, regulations, or government policy and related interpretations may alter the environment in which we do business and create increased costs of compliance with current and future environmental laws and regulations, which may negatively affect our results of operations or increase our costs or liabilities.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of existing, new, and proposed tax laws and regulations could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.

Many of the tax laws to which we are subject or under which we operate are unsettled and may be subject to significant change. The issuance of additional guidance related to existing or future tax laws, or changes to tax laws or regulations proposed or implemented by the current or a future U.S. presidential administration, Congress, or taxing authorities in other jurisdictions, including jurisdictions outside of the United States, could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. For example, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (the “OECD”) has announced an accord commonly referred to as “Pillar Two” to set a minimum global corporate tax rate of 15%, which is being or may be implemented in many jurisdictions, including the United States. The OECD is also issuing guidelines that are different, in some respects, than current international tax principles. If countries amend their tax laws to adopt all or part of the OECD guidelines, this may increase tax uncertainty and increase taxes that we are required to pay. We cannot predict whether the U.S. Congress or any other governmental body, whether in the United States or in other jurisdictions, will enact new tax legislation (including increases to tax rates), whether the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or any other tax authority will issue new regulations or other guidance, whether the OECD or any other intergovernmental organization will publish any guidelines on global taxation or whether member states will implement such guidelines, nor can we predict what effect such legislation, regulations or international guidelines might have. To the extent that such changes have a negative impact on us, including as a result of related uncertainty, these changes may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The amount of taxes we pay in different jurisdictions depends on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions, including the United States, to our business activities, tax rates, new or revised tax laws, or interpretations of tax laws and policies, and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions pursuant to our intercompany arrangements or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations. Our financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency. Similarly, a taxing authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.

Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any internal corporate claims and the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with the Company or our directors, officers, associates, or stockholders.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have, or declines to accept, jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) is the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of proceedings: (i) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action, suit, or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or stockholders to the Company or to our stockholders; (iii) any action, suit, or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (“DGCL”) or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws (as either may be amended from time to time); (iv) any action, suit, or proceeding asserting a claim against the Company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine; or (v) any action in the right of the Company asserting a claim as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, which for purposes of this risk factor is referred to herein as the “Delaware Forum Provision.” The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act. Our bylaws provide that the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause or causes of action arising under the Securities Act, including all causes of action asserted against any defendant to such complaint, which for purposes of this risk factor is referred to herein as the “Federal Forum Provision.” There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a provision. In addition, our organizational documents provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing Delaware Forum Provision and Federal Forum Provision. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Delaware Forum

Provision and the Federal Forum Provision do not apply to claims seeking to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act. Nothing in our certificate of incorporation or bylaws precludes stockholders that assert claims under the Exchange Act from bringing such claims in state or federal court, subject to applicable law.

The Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision may impose additional costs on Stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware or were permitted to select another jurisdiction. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our bylaws may limit stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with the Company or our directors, officers, associates, or stockholders, which may discourage such lawsuits against the Company and our directors, officers, associates, and stockholders even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. Alternatively, if a court were to find the Delaware Forum Provision or the Federal Forum Provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to use certain tax attributes may be or become subject to limitation.

As of December 31, 2024, BlueTriton had no U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards and state and Canadian net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $0.6 million and $24.1 million, respectively, and disallowed interest expense carryforwards under Section 163(j) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”), of approximately $513.9 million. As of December 31, 2024, Primo Water and its subsidiaries had approximately $53.9 million of U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards, $7.6 million of state net operating loss carryforwards and $99.2 million of Canadian net operating loss carryforwards, and disallowed interest expense carryforwards under Section 163(j) of the IRC, of approximately $56.1 million.

Our ability to utilize any federal net operating carryforwards and disallowed interest expense carryforwards may become limited under Section 382 of the IRC. The limitation applies if we experience an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in the ownership of our equity by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period. The amount of the annual limitation is generally equal to the product of the applicable long-term tax exempt-rate (as published by the IRS for the month in which the “ownership change” occurred) and the value of our outstanding stock immediately prior to the “ownership change.” If we have a net unrealized built-in gain in our assets immediately prior to the “ownership change,” the annual limitation may be increased in certain situations. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit the use of our state net operating loss carryforwards.

All of the U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards attributable to Primo Water are subject to pre-existing limitations under Section 382 of the IRC that were triggered before any additional limitations arising in connection with the Transaction. Although we expect that an additional "ownership change" resulting in a Code Section 382 limitation on the U.S. tax attributes attributable to Primo Water was triggered as a result of the Transaction, we do not expect such ownership change to meaningfully impact the annual utilization amount of such U.S. federal net operating losses, or of any disallowed interest expense carryforwards under Section 163(j) of the IRC, of Primo Water that existed immediately prior to the Transaction. We have not completed a study to determine whether an “ownership change” was triggered as a result of the Transaction with respect to the disallowed interest expense carryforwards attributable to BlueTriton prior to the Transaction, which in turn would result in a limitation under Section 382 of the IRC with respect to such carryforwards. Further, future sales of our stock (including with respect to Class A common stock subject to registration hereunder) could potentially result in an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 of the IRC, and the effect that such an ownership change could have on our ability to utilize our tax attributes will depend on the facts at the time of such ownership change.

Any “ownership change” with respect to us, which could occur as a result of transactions outside of our control, could potentially result in a limitation on our ability to utilize certain of our tax attributes to offset our taxable income, which could adversely affect our future cash flows.

Accounting and Financial Statements Risks

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

U.S. GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB"), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. The accounting for our business is complex and is subject to change based on the evolution of our business model, interpretations of relevant accounting principles, enforcement of existing or new regulations, and changes in SEC or other agency policies, rules, regulations, and interpretations of accounting regulations. These complexities could lead to a delay in the preparation and dissemination of our financial statements. Changes to our business model and accounting methods, principles, or interpretations could result in significant changes to our financial statements, including changes in revenue and expenses in any period, or in certain categories of revenue and expenses moving to different periods, may result in materially different financial results and may require that we change how we process, analyze, and report financial information and our financial reporting controls. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in restating prior period financial statements.

Significant demands have been placed on our financial controls and reporting systems as a result of the Transaction.

There are a large number of processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies, and systems that must be integrated in connection with the Transaction and significant demands have been placed on our managerial, operational, and financial personnel and systems. Our future operating results may be affected by the ability of our officers and key associates to manage changing business conditions and to implement, expand, and revise our operational and financial controls and reporting systems in response to the Transaction.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies and estimates prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, and equity and the amount of revenue and expenses. Significant estimates and judgments involve: those related to sales incentives recorded against revenue, valuation of assets and liabilities in connection with acquisitions, collectability of trade receivables, inventory reserves, realization of deferred income tax assets, useful lives of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, fair value of reporting units in connection with the annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assessments, and the incremental borrowing rate related to lease obligations. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition, limit our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our indebtedness.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As a result of our substantial indebtedness, a significant amount of our cash flows will be required to pay interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness, and we do not expect to generate sufficient cash flows from operations or have future borrowings available under the New Revolving Credit Facility (as defined in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” of this Annual Report), or our other debt instruments to enable us to repay the entirety of our indebtedness at maturity. If we do not generate sufficient cash from operations to repay at maturity the entirety of the then-outstanding balances of our indebtedness, we will then be dependent upon our ability to refinance such indebtedness or access the credit markets or source additional equity investments to repay the outstanding balances of our indebtedness. Failure to raise sufficient amounts of funding to repay these obligations or to refinance on beneficial terms at maturity would adversely affect our financial condition. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources.” of this Annual Report.

Subject to the limits contained in the Amended Credit Agreement the New Secured Notes Indenture and the New Unsecured Notes Indenture (all as defined in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” of this Annual Report), and our other debt instruments, we may incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments, or acquisitions or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our substantial level of debt would further increase. Specifically, our substantial indebtedness could negatively impact our business, including:

• making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under our debt instruments, and events of default could result if we fail to comply with these obligations;
• limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, investments, or acquisitions or other general corporate purposes;
• requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, investments, or acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;
• increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and market conditions, including inflation and rising interest rates;
• exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement, are at variable rates of interest;
• limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the markets in which we compete and to changing business and economic conditions;
• restricting us from making strategic acquisitions or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures in order to generate cash proceeds necessary to satisfy our debt obligations;
• impairing our ability to obtain additional financing in the future;
• preventing us from raising the funds necessary to repurchase all New Notes (as defined in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” of this Annual Report) tendered to us upon the occurrence of certain changes of control, which failure to repurchase would constitute an event of default under the indenture governing the New Secured Notes Indenture and New Unsecured Notes Indenture (as defined in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” of this Annual Report);
• placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors and affecting our ability to compete;
• increasing our cost of borrowing or limiting our ability to refinance indebtedness.

The occurrence of any one of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to satisfy our obligations in respect of our outstanding debt.

Our indebtedness may expose us to substantial risks.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $5,028.1 million in total debt outstanding. We expect to continue to utilize debt to finance our operations, which will expose us to the typical risks associated with the use of leverage. An increase in leverage could make it more difficult for us to withstand adverse economic conditions or business plan variances, to take advantage of new business opportunities, or to make necessary capital expenditures. Any portion of our cash flow required for debt service would not be available for our operations, distributions, dividends, or other purposes. Any substantial decrease in net operating cash flows or any substantial increase in expenses could make it difficult for us to meet our debt service requirements or force us to modify our operations. Our level of indebtedness may make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and reduce our flexibility in responding to changing business, regulatory, and economic conditions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining any future debt financing on favorable terms or at all and to the extent we become more leveraged, we face an increased likelihood that one or more of the risks described above would materialize. In addition, our actual cash requirements in the future may be greater than expected. We do not expect that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, nor can we assure you that future borrowings will be available to us in amounts sufficient to enable us to pay the entirety of our indebtedness at maturity or to fund our other long-term liquidity needs.

If we fail to generate sufficient cash flow from future operations to meet our debt service obligations, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity. We cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on attractive terms, commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we cannot service or refinance our indebtedness, we may have to take actions such as selling assets, seeking additional equity, or reducing or delaying capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions, investments, and alliances, any of which could impede the implementation of our business strategy, prevent us from entering into transactions that would otherwise benefit our business, and/or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our future operating performance and our ability to service or refinance our indebtedness will be subject to future economic conditions and to financial, business, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Disruption in the financial markets could affect our ability to refinance or restructure existing indebtedness obligations on favorable terms, or at all.

We may, in the future, wish to repay or refinance some of our debt obligations on an opportunistic basis. However, disruptions in the credit markets or uncertainty in the United States or elsewhere could result in a tightening of financial markets. As a result of financial market turmoil, we may not be able to obtain the necessary funding to refinance our existing debt obligations on favorable terms (or at all). If we are unable to successfully refinance our obligations on reasonable terms and conditions (including, but not limited to, pricing and other fee payments), this could result in additional costs to us.

Our credit ratings are subject to ongoing evaluation.

As a result of the Transaction, Primo Water Holdings Inc. and Triton Water Holdings, Inc., the issuers of the outstanding debt of Primo Water and BlueTriton, respectively, became wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. The outstanding debt of both Primo Water and BlueTriton has been periodically rated by nationally recognized credit rating agencies. As a result of the Transaction, BlueTriton received an upgrade to the rating of its debt and the rating of Primo Water’s debt did not change. In addition, the Company was issued credit ratings in connection with the public announcement of the Transaction. The credit ratings of BlueTriton, Primo Water, and the Company may be adversely affected by various factors including increased debt levels, decreased earnings, declines in customer demands, increased competition, and the deterioration in general economic and business conditions. The credit rating of BlueTriton, Primo Water, and the Company are subject to ongoing evaluation by credit rating agencies, and there can be no assurance that such ratings will be maintained in the future. Downgrades in BlueTriton’s, Primo Water’s, or the Company’s ratings could adversely affect our business, cash flows, availability of capital, cost of capital, financial condition, operating results, and stock and debt prices.

Primo Water and/or BlueTriton may have liabilities that are not known at this time.

As a result of the Transaction, we have effectively consolidated all of the liabilities of Primo Water and BlueTriton, whether or not currently known. There may be claims, assessments, or liabilities that were not discovered or identified in the course of performing due diligence investigations of the two businesses. In addition, there may be liabilities that are neither probable nor estimable at this time which may become probable and estimable in the future. Any such liabilities, whether known or unknown, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may uncover additional information about the businesses that adversely affects us, such as unknown, unasserted, or contingent liabilities and issues relating to compliance with applicable laws.

We do not expect to be able to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to repay all of our indebtedness at maturity and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to repay our debt obligations at maturity, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and results of operations and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations. If we do not generate sufficient cash from operations to repay at maturity the entirety of the then-outstanding balances of our indebtedness, we will then be dependent upon our ability to refinance such indebtedness or access the credit markets or source additional equity investments to repay the outstanding balances of our indebtedness. Failure to raise sufficient amounts of funding to repay these obligations or to refinance on beneficial terms at maturity would adversely affect our financial condition. Additionally, if we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default under our debt agreements. Such a default, if not cured or waived, may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt that is subject to an applicable cross-acceleration or cross-default provision. In addition, an event of default could permit our lenders to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under our credit facilities. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under our credit facilities, those lenders could enforce their security interest in the collateral securing such indebtedness, including our available cash. In the event our lenders or noteholders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business, legislative, regulatory, and other factors beyond our control. We do not expect to maintain a level of cash flows from operations sufficient to permit us to repay all of our indebtedness at maturity.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to meet our operating needs and fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. Additionally, we may not be able to obtain loans or other financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our operating needs or our scheduled debt service obligations. Our debt agreements restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from such dispositions and may also restrict our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. Because of these restrictions, we may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.

Additionally, our debt agreements permit us to pay certain dividends or make other restricted payments in the future, subject to certain limitations. Any dividends or other restricted payments would reduce our cash available to service our debt and the related risks that we now face would increase.

Despite our level of indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may still incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above and impair our ability to operate our business.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $5,028.1 million in total debt outstanding. However, we and our subsidiaries may incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. Although our debt agreements contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, including with respect to our ability to incur additional indebtedness. The additional indebtedness we may incur in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness

(including, among others, trade payables and other expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business). Furthermore, as of February 12, 2025, we had available borrowing capacity under the New Revolving Credit Facility (as defined herein) of $750 million. Additionally, pursuant to our debt agreements, we have the option to raise incremental term loans or increase commitments under our New Revolving Credit Facility by certain amounts pursuant to the credit agreements governing such facilities. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face would increase.

We are a holding company with no operations and may not have access to sufficient cash to meet our financial obligations.

We are a holding company and have limited direct operations. Our most significant assets are the equity interests we directly and indirectly hold in our subsidiaries. As a result, we are dependent upon dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our outstanding debt service and other obligations and such dividends may be restricted by law or the instruments governing our indebtedness. Our subsidiaries may not generate sufficient cash from operations to enable us to make principal and interest payments on our indebtedness. In addition, our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and any payments on dividends, distributions, loans, or advances to us by our subsidiaries could be subject to legal and contractual restrictions on dividends. In addition, payments to us by our subsidiaries will be contingent upon our subsidiaries’ earnings. Additionally, we may be limited in our ability to cause any future joint ventures under which our subsidiaries distribute their earnings to us. Subject to certain qualifications, our subsidiaries are permitted under the terms of our indebtedness to incur additional indebtedness that may restrict payments from those subsidiaries to us. We cannot assure you that agreements governing the current and future indebtedness of our subsidiaries will permit those subsidiaries to provide us with sufficient cash to fund our financial obligations.

The terms of our debt agreements impose restrictions that may limit our current and future operating flexibility, particularly our ability to respond to changes in the economy or our industry or to take certain actions, which could harm our long-term interests and may limit our ability to make payments on our indebtedness.

Our debt agreements contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interest, including restrictions on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to:

• incur additional indebtedness, guarantee indebtedness, or issue disqualified stock;
• pay dividends on, redeem or repurchase stock, or make other distributions in respect of capital stock and make other restricted payments;
• prepay, redeem, or repurchase certain debt;
• issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities;
• make loans and investments;
• transfer, lease, or sell certain assets;
• create or permit to exist certain liens;
• enter into certain transactions with affiliates;
• operate together on other than an arm's length basis;
• consolidate, merge, sell, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets;
• agree to dividend or other payment restrictions affecting our restricted subsidiaries; and
• designate restricted and unrestricted subsidiaries.

As a result of all of these restrictions, we may be:

• limited in how we conduct our business;
• unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns; or
• unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities.

These restrictions might hinder our ability to grow in accordance with our strategies. These covenants could materially and adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs. Furthermore, they may restrict our ability to expand, pursue our business strategies, and otherwise conduct our business. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by circumstances and events beyond our control, such as prevailing economic conditions, pandemics or epidemics, and changes in regulations, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such covenants. These restrictions also limit our ability to obtain future financings to withstand a future downturn in our business or the economy in general. In addition, complying with these covenants may also cause us to take actions that are not favorable to our equity owners and may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy and compete against companies that are not subject to such restrictions.

Furthermore, our ability to borrow under the New Revolving Credit Facility (as defined herein) is limited by a borrowing base and may be restricted by the agreements governing our indebtedness. Under certain circumstances, the New Revolving Credit Facility require us to comply with a minimum interest coverage ratio and a minimum leverage ratio and may require us to reduce debt or take other actions in order to comply with such ratios.

A breach of the covenants under our debt agreements could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default, if not cured or waived, may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt that is subject to an applicable cross-acceleration or cross-default provision. In addition, an event of default under our credit facilities would permit the lenders to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under our credit facilities. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under our credit facilities, those lenders could enforce their security interest in the collateral securing such indebtedness, including our available cash. In the event our lenders or holders of the New Secured Notes or the New Unsecured Notes (both as defined herein) accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our senior credit facilities bear interest at variable rates and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed may remain the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease.

General Risk Factors

Global or regional catastrophic events could affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business may be affected by large- or small-scale terrorist acts, especially those directed against the United States or other major industrialized countries in which we do business, major natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, earthquakes, or other acts of nature, as well as blowouts, epidemics, pandemics, diseases, fires, explosions, industrial accidents, power grid failures, strikes, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, transportation interruption, waste disposal accidents, waterborne illness outbreaks and other events. In addition, world economies and capital markets have been adversely impacted by COVID-19 and its variants, the war in the Ukraine, the Israel-Hamas war in the Middle East, and political instability in the United States and elsewhere. Such events could impair our ability to manage our business, disrupt our supply of raw materials and affect production, transportation, and delivery of products. Any of these risks could adversely affect our ability to conduct operations or result in substantial losses to us as a result of damage to and destruction of property and equipment, including property and equipment owned by third parties which our operations rely upon; damage to natural resources, pollution, and other environmental damage, regulatory investigations, suspension or delay of our operations, substantial liability claims, and remediation costs. In addition, such events could cause disruption of regional or global economic activity, which can affect consumers’ purchasing power in the affected areas and, therefore, reduce demand for our products. Such events could affect our operations and the operations of our customers, distributors, suppliers, and other third parties with whom we do business. Alternative facilities with sufficient capacity or capabilities may not be available, may cost substantially more or may take a significant time to start production, each of which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Our results of operations may be negatively affected by uncertainty in the financial markets, general macroeconomic conditions and global financial events.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity may be adversely affected by global economic conditions, including high inflation, credit market conditions, increased unemployment, labor market shortages, supply chain disruptions, reduced levels of consumer and business confidence, commodity (including energy) prices and supply, a recession or economic slowdown, geopolitical events, including the war in Ukraine, the Israel-Hamas war in the Middle East, trade policies, foreign currency exchange rates, changing policy positions or priorities, levels of government spending and deficits and actual or anticipated default on debt.

Periods of uncertainty in the financial markets and adverse economic conditions could have a number of different effects on our business, including:

• a reduction in consumer spending and demand for our products, which could result in a reduction in our sales volume;
• a negative impact on the ability of our customers to timely pay their obligations to us or our vendors to timely supply materials, thus reducing our cash flow;
• an increase in counterparty risk; and
• restricted access to capital markets that may limit our ability to take advantage of business opportunities.

If economic conditions deteriorate, our industry, business, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In recent years, global financial events have resulted in the consolidation, failure, or near failure of a number of institutions in the banking, insurance, and investment banking industries, and have substantially reduced the ability of companies to obtain financing. These events also adversely affected the financial markets. These events could continue to have a number of different effects on our business, including: a reduction in consumer spending, which could result in a reduction in our sales volume; a negative impact on the ability of our customers to timely pay their obligations to us or our vendors to timely supply materials, thus reducing our cash flow; an increase in counterparty risk; an increased likelihood that one or more members of our banking syndicate may be unable to honor their commitments under our Amended Credit Agreement; and restricted access to capital markets, which may limit our ability to take advantage of business opportunities. In addition, we deposit substantial funds in financial institutions and may, from time to time, maintain cash balances at such financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limit. Should one or more of the financial institutions at which our deposits are maintained fail, there is no guarantee as to the extent that we would recover the funds deposited, whether through FDIC coverage or otherwise, or the timing of recovery. The failure of a financial institution at which our customers, distributors, suppliers, and other third parties with whom we do business maintain cash balances could have a negative impact on our customers, distributors, suppliers and other third parties with whom we do business’ ability to purchase and distribute our product. Other events or conditions may arise or persist directly or indirectly from the global financial events that could negatively affect our business.

Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy and Governance

The Company maintains a robust cybersecurity infrastructure to safeguard our operations, networks and data through comprehensive security measures including our technology tools, internal management and external service providers.

The Company’s Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) is responsible for assessing, identifying, and managing our risks from cybersecurity threats. This individual has over 30 years of experience in information security positions. Our CISO holds the Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control ("CRISC") certification from the Information Systems Audit and Control Association, a leading independent cybersecurity association.

Our Board of Directors, primarily through the Audit Committee, oversees management's approach to managing cybersecurity risks. The Audit Committee holds periodic discussions with management regarding the Company’s guidelines and policies with respect to cybersecurity risks and receives regular reports regarding such risks and the steps management has taken to monitor and control any exposure resulting from such risks. Our CISO also leads an annual review and discussion with the full Board of Directors dedicated to the Company’s cyber risks, threats, and protections and provides updates throughout the year, as warranted.

We have processes and a risk-based approach that align with the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework. Our information security program includes, among other aspects, vulnerability management, antivirus and malware protection, encryption and access control, and employee training. The CISO reviews emerging threats, controls, and procedures as part of assessing, identifying, and managing risks. This review aids in the identification of material breaches at other companies, including our third-party service providers. The CISO also discusses trends in cyber risks and our strategy to defend our information against cybersecurity incidents with our Audit Committee and executive leadership team on a regular basis, in addition to the annual review and discussion with the full board.

In addition to our dedicated information security and technology teams monitoring our daily operations, we engage independent third-party cybersecurity providers for managed systems security, endpoint detection and response, and threat and vulnerability management. Regular communication with these providers aids in the identification and remediation of potential threats, and we regularly review our relationships with and services from these providers against industry standards and evolving cybersecurity threats.

We also endeavor to apprise employees of emerging risks and require them to undergo annual security awareness trainings and supplemental trainings as needed. All employees undergo annual training and there are additional trainings for certain roles and functions. Additionally, we conduct periodic internal exercises to gauge the effectiveness of the trainings and assess the need for additional training.

Material cybersecurity incidents are required to be reported to the Board of Directors and to the SEC on Form 8-K. Our systems and services are vulnerable to interruptions or other failures resulting from cybersecurity attacks, such as computer viruses, ransomware, phishing, hackers, or other security issues. In addition, the rapid evolution and increased adoption of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, may intensify our cybersecurity risks. An interruption or cybersecurity breach, disruption or misuse of our information systems, or the information systems of our third-party service providers, could have a material negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations but we have processes in place to mitigate these risks. As of the date of this report, in the past twelve months, we have not experienced material business disruption, monetary loss, and/or data loss as a result of phishing, business email compromise or other types of attacks, and we have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future.

Our business is supported by our extensive manufacturing and distribution network. Our manufacturing footprint encompasses 71 strategically located manufacturing and production facilities and 276 branch distribution and warehouse facilities. Our facilities are used to support our operations and are suitable and adequate to carry out our business at expected capacity for the foreseeable future. The facilities and square footage amounts noted below do not include vacant or underutilized properties.

The following table is a summary of our properties as of December 31, 2024 and excludes properties classified as discontinued operations:

(square feet in millions)

1 Lease terms for non-owned properties expire between 2025 and 2040.

From time to time, we are a party to various claims and legal proceedings with respect to matters such as governmental regulations, income taxes, and other actions arising out of the normal course of business. With the exception of the putative class action against Nestlé Waters commenced by Mark Patane and 11 other named plaintiffs in the U.S. District Court in the District of Connecticut, as described in Note 23. "Commitments and Contingencies" to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not currently a party to any other material pending legal proceedings.

Objective

The following discussion provides an analysis of the Company’s financial condition, cash flows and results of operations from management's perspective and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements And Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report. Our objective is to also provide discussion of events and uncertainties known to management that are reasonably likely to cause reported financial information not to be indicative of future operating results or of future financial condition and to offer information that provides understanding of our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Overview

Primo Brands is a leading North American branded beverage company with a focus on healthy hydration, delivering responsibly and domestically sourced diversified offerings across products, formats, channels, price points and consumer occasions, distributed in every state and Canada.

We have an extensive portfolio of highly recognizable, responsibly sourced and conveniently packaged branded beverages distributed across more than 200,000 retail outlets, including established billion-dollar brands (which are our brands that generate more than $1 billion in annual net sales), Poland Spring® and Pure Life®, premium brands like Saratoga® and Mountain Valley®, regional leaders such as Arrowhead®, Deer Park®, Ice Mountain®, Ozarka®, and Zephyrhills®, purified brands including Primo WaterTM and Sparkletts®, and flavored and enhanced brands like AC+ION® and Splash RefresherTM. These brands are sold directly across retail channels, including mass food, convenience, natural, drug, wholesale, distributors and home improvement, as well as food service accounts in North America. We also have extensive direct-to-consumer offerings with our industry-leading line-up of innovative water dispensers, which create customer and consumer connectivity through recurring water purchases across our Water Direct, Water Exchange and Water Refill businesses. Through our Water Direct business, we deliver responsibly sourced hydration solutions direct to home and business customers. Through our Water Exchange business, consumers can visit approximately 26,500 retail locations and purchase a pre-filled, multi-use bottle of water that can be exchanged after use for a discount on the next purchase. Through our Water Refill business, consumers have the option to refill empty multi-use bottles at approximately 23,500 self-service refill stations. We also offer water filtration units for home and business consumers across North America.

Trends and Factors Affecting Results of Operations

Evolving Customer Trends

We believe we are well-positioned to benefit from evolving consumer trends, as well as the continued acceleration of e-commerce. These favorable trends, combined with the broad appeal of our brands, provide us with a significant opportunity to drive the growth of our business.

• Ability to Increase Brand Awareness – Our ability to increase brand awareness has and will continue to contribute meaningfully to our performance. We focus on creating, capturing and retaining new demand by increasing our brand awareness while also increasing our value proposition to our customers. We aim to continue to increase our brand awareness through continued local community engagement, national media campaigns, growing our social community and innovating our packaging to make our brands and products visually appealing and distinctive from other bottled water brands.
• Product Innovation and Expansion – We see significant potential to grow our sales in underpenetrated, high-growth segments of the bottled water category, such as sparkling, flavored and enhanced waters, by leveraging the brand equity of our existing brands to develop new and innovative beverage offerings. Through the flexible production capabilities of our existing infrastructure and our extensive distribution and retail relationships, we believe we will be able to quickly develop, produce and commercialize new products. We intend to continue investing in innovations within our product portfolio, as well as the development and introduction of new products.
• E-commerce – Given the trend towards growth of sales through e-commerce websites and mobile commerce applications, including through subscription services and other direct-to-consumer businesses, the consumer is leveraging multiple methods of engagement including the digital marketplace.

Consolidation in the Retail Industry

Our industry has been affected by the trend toward consolidation in the retail channel. Many of our retail customers have consolidated in recent years, and this consolidation trend may continue. As a result, our retail customers may seek lower pricing and demand increased marketing or promotional expenditures from us. Large retailers are also increasingly using their distribution networks and economies of scale to introduce and develop private-label brands, such as those carried by supermarket chains, convenience store chains, drug store chains, mass merchants and club warehouses. See Item 1A. "Risk Factors — Risks Related to our Customers, Suppliers and Associates" in this Annual Report.

General Economic Conditions and Other Factors

Our operations and supplier relationships expose us to risks associated with disruptions to global supply chains, tariffs and the ongoing Russia/Ukraine and Israel/Hamas conflicts, all of which are likely to continue to create challenging conditions for our business through increased costs, lower consumer spending, volatility in financial markets or other impacts. While we have taken steps to minimize the impact of these increased costs, global supply chain disruption may deteriorate, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The markets in which we operate are subject to some seasonal variations. Our water sales are generally higher during the warmer months. Our purchases of raw materials and related accounts payable fluctuate based upon the demand for our products. The seasonality of our sales volume causes our working capital needs to fluctuate throughout the year.

We conduct operations in Canada and we are subject to currency exchange risks to the extent that our costs are denominated in currencies other than those in which we earn revenues. As our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar have had, and will continue to have, an impact on our results of operations.

Ingredient and packaging costs represent a significant portion of our cost of sales. These costs are subject to global and regional commodity price trends. Our most significant commodities are polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) resin, high-density polyethylene (“HDPE”) and polycarbonate bottles, caps and preforms, labels and cartons and trays. We attempt to manage our exposure to fluctuations in ingredient and packaging costs by entering into fixed price commitments for a portion of our ingredient and packaging requirements and implementing price increases as needed.

In 2024, our capital expenditures were devoted primarily to supporting growth in our business, maintaining existing facilities and making equipment upgrades.

Factors Affecting Comparability of Financial Information

BlueTriton - Primo Water Transaction

On November 8, 2024, Primo Brands consummated the transactions contemplated by the Arrangement Agreement in which Primo Brands became the surviving corporation, and Primo Water and BlueTriton became wholly-owned subsidiaries of Primo Brands (the “Transaction”). See Explanatory Note and Note 1 “Description of the Business” to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report for additional information.

We accounted for the Transaction as a business combination in which BlueTriton was the accounting acquirer. Accordingly, assets acquired and liabilities assumed were measured at their acquisition date fair values as of November 8, 2024. Our consolidated results of operations include the results of Primo Water from November 9, 2024 through December 31, 2024.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We present certain non-GAAP measures in this Annual Report, including Adjusted EBITDA and measures derived therefrom, which are not required by, or presented in accordance with, U.S. GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest and financing expense, net, provision for (benefit from) income taxes, and depreciation and amortization, further adjusted for acquisition, integration and restructuring expenses, share-based compensation costs, unrealized loss (gain) on foreign exchange and commodity forwards, loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net, gain on extinguishment of debt, management fees, and other adjustments, net. This is an important metric that management uses as an analytical indicator to evaluate our performance, allocate resources, and measure leverage. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is a useful metric for management,” investors, and analysts because it excludes certain items that can vary widely across different industries or among companies within the same industry, and it removes the impact of items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. These differences can result in considerable variability in the relative costs of productive assets and the depreciation and amortization expense among companies, and we believe these adjustments allow for consistent comparison of our operating results over time and relative to our peers.

We use Adjusted EBITDA to supplement U.S. GAAP measures of performance in evaluating the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to establish annual budgets and forecasts. We also use Adjusted EBITDA to establish short-term incentive compensation for management.

Adjusted EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. It is not a measurement of our financial performance under U.S. GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other businesses. This non-GAAP metric does not necessarily indicate whether cash flow will be sufficient or available to meet our cash requirements and may not be indicative of our historical operating results, nor are such measures meant to be predictive of our future results. In the future, we may incur expenses similar to the adjustments noted herein to calculate Adjusted EBITDA. However, the magnitude of such adjustments for the periods presented herein is not necessarily indicative of the magnitude of such adjustments in future periods. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider these measures in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our operating results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations include that:

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary, to service interest on our indebtedness;
• although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and not all of these measures reflect cash requirements for such replacements;
• non-cash compensation is a key element of our long-term executive incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period;
• the fact that other companies in our industry may calculate these measures differently than we do, which limits their usefulness as comparative measures; and
• these measures do not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations.

Furthermore, we compensate for the limitations described above by relying primarily on our U.S. GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA only for supplemental purposes.

The following table reconciles net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

($ in millions)

47

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Consolidated Results

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated:

($ in millions)

The following table sets forth our consolidated Net sales by water type:

($ in millions)

Net Sales

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net sales were $5,152.5 million, an increase of $453.8 million, or 9.7%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to $254.4 million of Primo Water sales as a result of the Transaction, as well as a 3.6% organic volume growth.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of manufacturing, shipping and logistics, storage and handling, personnel costs and allocated facilities and overhead costs associated with products sold. Manufacturing costs consist primarily of raw materials, packaging costs and labor and utilities to convert raw materials into finished products.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, cost of sales was $3,530.9 million, an increase of $184.2 million, or 5.5%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in costs is primarily driven by $170.9 million incurred as a result of the Primo Water sales increase due to the Transaction. We were able to significantly manage variable costs as the greater organic sales volume increase resulted in an insignificant increase in cost of sales, as a $33.1 million increase in factory labor, maintenance and overhead costs was largely offset by a year-over-year improvement in freight costs of $14.1 million and water sourcing of $11.5 million.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

During the year ended December 31, 2024, gross profit was $1,621.6 million, an increase of $269.6 million, or 19.9%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, and gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 31.5%, as compared to 28.8% during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by increased sales volumes allowing for better leveraging of our fixed costs, as well as the aforementioned beneficial freight and water sourcing efficiencies.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Costs recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses include product marketing and advertising expenses, selling costs, including commissions, information technology (“IT”) and all other costs associated with corporate functions, oversight and support.

Selling, general and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024 were $1,050.6 million, an increase of $126.4 million, or 13.7%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily reflecting the post-Transaction increase of $70.2 million. Also contributing to the increase were higher underlying expenses, primarily a $30.1 million increase in selling costs including sales and promotional programs and a $18.4 million, or 9.3%, increase in marketing spend to help drive the increase in organic sales. These increases were partially offset by $18.8 million lower of IT spend when compared to the prior year.

Acquisition, Integration and Restructuring Expenses

Acquisition expenses include those costs associated with our acquisitions, as well as costs incurred on potential acquisitions. Integration and restructuring expenses mainly include IT implementation costs, costs incurred to achieve post-acquisition synergies and costs incurred on business optimization, among others.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, acquisition, integration and restructuring expenses were $204.1 million, an increase of $187.2 million, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of the Transaction. We incurred expenses of $108.7 million leading up to, and as a result of, the Closing. Additionally, we have incurred $95.4 million related to integration initiatives, including severance charges and consulting fees, during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net, includes primarily foreign exchange, unrealized mark-to-market adjustments for commodity forwards and other infrequent income or charges.

Other operating expense, net, during the year ended December 31, 2024 were $6.6 million, an increase of $1.7 million, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an unrealized loss of $1.8 million on commodity forwards and the negative impact of foreign exchange translation in the current period.

Interest and Financing Expense, Net

Interest and financing expense, net, primarily related to interest expense on our debt and finance leases, revolver commitment fees and costs associated with our debt, partially offset by interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, interest and financing expense, net, was $339.6 million, an increase of $51.5 million, or 17.9%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily relating to the $33.1 million of interest related to the addition of the 2024 Incremental Term Loans (as defined below) in March 2024, and $7.1 million incurred as a result of the addition of the 3.875% Senior Notes and the 4.375% Senior Notes as part of the Transaction.

Provision for Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $33.3 million, in 2024 compared to $25.1 million in 2023. The effective tax rate was 160.9% in 2024 compared to 21.3% in 2023.

The effective tax rate for 2024 increased from the effective tax rate from 2023 due primarily to non-deductible transaction costs, change in enacted rates, and related-party transactions from the merger. The effective tax rate for 2024 differs from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to (a) significant permanent differences for which we have not recognized a tax benefit; (b) income in tax jurisdictions with lower statutory tax rate than the U.S.; and (c) losses in tax jurisdictions with existing valuation allowances.

Net (Loss) Income From Continuing Operations

The net loss from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $12.6 million, a reduction of $105.4 million as compared to net income from continuing operations of $92.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the factors mentioned above.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Consolidated Results

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated:

($ in millions)

*Not meaningful

The following table sets forth our consolidated Net sales by water type:

($ in millions)

Net Sales

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net sales were $4,698.7 million, an increase of $257.6 million, or 5.8%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily relating to the carryover impact of price increases taken throughout 2022, negatively impacted by a 2.3% decrease in volumes.

Cost of Sales

During the year ended December 31, 2023, cost of sales was $3,346.7 million, a decrease of $100.2 million, or 2.9%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as result of 2.3% lower sales volumes, $26.5 million less depreciation and amortization due to the full depreciation of assets created as a result of purchase accounting, and favorable freight and packaging costs, primarily resin pricing, when compared to the prior year. The decrease was partially offset by higher costs per unit from increased storage and handling and, to a lesser degree, labor and overhead-related costs, when compared to the prior year.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

During the year ended December 31, 2023, gross profit was $1,352.0 million, an increase of $357.8 million, or 36.0%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, and gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 28.8%, as compared to 22.4% during the year ended December 31, 2022. The 640 basis point margin improvement was primarily the result of the

8.1% revenue growth in price and mix, primarily driven by the benefit of price increases taken throughout 2022, as well as consistent beneficial freight and resin pricing.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023 were $924.2 million, an increase of $37.2 million, or 4.2%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by a $30.4 million increase in spending on IT, and to a lesser extent administrative personnel costs, and recycling processing fees, partially offset by reductions in spending on marketing, sales and promotional programs, and legal fees when compared to the prior year.

Acquisition, Integration and Restructuring Expenses

During the year ended December 31, 2023, acquisition, integration and restructuring expenses were $16.9 million, a decrease of $66.9 million, or 79.8%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of a year over year decrease in IT implementation costs of $56.0 million and, to a lesser extent, lower severance costs during 2023.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net, during the year ended December 31, 2023 were $4.9 million, an increase of $4.8 million, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to unrealized loss of $3.6 million related to commodity forward contracts and an unrealized foreign exchange loss in the 2023 period.

Gain on Extinguishment of Debt

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid $47.0 million to repurchase $57.0 million in face value of 6.250% Senior Notes (as defined below), resulting in recorded gains of $8.7 million on extinguishment of debt, net of write-off of $1.3 million of capitalized debt issuance costs.

Interest and Financing Expense, Net

During the year ended December 31, 2023, interest and financing expense, net, was $288.1 million, an increase of $76.3 million, or 36.0%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily relating to an approximately 270 basis point increase in the average variable interest rate on the Term Loans (as defined herein), and to a lesser extent, due to outstanding revolver balances during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Tax

Income tax expense was $25.1 million in 2023 compared to a benefit from income taxes of $53.1 million in 2022. The effective tax rate was 21.3% in 2023, compared to 29.5% in 2022.

The effective tax rate for 2023 decreased from the effective tax rate from 2022 due primarily to state enacted rate changes and research and development credits. The effective tax rate for 2023 differs from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to (a) state enacted rate changes and (b) research and development tax credits.

Net Income (Loss) From Continuing Operations

The net income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $92.8 million, an improvement of $219.5 million as compared to a net loss from continuing operations of $126.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to the factors mentioned above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal liquidity requirements are for working capital and general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures and debt service, dividends and acquisitions. We have historically funded our operations and acquisitions primarily through debt financing and cash provided by operating activities.

We believe that a combination of cash generated from operating activities, and undrawn availability under the New Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) will provide sufficient liquidity to support our working capital needs, planned growth and capital expenditure needs, service the ongoing principal and interest payments on our indebtedness, along with our other funding and investment requirements for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. However, we do not expect to generate sufficient cash from operations to repay at maturity the entirety of the then-outstanding balances of our debt. As a result, we will then be dependent upon our ability to refinance such indebtedness or access the credit markets or source additional equity investments to repay the outstanding balances of our indebtedness. Failure to raise significant amounts of funding to repay these obligations or to refinance on beneficial terms at maturity would adversely affect our financial condition. We may also require additional capital in the future to pursue attractive acquisition opportunities in our industry. In addition, our ability to service our indebtedness and to fund our other liquidity requirements will depend on our ability to generate and access cash in the future, which is subject to general economic, financial, contractual, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, as well as the factors described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $614.4 million of cash on hand (of which $0.7 million is restricted). We had access to $350.0 million of revolving loan commitments (availability of $283.6 million, net of gross availability adjustments of $14.8 million and outstanding letters of credit of $51.6 million) under the ABL Credit Facility and we had access to $350.0 million of revolving loan commitments (availability of $284.6 million, net of outstanding letters of credit of $65.4 million) under the Revolving Credit Facility (defined below). We, or our affiliates, may from time to time seek to repurchase or retire outstanding debt through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, tender offers or otherwise. Any future repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity, contractual restrictions, and other factors. The amounts involved may be material.

The Refinancing Transactions

On January 27, 2025, we commenced separate private offers to exchange (collectively, the “Offers”) the three series of outstanding senior notes issued by either Primo Water Holdings Inc. (“Primo Issuer”) or Triton Water Holdings, Inc. (“Triton Water Holdings” and together with the Primo Issuer, the “Issuers”) (the “Existing Senior Notes”), for three new series of senior notes to be co-issued by the Issuers and cash. The Offers expired on February 25, 2025 and the remaining exchanges are expected to settle on February 28, 2025 (the “Final Settlement Date”). The Offers consisted of the following:

• an offer to exchange any and all of the €450,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of the Primo Issuer's outstanding 3.875% Senior Notes (as defined herein) for a combination of new 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (the “New Secured Euro Notes”), to be co-issued by the Issuers, and cash;
• an offer to exchange any and all of the $750,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of the Primo Issuer's outstanding 4.375% Senior Notes (as defined herein) for a combination of new 4.375% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 (the “New Secured Dollar Notes” and, together with the New Secured Euro Notes, the “New Secured Notes”), to be co-issued by the Issuers, and cash; and
• an offer to exchange any and all of the $713,023,000 in aggregate principal amount of Triton Water Holdings' outstanding 6.250% Senior Notes (as defined herein) for a combination of new 6.250% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “New Unsecured Notes” and together with the New Secured Notes, the “New Notes”), to be co-issued by the Issuers, and cash.

In conjunction with the Offers, the Issuers solicited (collectively, the “Consent Solicitations”) consents from eligible holders of the Existing Senior Notes to (i) certain proposed amendments to eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants, certain of the default provisions, and certain other provisions contained in each indenture governing the applicable series of Existing Senior Notes (collectively, the “Proposed Amendments”) and (ii) with respect to the 3.875% Senior Notes and the 4.375% Senior Notes, release the note guarantee of each guarantor of each such series of notes. The Issuers were required to receive consents (the “Requisite Consents”) from eligible holders of the Existing Senior Notes representing a majority in aggregate principal amount of the applicable series of Existing Senior Notes outstanding to adopt the Proposed Amendments and effectuate the guarantor releases, in each case, with respect to the applicable series of Existing Senior Notes.

Pursuant to the Offers, the aggregate principal amounts of the Existing Senior Notes set forth below were validly tendered and accepted and subsequently cancelled:

• €439,237,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.875% Senior Notes;
• $746,331,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.375% Senior Notes; and
• $699,072,000 aggregate principal amount of 6.250% Senior Notes.

Following such cancellation, the aggregate principal amounts of the Existing Senior Notes set forth below remain outstanding as of February 12, 2025:

• €10,763,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.875% Senior Notes;
• $3,669,000 aggregate principal amount of the 4.375% Senior Notes; and
• $13,951,000 aggregate principal amount of 6.250% Senior Notes.

In connection with the early settlement of the Offers (the “Early Settlement”) on February 12, 2025 (the “Early Settlement Date”), the Issuers co-issued (i) €439,237,000 aggregate principal amount of New Secured Euro Notes, (ii) $746,331,000 aggregate principal amount of New Secured Dollar Notes, and (iii) $699,072,000 aggregate principal amount of New Unsecured Notes.

As we received the Requisite Consents in connection with the Consent Solicitations, we effectuated the Proposed Amendments on the Early Settlement Date and, as a result, among other things, all shares of Class B common stock converted to Class A common stock and we are now deemed a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards. While we are a “controlled company” by such standards, we do not currently intend to rely on any of the related corporate governance exemptions. However, we may elect to rely on certain of these exemptions if they are available to us in the future.

Substantially concurrently with the issuance of the New Notes on the Early Settlement Date, we (i) repaid all amounts outstanding, and terminated commitments, under the ABL Credit Facility, (ii) repaid all amounts outstanding, and terminated commitments, under the Revolving Credit Facility, and (iii) entered into an amendment, which amended the credit agreement governing the Term Loans to, among other things, (x) reprice the Term Loans and to make related changes to effect such repricing, and (y) provide for a new revolving credit facility (the “New Revolving Credit Facility,” and the transactions referred to in clauses (i) through (iii), the “Credit Facilities Transactions,” and, the Credit Facilities Transactions, together with the Offers and Consent Solicitations, collectively, the “Refinancing Transactions”).

On the Early Settlement Date, the Company announced that the Issuers completed the early settlement of the exchange of Existing Senior Notes validly tendered and accepted by the Issuers for a combination of New Notes of the applicable series and cash.

Pursuant to the Offers, after the early tender date and on or prior to the expiration date, the additional aggregate principal amounts of the Existing Senior Notes set forth below were validly tendered and expected to be accepted and subsequently cancelled on the Final Settlement date:

• €2,640,000 aggregate principal amount of the 3.875% Senior Notes;
• $120,000 aggregate principal amount of the 4.375% Senior Notes; and
• $13,688,000 aggregate principal amount of the 6.250% Senior Notes.

Following such cancellation, the aggregate principal amounts of the Existing Senior Notes set forth below are expected to remain outstanding:

• €8,123,000 aggregate principal amount of the 3.875% Senior Notes;
• $3,549,000 aggregate principal amount of the 4.375% Senior Notes; and
• $263,000 aggregate principal amount of the 6.250% Senior Notes.

Debt

The following table summarizes our total debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of the periods presented (prior to the Refinancing Transactions described above):

($ in millions)

1 The outstanding aggregate principal amounts of the 3.875% Senior Notes and the 4.375% Senior Notes are net of unamortized discounts of €8.6 million ($8.9 million at exchange rates in effect on December 31, 2024) and $40.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. Refer to the sections below for additional details related to the discounts.

Description of Certain Indebtedness

The following is a description of our current and former indebtedness. The following summary of certain provisions of these agreements that govern our existing indebtedness does not purport to be complete and may not contain all of the information that is important to you, and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the corresponding agreements.

Amended Credit Agreement

Triton Water Holdings and Intermediate Holdings, both wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company entered into a Term Loan Agreement (as amended, inclusive of the Fourth Amendment to the First Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of February 12, 2025, the “Amended Credit Agreement” and such loans thereunder, the “Term Loans”) on March 31, 2021 with a group of lenders and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative and collateral agent, under which we borrowed term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $2,550.0 million. The Term Loans have a maturity date of March 31, 2028. In connection with the entry into the Term Loans, we incurred $80.3 million of debt issuance costs, which were recorded as a reduction of the carrying amount of the initial Term Loans and are being amortized using the effective interest method over a period of seven years, which represents the term to maturity of the Term Loans.

The Amended Credit Agreement permits us to incur incremental term loans in an aggregate amount not to exceed the greater of (i) $536.0 million and (ii) 1.0 multiplied by the pro forma consolidated adjusted EBITDA of BlueTriton for the most recently ended four full fiscal quarters, plus certain additional amounts, including unlimited amounts subject to, among other things, pro forma compliance with a first lien net leverage ratio, secured net leverage ratio or total net leverage ratio.

On December 9, 2021, Triton Water Holdings and Intermediate Holdings entered into the First Amendment to the Term Loans and incurred incremental term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million with a maturity date of March 31, 2028. We recorded debt discounts of $3.6 million related to the First Amendment to the Amended Credit Agreement that are recorded as a reduction of the carrying amount of the incremental term loans and are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term to maturity. The Amended Credit Agreement was amended by that certain Second Amendment to the BlueTriton Term Loan Credit Agreement on June 9, 2023, primarily to effectuate the transition of the interest rate benchmark from London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR").

On March 1, 2024, Triton Water Holdings and Intermediate Holdings entered into the Third Amendment to the Amended Credit Agreement and incurred incremental term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million (the “2024

Incremental Term Loans”) with a maturity date of March 31, 2028. In connection with the borrowing of the 2024 Incremental Term Loans, we incurred debt issuance and transaction costs of $5.1 million and debt discounts of $8.0 million; all of which are recorded as a reduction of the carrying amount of the 2024 Incremental Term Loans and are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term to maturity.

The Term Loans will mature in March 2028 and amortize in equal quarterly installments in an amount equal to 1.00% per annum of the principal amount.

Interest Rate and Fees

The interest rate per annum applicable to loans under the Term Loans is, at our option, equal to (1) the base rate (which is the highest of (x) the overnight federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (y) the prime rate on such day, and (z) the one-month SOFR published on such date, plus 1.00%), plus an applicable margin, or (2) one-, three- or six-month SOFR or, if available from all lenders, 12-month SOFR, or any shorter period less than one month (as may be consented to by each applicable lender thereunder), plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for SOFR loans under the Amended Credit Agreement will be 2.25%. The Amended Credit Agreement is subject to a SOFR floor of 0.50%.

Prepayments

We may voluntarily prepay loans or reduce commitments under the Amended Credit Agreement, in whole or in part, subject to minimum amounts, with prior notice, but without premium or penalty (other than a 1.00% premium on any prepayment in connection with a repricing transaction prior to the date that is six months after the Early Settlement Date. We are required to prepay the Term Loans with 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific leverage ratios), 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt issuances, and 50% of excess cash flow (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific leverage ratios), in each case, subject to certain reinvestment rights and other exceptions.

Amortization

The Term Loans are repayable in quarterly installments in an amount equal to approximately 1.0% per annum of the original principal amount of the Term Loans per year with the balance payable on the maturity date.

Covenant Compliance

Our Amended Credit Agreement contains customary covenants that include, among other things, restrictions on our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to merge and consolidate with other companies, incur indebtedness, grant liens or security interests on assets, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, optionally prepay or modify terms of certain junior indebtedness, sell or otherwise transfer certain assets, or enter into transactions with affiliates (in each case subject to permitted exceptions). We were in compliance with these financial covenants as of December 31, 2024.

Events of Default

The Term Loans contains customary events of default, subject to grace periods and materiality thresholds, specified in the Amended Credit Agreement, including:

• failure to make payments when due;
• defaults under certain other indebtedness;
• noncompliance with covenants;
• representations and warranties being untrue in any material respect when made;
• bankruptcy or certain insolvency events;
• material judgments;
• invalidity of loan documentation or invalidity or non-perfection of the liens securing a material portion of collateral; and
• a “change of control” (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement).

Guarantee and Security

The obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Guarantors (as defined below). The Term Loans are secured by a first-priority lien on substantially all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ current and fixed assets (subject to certain exceptions), subject to certain permitted liens.

New Revolving Credit Facility

The New Revolving Credit Facility provides for revolving loans, swing line loans, and letters of credit in an aggregate amount of up to $750.0 million and will mature in February 2030 (subject to a springing maturity based on conditions set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement).

Interest Rate

The interest rate margin applicable to borrowings under the New Revolving Credit Facility will be, at our option, either (1) the base rate (which is the highest of (x) the overnight federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (y) the prime rate on such day, and (z) the one-month SOFR published on such date, plus 1.00%), plus an applicable margin or (2) one-, three- or six-month SOFR or, if available from all lenders, 12-month SOFR or any period less than one month (as may be consented to by each applicable lender thereunder), plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for SOFR loans under the New Revolving Credit Facility ranges from SOFR plus 1.50% to 2.25%, based on the achievement of certain first lien net leverage ratios. The New Revolving Credit Facility is subject to a SOFR floor of 0.00%.

Prepayments

The Company is required to make prepayments under the New Revolving Credit Facility at any time when, and to the extent that, the aggregate amount of the outstanding loans and letters of credit under the New Revolving Credit Facility exceeds the aggregate amount of commitments in respect of the New Revolving Credit Facility.

Covenant Compliance

The New Revolving Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to merge and consolidate with other companies, incur indebtedness, grant liens or security interests on assets, make acquisitions, loans, advances, or investments, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, sell or otherwise transfer assets, optionally prepay or modify terms of certain junior indebtedness, enter into transactions with affiliates, or change our line of business (in each case subject to permitted exceptions). The New Revolving Credit Facility requires the maintenance of (i) a first lien net leverage ratio of less than or equal to 5.00 to 1.00, with no step-downs, and a 0.50 to 1.00 step-up for any four fiscal quarter period in which a material acquisition is consummated, and (ii) a minimum interest coverage ratio of 2.00 to 1.00 at the end of each fiscal quarter.

ABL Credit Facility

Triton Water Holdings and Intermediate Holdings entered into the asset based lending (“ABL”) revolving credit agreement (the “ABL Credit Facility”) on March 31, 2021 with a group of lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent, for up to $350.0 million of revolving loan commitments, up to $50.0 million of which was available as swingline loans and up to $75.0 million of which was available as letters of credit, which letters of credit shall expire not more than 12 months after the date of issuance (with options for auto renewal). The ABL Credit Facility had a maturity date of March 31, 2026. On the Early Settlement Date, we repaid all amounts outstanding and terminated commitments under the ABL Credit Facility.

Revolving Credit Facility

On March 6, 2020, Primo Water entered into a credit agreement among Primo Water, as parent borrower, Primo Issuer, and certain other subsidiary borrowers, certain other subsidiaries of Primo Water from time to time designated as subsidiary borrowers, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”).

The Revolving Credit Agreement provided for a senior secured revolving credit facility in an initial aggregate committed amount of $350.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), which could be increased by incremental credit extensions from time to time in the form of term loans or additional revolving credit commitments. On the Early Settlement Date, we repaid all amounts outstanding and terminated commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility.

New Secured Notes

The New Secured Euro Notes and the New Secured Dollar Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of February 12, 2025 (the “New Secured Notes Indenture”), by and among the Issuers, the guarantors party thereto, Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and notes collateral agent, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as paying agent, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as Euro registrar.

The New Secured Euro Notes will bear interest at a rate of 3.875% per annum, which shall be payable semi-annually on April 30 and October 31 of each year, commencing on April 30, 2025. The New Secured Euro Notes will mature on October 31,

2028. The New Secured Dollar Notes will bear interest at a rate of 4.375% per annum, which shall be payable semi-annually on April 30 and October 31 of each year, commencing on April 30, 2025.

The New Secured Dollar Notes will mature on April 30, 2029. Upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, the Issuers may redeem the New Secured Notes, at their option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, subject to the payment of a redemption price, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable redemption date. The redemption price includes a call premium that varies from 0.969% to 0%, in the case of the New Secured Euro Notes, or from 2.188% to 0%, in the case of the New Secured Dollar Notes, in each case, depending on the year of redemption.

In connection with any tender offer, other offer to purchase, or exchange offer for the New Secured Notes, including pursuant to a change of control, alternate offer, or asset sale offer, each as defined in the New Secured Notes Indenture, if not less than 90.0% of the New Secured Notes of the applicable series outstanding are purchased or exchanged by the Issuers or a third party, the Issuers or such third party will have the right to redeem, purchase, or exchange, as applicable, all New Secured Notes of such series that remain outstanding following such purchase or exchange, as applicable, (i) in the case of a tender offer or other offer to purchase, at the price paid to holders of New Secured Notes of the applicable series in such purchase (excluding any early tender premium, to the extent paid in connection with a tender offer, or accrued and unpaid interest paid to such other holders) or (ii) in the case of an exchange offer, for the same consideration provided in such exchange offer, in each case, plus, to the extent not otherwise included in the consideration paid, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption, purchase, or exchange. The holders of the New Secured Notes will also have the right to require the Issuers to repurchase their New Secured Notes upon the occurrence of a change in control at an offer price equal to 101.0% of the principal amount of the New Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase.

The New Secured Notes will be guaranteed by the Company and substantially all of our material, wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain customary exceptions (together with the Company, the “Guarantors”). The New Secured Notes and related guarantees are the Issuers’ and Guarantors’ senior secured obligations. In addition, the New Secured Notes will be secured on a first lien basis by substantially all of the assets of each of the Issuers and such Guarantors, subject to certain customary exceptions, which liens shall be pari passu with the liens securing the Amended Credit Agreement (as defined below). The New Secured Indenture contains covenants that limit our (and our subsidiaries’) ability to, among other things: (i) incur additional debt or issue certain preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends, redeem stock, or make other distributions; (iii) make other restricted payments or investments; (iv) create liens on assets; (v) transfer or sell assets; (vi) create restrictions on payment of dividends or other amounts by us to our restricted subsidiaries; (vii) engage in mergers or consolidations; (viii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and (ix) designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries. Many of the covenants contained in the New Secured Indenture will not be applicable, and the guarantees of the New Secured Notes will be released, during any period when the New Secured Notes have an investment grade rating.

New Unsecured Notes

The New Unsecured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of February 12, 2025 (the “New Unsecured Notes Indenture”), by and among the Issuers, the guarantors party thereto, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee.

The New Unsecured Notes will bear interest at a rate of 6.250% per annum, which shall be payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing on April 1, 2025. The New Unsecured Notes will mature on April 1, 2029.

Upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, the Issuers may redeem the New Unsecured Notes, at their option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, subject to the payment of a redemption price, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable redemption date. The redemption price includes a call premium that varies from 3.125% to 0%, depending on the year of redemption.

In connection with any tender offer, other offer to purchase, or exchange offer for the New Unsecured Notes, including pursuant to a change of control, alternate offer, or asset sale offer, each as defined in the New Unsecured Notes Indenture, if not less than 90.0% of the New Unsecured Notes outstanding are purchased or exchanged by the Issuers or a third party, the Issuers or such third party will have the right to redeem, purchase, or exchange, as applicable, all New Unsecured Notes that remain outstanding following such purchase or exchange, as applicable, (i) in the case of a tender offer or other offer to purchase, at the price paid to holders of New Unsecured Notes in such purchase (excluding any early tender premium, to the extent paid in connection with a tender offer, or accrued and unpaid interest paid to such other holders) or (ii) in the case of an exchange offer, for the same consideration provided in such exchange offer, in each case, plus, to the extent not otherwise included in the consideration paid, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption, purchase, or exchange. The holders of the New Unsecured Notes will also have the right to require the Issuers to repurchase their New

Unsecured Notes upon the occurrence of a change in control at an offer price equal to 101.0% of the principal amount of the New Unsecured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase.

The New Unsecured Notes will be guaranteed by the Guarantors. The New Unsecured Notes and related guarantees are the Issuers’ and Guarantors’ senior unsecured obligations. The New Unsecured Indenture contains covenants that limit our (and our subsidiaries’) ability to, among other things: (i) incur additional debt or issue certain preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends, redeem stock, or make other distributions; (iii) make other restricted payments or investments; (iv) create liens on assets; (v) transfer or sell assets; (vi) create restrictions on payment of dividends or other amounts by us to our restricted subsidiaries; (vii) engage in mergers or consolidations; (viii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and (ix) designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries. Many of the covenants contained in the New Secured Indenture will not be applicable, and the guarantees of the New Unsecured Notes will be released, during any period when the New Unsecured Notes have an investment grade rating.

Existing Senior Notes

6.250% Senior Notes

On March 31, 2021, Triton Water Holdings issued $770.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.250% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “6.250% Senior Notes”). BlueTriton incurred costs of $19.0 million related to the issuance of the 6.250% Senior Notes, which were recorded as a reduction of the carrying amount of the 6.250% Senior Notes and are being amortized using the effective interest method over a period of eight years, which represents the term to maturity of the 6.250% Senior Notes.

The 6.250% Senior Notes bear interest at 6.250% and interest is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1. The 6.250% Senior Notes mature on April 1, 2029.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, BlueTriton paid $47.0 million to repurchase $57.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.250% Senior Notes. As a result of these transactions, BlueTriton recorded gains of $8.7 million on extinguishment of debt, net of write-off of $1.3 million of capitalized debt issuance costs.

On February 7, 2025, Triton Water Holdings entered in that certain First Supplemental Indenture to the indenture governing the 6.250% Senior Notes (the “6.250% Notes Indenture”) to eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants, certain of the default provisions, and certain other provisions contained in the 6.250% Notes Indenture, which First Supplemental Indenture became operative upon the Early Settlement.

3.875% Senior Notes

On October 22, 2020, Primo Issuer.issued €450.0 million ($468.7 million at exchange rates in effect on December 31, 2024) of 3.875% senior notes due October 31, 2028 (the “3.875% Senior Notes”) to qualified purchasers in a private placement offering under Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and outside the United States to non-U.S. purchasers pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act and other applicable laws. The 3.875% Senior Notes will mature on October 31, 2028 and interest is payable semi-annually on April 30 and October 31 of each year commencing on April 30, 2021.

On February 7, 2025, the Primo Issuer and the trustee under the indenture governing the 3.875% Senior Notes (the “3.875% Notes Indenture”) entered into that certain Second Supplemental Indenture to the 3.875% Notes Indenture to eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants, certain of the default provisions, and certain other provisions contained in such indenture as well as to release the note guarantee of each guarantor of the 3.875% Senior Notes, which Second Supplemental Indenture became operative upon the Early Settlement.

4.375% Senior Notes

On April 30, 2021, Primo Issuer issued $750.0 million of 4.375% senior notes due April 30, 2029 (the “4.375% Senior Notes” and, together with the 3.875% Senior Notes and the 6.250% Senior Notes, the “Existing Senior Notes”) to qualified purchasers in a private placement offering under Rule 144A under the Securities Act, and outside the United States to non-U.S. purchasers pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act and other applicable laws. The 4.375% Senior Notes will mature on April 30, 2029 and interest is payable semi-annually on April 30th and October 31st of each year commencing on October 31, 2021.

On February 7, 2025, the Primo Issuer and the trustee under the indenture governing the 4.375% Senior Notes (the “4.375% Notes Indenture”) entered into that certain Second Supplemental Indenture to the 4.375% Notes Indenture to eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants, certain of the default provisions, and certain other provisions contained in such indenture as well as to release the note guarantee of each guarantor of the 4.375% Senior Notes, which Second Supplemental Indenture became operative upon the Early Settlement.

Credit Ratings

Our objective is to maintain credit ratings that provide us with ready access to global capital and credit markets at favorable interest rates.

In January 2025, our credit ratings were updated for the impacts of the Transaction, which more accurately reflects our creditworthiness on a go-forward basis. As of January 31, 2025, our credit ratings were as follows:

Any downgrade of our credit ratings by either Moody’s or Standard and Poor's could increase our future borrowing costs or impair our ability to access capital markets on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all.

Foreign Exchange Forward Contract

As part of the Transaction, we acquired foreign exchange forward contracts with a notional amount of €450.0 million and a maturity date of October 31, 2025. We are utilizing the derivative financial instrument to hedge foreign exchange risk associated with the 3.875% Senior Notes.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Tax Withholding

During the year ended December 31, 2024, 333,560 shares were withheld from delivery to our employees to satisfy their tax obligations related to the vesting of equity-based awards. Please refer to Part II, Item 5. “Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” in this Annual Report.

Dividend Payments

Dividend

Our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.09 per share of Class A common stock and Class B common stock in the last quarter of 2024 for an aggregate dividend of approximately $34.4 million. We intend to pay a regular quarterly dividend on our common stock subject to, among other things, the best interests of our stockholders, our results of operations, cash balances and future cash requirements, financial condition, statutory regulations and covenants set forth in agreements governing our debt above as well as other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time.

Additionally, on February 20, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.10 per share of outstanding Class A common stock of the Company, payable in cash on March 24, 2025 to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 7, 2025.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated (in millions) as reported in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements:

($ in millions)

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was $463.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $320.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $142.9 million. Improvement in fiscal year 2024 was primarily due to working capital improvements including a reduction in cash used for accounts payable of $204.6 million and a $32.3 million increase in cash provided from trade receivable, partially offset by a net loss from continuing operations, driven primarily by Transaction related expenses.

Net cash provided by investing activities from continuing operations was $468.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a use of $217.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an improvement of $686.2 million. The increase was primarily driven by the $665.9 million of cash acquired through the Transaction and a decline in capital expenditures as upgrades and capacity improvement projects executed since 2021 have been coming to completion.

Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $362.9 million, compared to $162.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $200.6 million. The use of cash during fiscal year 2024 primarily related to the payment of dividends including: $448.6 million to the Sponsor Stockholder prior to the Transaction, $131.5 million in dividends to legacy Primo Water stockholders, and $35.7 million in dividends to Primo Brands' post-Transaction stockholders. Partially offsetting the aforementioned usages was the addition of the $400 million 2024 Incremental Term Loan in March 2024.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was $320.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $108.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $212.6 million. Improvement in fiscal year 2023 was primarily due to an improvement in net income of $219.5 million when compared to fiscal year 2022, partially offset by an increase in working capital usage.

Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations was $217.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $319.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $101.8 million. The decrease was primarily related to lower capital expenditures to improve operations and expand capacity. In addition, the higher capital expenditures in fiscal year 2022 related to our initial IT platform implementation during that period.

Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $162.3 million, compared to $147.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $14.6 million. The use of cash during fiscal year 2023 primarily related to the redemption of preferred stock of $183.6 million and payment of a dividend on preferred stock of $49.9 million and the scheduled principal payments of the Term Loans, partially offset by borrowings on the ABL

Credit Facility. The use of cash during fiscal year 2022 related to the redemption of preferred stock of $66.4 million and payment of a dividend on preferred stock of $8.6 million, the repurchase and subsequent retirement of a portion of the 6.250% Senior Notes and the scheduled principal payments of the Term Loans.

Other Liquidity Matters

The following table shows the schedule of future payments under certain contracts, including debt agreements and guarantees, as of December 31, 2024 (prior to giving effect to the Refinancing Transactions):

($ in millions)

1 The payments for the 3.875% Senior Notes and the 4.375% Senior Notes exclude the unamortized discounts of €8.6 million ($8.9 million at exchange rates in effect on December 31, 2024) and $40.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

2 Purchase obligations consist of commitments for the purchase of subscriptions, utilities, services and supplies vital to the Company's operations and ability to serve its customers. These obligations represent the minimum contractual obligations expected under the normal course of business.

As a result of the Refinancing Transactions, the Company’s debt instruments have changed, however the aggregate payments due by period have not materially changed from the above, other than with respect to future interest payments. The ABL Credit Facility and Revolving Credit Facility, have been replaced by the $750 million New Revolving Credit Facility.

We have not provided for federal, state, and foreign deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of our subsidiaries. We expect that these earnings will be permanently reinvested by such subsidiaries except in certain instances where repatriation attributable to current earnings results in minimal or no tax consequences. A future change to our assertion that foreign earnings will be permanently reinvested could result in additional income taxes and/or withholding taxes payable, where applicable. Therefore, a higher effective tax rate could occur during the period of repatriation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as “structured finance or special purpose entities,” which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies and recently issued accounting pronouncements are described in Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report. We believe the following represent our critical accounting policies:

Estimates

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Consolidated Financial Statements include estimates and assumptions that, in the opinion of management, were significant to the underlying amounts representing the future valuation of intangible assets, long-lived assets and goodwill, insurance reserves, realization of deferred income tax assets, and the resolution of tax contingencies.

Revenue Recognition

Our principal source of revenue is bottled water sales to customers primarily in the United States and Canada. Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods (the obligation), which may be upon shipment of goods or upon delivery to the customer as defined in the customer contract or purchase order. Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods. Amounts collected from customers for sales taxes are excluded from the transaction price. We measure revenue based on the consideration specified in the customer arrangement, and revenue is recognized when the performance obligations in the customer arrangement are satisfied. A performance obligation is a contractual promise to transfer a distinct good to the customer. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when the customer receives the benefit of the performance obligation (we have only one obligation).

The nature of our contracts give rise to variable consideration including volume-based rebates, growth incentives, point of sale promotions, and other trade promotional discounts (sales incentives). For certain sales incentives, the accrual we record for the rebate or discount that will be granted to the customer requires significant estimation. The critical assumptions used in estimating the sales incentive accruals include our estimate of expected levels of performance and redemption rates, which requires judgement. These assumptions are developed based upon the historical performance of the customer's participation with similar types of promotions adjusted for current trends. These estimated sales incentives are included in the transaction price of our contracts with customers as a reduction within net sales and are included as either a reduction in accounts receivable if the customer is entitled to take a deduction on their payment, or as accrued sales incentives in accruals and other current liabilities if we anticipate needing to pay the customer.

Estimated discounts reflected in Trade receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses were $61.8 million and $84.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accrued sales incentive obligations, recorded in Accruals and other current liabilities, were $39.8 million and $45.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, and as a result, impairment tests must be performed at least annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an asset may be impaired. We perform our annual impairment test in the fourth quarter or more frequently if a triggering event has occurred. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at the asset level.

Primo Brands operates through one operating segment which is also its sole reportable segment. Reporting units are determined based on one level below the operating segment level. In performing the goodwill impairment test we may first perform a qualitative assessment or bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the quantitative impairment test. For purposes of the annual test for the year ended December 31, 2024, we elected to perform a qualitative assessment for our two reporting units that existed prior to the Transaction to assess whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of these reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values. In performing these assessments, factors considered include macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, cost factors that would have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, legal and regulatory environment, historical financial performance and significant changes in our operations or brand, the impact of which are all significant judgments and estimates. Based on these factors, management concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units were greater than their respective carrying amounts, including goodwill, indicating no impairment during the year ended December 31, 2024. The goodwill resulting from the Transaction will be tested for impairment beginning in 2025 due to the proximity of the acquisition to year end.

Each year during the fourth quarter, we re-evaluate the assumptions used in our assessments, such as revenue growth rates, SG&A expenses, capital expenditures and discount rates, to reflect any significant changes in the business environment that could materially affect the fair value of our reporting units. Based on the evaluations performed in 2024, we determined that the fair value of each of our reporting units, including the goodwill resulting from the Transaction, exceeded their carrying amounts.

We had goodwill of $3,572.2 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024, which represents amounts for our two reporting units, including the goodwill resulting from the Transaction which will be included in the existing reporting units going forward.

Our intangible assets with indefinite lives relate to trademarks and trade names acquired in the acquisition of businesses, and there are no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factors that limit the useful life of these intangible assets.

We assessed qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the trademarks and trade names that existed prior to the Transaction were less than their respective carrying value. The qualitative factors we assessed included macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, cost factors that would have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, legal and regulatory environment, historical financial performance and significant changes in our operations or brand, the impact of which are all significant judgments and estimates. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the trademarks and trade names were more than their carrying value and therefore we were not required to perform any additional testing. The trademarks and trade names resulting from the Transaction will be tested for impairment beginning in 2025 due to the proximity of the acquisition to year end.

Intangible assets with indefinite lives have an aggregate book value of $1,279.8 million as of December 31, 2024.

There are inherent uncertainties related to each of the qualitative assumptions, and our judgment in applying them. Changes in the assumptions used in our qualitative assessment of goodwill and intangible assets could result in impairment charges that could be material to the consolidated financial statements in any given period.

Insurance Reserves

We are self-insured for workers’ compensation, property, automobile and general liability. The self-insurance claim liability is determined actuarially, at a minimum annually, based on claims filed and an estimate of claims incurred but not yet reported. Actuarial projections of the losses are employed due to variability in the liability estimates. The estimates used are derived from any inputs including the severity of claims, frequency and volume of claims, the development timeframe, settlement history and patterns, and cost trends. We have purchased stop-loss coverage from various insurers in order to limit our claims exposure. The insurance-related liabilities are not discounted. The balances of our self-insurance reserves were $153.3 million and $41.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $23.8 million and $9.8 million, respectively, was covered by insurance. Since recorded amounts are based on estimates, the ultimate cost of all incurred claims and related expenses may be more or less than the recorded liabilities.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report for a summary of recently adopted and recently issued accounting standards and their related effects or anticipated effects on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

Overview

Our business and financial results are affected by fluctuations in world financial markets, including currency exchange rate risk, interest rates, commodity price risk and credit risk. We may utilize fixed price or volume contracts that may extend over one year and derivative financial instruments (including interest rate swap arrangements), among other methods, to hedge some of these exposures. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Operations outside of the United States are primarily concentrated in Canada and accounted for 2.6% of Revenue, net for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We translate the revenues and expenses of our foreign operations using average exchange rates prevailing during the period. The effect of a 10% change in the average foreign currency exchange rates among the U.S. dollar versus the Canadian dollar for the year ended December 31, 2024 would result in changes to our Net sales and Gross profit of approximately $14 million and $2 million, respectively. This change would not be material to our cash flows and our results of operations.

Debt Obligations and Interest Rate Risk

We regularly review the structure of our indebtedness and consider changes to the proportion of variable versus fixed rate debt through refinancing, interest rate swaps or other measures in response to the changing economic environment. Historically, we have not used derivative instruments to manage interest rate risk. If we use and fail to manage these derivative instruments successfully, or if we are unable to refinance our indebtedness or otherwise increase our debt capacity in response to changes in the marketplace, the expense associated with debt service could increase. This would negatively affect our financial condition and profitability.

We are subject to interest rate market risk in connection with our floating rate debt. Our principal interest rate exposure relates to outstanding amounts under our Term Loans and New Revolving Credit Facility, which bear interest at a variable rate. If there is a rise in interest rates, our debt service obligations on the borrowings under these facilities would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, which would affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

As of December 31, 2024, the balances outstanding under the Term Loans were $3,098.6 million and there were no borrowings outstanding under the ABL Credit Facility and Revolving Credit Facilities. A 100 basis point increase in the current per annum interest rates for these facilities (excluding the $117.0 million of outstanding letters of credit) would result in additional interest expense of approximately $31.0 million. The weighted average interest rate of our Term Loans at December 31, 2024 was 7.90%.

The information below summarizes our market risks associated with debt obligations as of December 31, 2024. The table presents principal cash flows, including finance lease principal cashflows, and related interest by year. Interest rates disclosed represent the actual weighted average rates as of December 31, 2024:

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except percentage amounts)

Commodity Price Risk

The competitive marketplace in which we operate may limit our ability to recover increased costs through higher prices. As a result, we are subject to market risk with respect to commodity price fluctuations principally related to our purchases of resin for PET, HDPE, LDPE and polycarbonate bottles, glass for bottles and fuel. We manage some of our exposure to this risk through the use of supplier pricing agreements, which enable us to fix the purchase prices for certain commodities. We estimate that a 10% increase in the market prices of these commodities over the current market prices would cumulatively increase our operating costs during the next 12 months by approximately $66 million. This change would be material to our cash flows and our results of operations. Commodity futures, forward and option contracts may be used from time to time to economically hedge against adverse changes in commodity prices on certain items such as diesel fuel and petroleum-based products.

Credit Risk

Credit risk arises from the potential that a customer or counterparty will fail to perform its obligations. We are exposed to credit risk on accounts receivable balances. We believe that our concentration of credit risk related to trade accounts receivable is limited since these receivables are spread among a number of customers and are geographically dispersed. As of, and for the year ended, December 31, 2024, there was one customer who made up approximately 20% of trade receivables, net and 24% of net sales. No other individual customer makes up more than 10% of trade receivables, net, or net sales. If any significant customer of ours should discontinue their partnership with us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We maintain provisions for potential credit losses and such losses to date have normally been within our expectations. We evaluate the solvency of our customers on an ongoing basis to determine if additional allowances for doubtful accounts receivable need to be recorded. Significant economic disruptions or a slowdown in the economy could result in additional charges. We have not historically experienced any significant losses related to the collection of trade receivables.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgement in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

This Annual Report does not include a report of management’s assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting or an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) due to a transition period established by rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission for newly public companies.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Other than with respect to the Transaction, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.